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SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-TECH EXPORTS WITH GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1898 - 1915, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1219000

Abstract

The development of High-Technology Exports (HTE) contributes to the increase of competitiveness and growth in national production, the development of commercial and economic cooperation with foreign countries, and the diversification of the economy. In addition, high technology exports reduce the current account deficit of the country's economy. Therefore, high-tech industries have become indispensable for economic development in a country. The aim of this study is to examine the existence of spatial (neighbourhood) relations of countries in high-technology exports. In this study, Exploratory Regression analysis was applied to determine the model that best explains HTE among the variables. Moran Index was used for spatial autocorrelation, Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) method for spatial regression analysis, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, to compare with the GWR method. The GWR model established in this study showed that countries have a weak or strong spatial relationship with their neighboring countries in terms of HTE. It has been observed that this spatial relationship is strong in the countries neighboring China, which ranks first in HTE, while the spatial relationship is weak in countries where HTE is low.

References

  • Akar, T. & Topoğlu, E. (2022). The effects of R&D expenditures and patent applications on exports of high technology products and information communication technologies. Anadolu University Journal of Faculty of Economics, 4(1), 20-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.54737/aujfe.1012957 Alemu, A. M. (2012). The effect of R&D on high-tech product export competitiveness: Empirical evidence from panel data of east asian economies. STI Policy Review, 3(1), 46-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.22675/STIPR.2012.3.1.046
  • ArcGIS. (2022). Exploratory Regression (Spatial Statistics). Erişim adresi https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/2.8/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/exploratory-regression.htm ArcGIS. (2022). Interpreting GWR results. Erişim adresi https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/tools/spatial-statistics-toolbox/interpreting-gwr-results.htm
  • Aydın, O., Bostan, P. A. & Özgür, E. M. (2018). Mekânsal veri analizi teknikleriyle Türkiye’de toplam doğurganlık hızının dağılımı ve modellenmesi. Cografya Dergisi, 37, 27-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG434650 Braunerhjelm, P. & Thulin, P. (2008). Can countries create comparative advantages? R&D expenditures, hightech exports and country size in 19 OECD countries,1981–1999. International Economic Journal, 22(1), 95-111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730801887026
  • Cooke, P., Heidenreich, M. & Braczyk, H. (2004). Regional innovation systems: The role of governance in a globalised world. London: Routledge.
  • Falk, M. (2009) High-tech exports and economic growth in industrialized countries. Applied Economics Letters, 16(10), 1025-1028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701222228
  • Ferragina, A. & Pastore, F. (2007). High tech export performance: Which role for diversification?. Ninth Annual Conference 13-15 September Athens University of Economics and Business içinde (1-23. ss.). https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2007/papers/ferragina.pdf
  • Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C. & Charlton, M. (2002). Geographically weighted regression. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Garces, E. J. & Adriatico C. G. (2019). Correlates of high technology exports performance in the Philippines. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7(5), 215-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.75018
  • Gaur, M., Kant, R. & Verma, N. M. P. (2020). Macro-Economic determinants of high technology exports. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(5), 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.5.506
  • GIS Lounge: What is GIS?. (2022, 16 September). Erişim adresi https://www.gislounge.com/what-is-gis/ Gökçe Güravşar, S., Karatepe, S. & Karagöz, M. (2010). The impact of R&D intensity on high-tech exports: Case of Turkey and EU-27 countries. Erişim adresi http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11616/12168/79.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Gökmen, Y. & Turen, U. (2013). The determinants of high technology exports volume: A panel data analysis of EU-15 countries. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 2(3), 217 –232.
  • Güneş, S. & Akın, T. (2019). High technology exports: The analysis for leader countries and Turkey. Sosyoekonomi, 27(40), 11-29.
  • Güneş, S., Gürel, S. P., Karadam, D. Y. & Akın, T. (2020). The analysis of main determinants of high technology exports: A panel data analysis. The Kafkas University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences (KAUJEAS), 11(21), 242- 267.
  • IGI Global Dictionary: What is Spatial Regression Analysis. (2022). Erişim adresi https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/spatial-regression-analysis/57225#:~:text=1.,variable%20and%20independent%20spatial%20variables
  • Kabaklarli, E., Duran, M. S., & Üçler, Y. T. (2017). The determinants of high-technology exports: A panel data approach for selected OECD countries. Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 3(1), 888-900. doi: https://hrcak.srce.hr/187437
  • Kabaklarli, E., Duran, M. S., & Üçler, Y. T. (2018). High-technology exports and economic growth: panel data analysis for selected OECD countries. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 6(2), 47-60. Kashki, A., Karami, M., Zandi, R. & Roki, Z. (2021). Evaluation of the effect of geographical parameters on the formation of the land surface temperature by applying OLS and GWR, A case study Shiraz City, Iran. Urban Climate, 37, 1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100832
  • Keeble, D. & Wilkinson, F. (2000). High-technology SMEs, regional clustering and collective learning: An overview. D. Keeble, F. Wilkinson (Eds.), High-technology clusters, networking and collective learning in Europe içinde (1-20). Routledge.
  • Kizilkaya, O., Ay, A. & Sofuoğlu, E. (2016). The determinants of high technology product export in BRICT countries: An econometric approach. Global Journal on Humanites & Social Sciences, 4, 112-120. doi: https://doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v2i2.423
  • Kumari, M., Sarma, K. & Sharma, R. (2019). Using Moran's I and GIS to study the spatial pattern of land surface temperature in relation to land use/cover around a thermal power plant in Singrauli district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 15, 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2019.100239
  • Laudon, K. C. & Laudon, J. P. (2012). Management Information Systems. Prentice Hall, Twelfth Edition. Erişim adresi https://repository.dinus.ac.id/docs/ajar/Kenneth_C._Laudon,Jane_P_._Laudon_--_Management_Information_System_12th_Edition_.pdf
  • Meo, S. A. & Usmani, A. M. (2014). Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among european countries. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 18, 1-9.
  • Meral, Y. (2019). High technology export and high technology export impact on growth. Internatıonal Journal Of Busıness Ecosystem & Strategy, 1(3), 32-38.
  • Millmana, C., Li, Z. & Chi, R. (2012). Technology imports, product exports and firms’ R&D investment: An empirical analysis of firms in the Chinese high technology sector. Prometheus, 30 (2), 179-198.
  • Muslija, A., Satrovic, E. & Salkic, H. (2018). Dynamic panel analysis of the relationship between high-technology exports and economic well-being of exporting countries. Zbornik Radova, 1, 200-210. Öztürk, N. (2003). Dış ticaret kuramında yeni yaklaşımlar. Öneri Dergisi, 5(19), 109-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.682633 Sarker, S., Han, A. & Mahmood, R. (2016). Domestic credit, school enrollment & Hi-Tech exports in Bangladesh. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 11(1), 24-40.
  • Satrovic, E. (2018). Economic output and high-technology export: Panel causality analysis. International Journal Of Economic Studies, 4(3), 55-63.
  • Seyoum, B. (2005). Determinants of levels of high technology exports. An empirical investigation. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 13(1), 64-79.
  • Srholec, M. (2006). Global Production Systems and Technological Catching Up: Thinking Twice about High-Tech Industries in Emerging Countries. In K. Piech and S. Radosevic (Eds.), The Knowledge-Based Economy in Central and East European Countries: Countries and Industries in a Process of Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sultanuzzamana, R., Fan, H., Mohamued, E. A., Hossaina, I. & Islam, M. A. (2019). Effects of export and technology on economic growth: Selected emerging Asian economies, Economıc Research, 32(1), 2515-2531. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1650656
  • Tebaldi, E. (2011). The Determinants of high-technology exports: A panel data analysis. Atlantic Economic Journal, 39, 343–353.
  • Vinces, J. P. & Audretsch, D. (2021). Tertiary education and science as drivers of high technology exporting frms growth in developing countries. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 1734–1757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-020-09807-4
  • Vogiatzoglou, K. (2009). Determinants of export specialization in ICT products: A cross-country analysis. International Network for Economic Research Working Papers 3. Erişim adresi https://infer-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/yltv2bsdihkrb3rou3cyi00opy24m0fy1467292017.pdf
  • Wabiga, P. & Nakijoba, S. (2018). High technology exports, gross capital formation and economic growth in Uganda: A vector auto regressive approach. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 7(5), 5-13.
  • World Bank: World Development Indicators. (2022). Erişim adresi https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS
  • Yaman, H., Çetin, D. & Dulupçu, M. A. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ileri teknoloji ihracatı: Bir panel veri analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(3), 193-208.
  • Yang, Q., Zhang, H., Bai, W. & Liu, W. (2018). County-scale migration attractivity and factors analysis. 26th International Conference on Geoinformatics, (1-7. ss.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8557183

COĞRAFİ AĞIRLIKLI REGRESYON İLE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ İHRACATININ MEKANSAL ANALİZİ

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1898 - 1915, 30.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1219000

Abstract

Yüksek teknoloji ihracatının (YTİ) geliştirilmesi, ulusal üretimde rekabet gücünün ve büyümenin artmasına, yabancı ülkelerle ticari ve ekonomik işbirliğinin genişlemesine ve ekonominin çeşitlendirilmesine katkıda bulunur. Ayrıca yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ülke ekonomisinin cari açığını azaltmaktadır. Bu nedenle yüksek teknoloji endüstrileri, bir ülkedeki ekonomik gelişme için vazgeçilmez hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek teknoloji ihracatında ülkelerin mekânsal (komşuluk) ilişkilerinin varlığını incelemektir. Çalışmada değişkenler arasında YTİ'yi en iyi açıklayan modeli belirlemek için keşifsel regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Mekansal otokorelasyon için Moran İndeksi, mekansal regresyon analizi için Coğrafi Ağırlıklı Regresyon (CAR) yöntemi ve CAR yöntemi ile karşılaştırmak için Sıradan En Küçük Kareler (SEKK) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada kurulan CAR modeli, ülkelerin komşu ülkeleriyle YTİ açısından zayıf veya güçlü mekansal ilişkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. YTİ'de ilk sırada yer alan Çin'e komşu ülkelerde bu mekansal ilişkinin güçlü olduğu, YTİ'nin düşük olduğu ülkelerde ise mekansal ilişkinin zayıf olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • Akar, T. & Topoğlu, E. (2022). The effects of R&D expenditures and patent applications on exports of high technology products and information communication technologies. Anadolu University Journal of Faculty of Economics, 4(1), 20-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.54737/aujfe.1012957 Alemu, A. M. (2012). The effect of R&D on high-tech product export competitiveness: Empirical evidence from panel data of east asian economies. STI Policy Review, 3(1), 46-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.22675/STIPR.2012.3.1.046
  • ArcGIS. (2022). Exploratory Regression (Spatial Statistics). Erişim adresi https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/2.8/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/exploratory-regression.htm ArcGIS. (2022). Interpreting GWR results. Erişim adresi https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/tools/spatial-statistics-toolbox/interpreting-gwr-results.htm
  • Aydın, O., Bostan, P. A. & Özgür, E. M. (2018). Mekânsal veri analizi teknikleriyle Türkiye’de toplam doğurganlık hızının dağılımı ve modellenmesi. Cografya Dergisi, 37, 27-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG434650 Braunerhjelm, P. & Thulin, P. (2008). Can countries create comparative advantages? R&D expenditures, hightech exports and country size in 19 OECD countries,1981–1999. International Economic Journal, 22(1), 95-111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730801887026
  • Cooke, P., Heidenreich, M. & Braczyk, H. (2004). Regional innovation systems: The role of governance in a globalised world. London: Routledge.
  • Falk, M. (2009) High-tech exports and economic growth in industrialized countries. Applied Economics Letters, 16(10), 1025-1028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701222228
  • Ferragina, A. & Pastore, F. (2007). High tech export performance: Which role for diversification?. Ninth Annual Conference 13-15 September Athens University of Economics and Business içinde (1-23. ss.). https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2007/papers/ferragina.pdf
  • Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C. & Charlton, M. (2002). Geographically weighted regression. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Garces, E. J. & Adriatico C. G. (2019). Correlates of high technology exports performance in the Philippines. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7(5), 215-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.75018
  • Gaur, M., Kant, R. & Verma, N. M. P. (2020). Macro-Economic determinants of high technology exports. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(5), 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.5.506
  • GIS Lounge: What is GIS?. (2022, 16 September). Erişim adresi https://www.gislounge.com/what-is-gis/ Gökçe Güravşar, S., Karatepe, S. & Karagöz, M. (2010). The impact of R&D intensity on high-tech exports: Case of Turkey and EU-27 countries. Erişim adresi http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11616/12168/79.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Gökmen, Y. & Turen, U. (2013). The determinants of high technology exports volume: A panel data analysis of EU-15 countries. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 2(3), 217 –232.
  • Güneş, S. & Akın, T. (2019). High technology exports: The analysis for leader countries and Turkey. Sosyoekonomi, 27(40), 11-29.
  • Güneş, S., Gürel, S. P., Karadam, D. Y. & Akın, T. (2020). The analysis of main determinants of high technology exports: A panel data analysis. The Kafkas University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences (KAUJEAS), 11(21), 242- 267.
  • IGI Global Dictionary: What is Spatial Regression Analysis. (2022). Erişim adresi https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/spatial-regression-analysis/57225#:~:text=1.,variable%20and%20independent%20spatial%20variables
  • Kabaklarli, E., Duran, M. S., & Üçler, Y. T. (2017). The determinants of high-technology exports: A panel data approach for selected OECD countries. Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 3(1), 888-900. doi: https://hrcak.srce.hr/187437
  • Kabaklarli, E., Duran, M. S., & Üçler, Y. T. (2018). High-technology exports and economic growth: panel data analysis for selected OECD countries. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 6(2), 47-60. Kashki, A., Karami, M., Zandi, R. & Roki, Z. (2021). Evaluation of the effect of geographical parameters on the formation of the land surface temperature by applying OLS and GWR, A case study Shiraz City, Iran. Urban Climate, 37, 1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100832
  • Keeble, D. & Wilkinson, F. (2000). High-technology SMEs, regional clustering and collective learning: An overview. D. Keeble, F. Wilkinson (Eds.), High-technology clusters, networking and collective learning in Europe içinde (1-20). Routledge.
  • Kizilkaya, O., Ay, A. & Sofuoğlu, E. (2016). The determinants of high technology product export in BRICT countries: An econometric approach. Global Journal on Humanites & Social Sciences, 4, 112-120. doi: https://doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v2i2.423
  • Kumari, M., Sarma, K. & Sharma, R. (2019). Using Moran's I and GIS to study the spatial pattern of land surface temperature in relation to land use/cover around a thermal power plant in Singrauli district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 15, 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2019.100239
  • Laudon, K. C. & Laudon, J. P. (2012). Management Information Systems. Prentice Hall, Twelfth Edition. Erişim adresi https://repository.dinus.ac.id/docs/ajar/Kenneth_C._Laudon,Jane_P_._Laudon_--_Management_Information_System_12th_Edition_.pdf
  • Meo, S. A. & Usmani, A. M. (2014). Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among european countries. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 18, 1-9.
  • Meral, Y. (2019). High technology export and high technology export impact on growth. Internatıonal Journal Of Busıness Ecosystem & Strategy, 1(3), 32-38.
  • Millmana, C., Li, Z. & Chi, R. (2012). Technology imports, product exports and firms’ R&D investment: An empirical analysis of firms in the Chinese high technology sector. Prometheus, 30 (2), 179-198.
  • Muslija, A., Satrovic, E. & Salkic, H. (2018). Dynamic panel analysis of the relationship between high-technology exports and economic well-being of exporting countries. Zbornik Radova, 1, 200-210. Öztürk, N. (2003). Dış ticaret kuramında yeni yaklaşımlar. Öneri Dergisi, 5(19), 109-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.682633 Sarker, S., Han, A. & Mahmood, R. (2016). Domestic credit, school enrollment & Hi-Tech exports in Bangladesh. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 11(1), 24-40.
  • Satrovic, E. (2018). Economic output and high-technology export: Panel causality analysis. International Journal Of Economic Studies, 4(3), 55-63.
  • Seyoum, B. (2005). Determinants of levels of high technology exports. An empirical investigation. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 13(1), 64-79.
  • Srholec, M. (2006). Global Production Systems and Technological Catching Up: Thinking Twice about High-Tech Industries in Emerging Countries. In K. Piech and S. Radosevic (Eds.), The Knowledge-Based Economy in Central and East European Countries: Countries and Industries in a Process of Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sultanuzzamana, R., Fan, H., Mohamued, E. A., Hossaina, I. & Islam, M. A. (2019). Effects of export and technology on economic growth: Selected emerging Asian economies, Economıc Research, 32(1), 2515-2531. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1650656
  • Tebaldi, E. (2011). The Determinants of high-technology exports: A panel data analysis. Atlantic Economic Journal, 39, 343–353.
  • Vinces, J. P. & Audretsch, D. (2021). Tertiary education and science as drivers of high technology exporting frms growth in developing countries. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 1734–1757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-020-09807-4
  • Vogiatzoglou, K. (2009). Determinants of export specialization in ICT products: A cross-country analysis. International Network for Economic Research Working Papers 3. Erişim adresi https://infer-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/yltv2bsdihkrb3rou3cyi00opy24m0fy1467292017.pdf
  • Wabiga, P. & Nakijoba, S. (2018). High technology exports, gross capital formation and economic growth in Uganda: A vector auto regressive approach. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 7(5), 5-13.
  • World Bank: World Development Indicators. (2022). Erişim adresi https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS
  • Yaman, H., Çetin, D. & Dulupçu, M. A. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ileri teknoloji ihracatı: Bir panel veri analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(3), 193-208.
  • Yang, Q., Zhang, H., Bai, W. & Liu, W. (2018). County-scale migration attractivity and factors analysis. 26th International Conference on Geoinformatics, (1-7. ss.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8557183
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Import Export Management
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yusuf Kalkan 0000-0003-4246-8624

Early Pub Date November 28, 2023
Publication Date November 30, 2023
Submission Date December 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kalkan, Y. (2023). SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-TECH EXPORTS WITH GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 10(3), 1898-1915. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1219000