BİLİNÇLİ FARKINDALIK VE ÇALIŞAN İYİ OLUŞU ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ: HEMŞİRELER ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 1932 - 1955, 30.11.2023

Emrehan Küçük Selin Metin Camgöz

https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1219350

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Öz Belirleme ve Kaynakların Korunması Kuramı temelinde, bilinçli farkındalık ve çalışan iyi oluşu arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin aracılık rolünün incelenmesidir. 210 hemşire gönüllü olarak anket çalışmasına dahil olmuştur. Veriler Process Makrosu kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, bilinçli farkındalığın çalışan iyi oluşunu pozitif yönde yordadığını ve bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sermayenin aracı rolü bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmanın kuramsal sonuçları tartışılmış, uzmanlar ve yöneticiler için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

Çalışan İyi Oluşu, Bilinçli Farkındalık, Psikolojik Sermaye

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAIT MINDFULNESS AND EMPLOYEE WELL BEING: AN EXAMINATION ON NURSES

Abstract

Based on self-determination and conservation of resources theories, the aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between trait mindfulness and employee well-being. 210 nurses voluntarily participated in the survey study. The data were analyzed via Process Macro. Findings suggested that trait mindfulness predicts employee well-being and psychological capital had a mediating role in this relationship. Theoretical implications were discussed and practical suggestions were made for managers and specialists.

Keywords

Employee Well Being, Trait Mindfulness, Psychological Capital

References

• Anasori, E., Bayighomog, S. W., & Tanova, C. (2020). Workplace bullying, psychological distress, resilience, mindfulness, and emotional exhaustion. The Service Industries Journal, 40(1-2), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1589456
• Akçay, V. H. (2012). Pozitif psikolojik sermayenin iş tatmini ile ilişkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 123–140.
• Atanes, A. C. M., Andreoni, S., Hirayama, M. S., Montero-Marin, J., Barros, V. V., Ronzani, T. M., Kozasa, E.H., Soler, J., Cebolla, A., Garcia-Campayo, J., & Demarzo, M. M. P. (2015). Mindfulness, perceived stress, and subjective well-being: A correlational study in primary care health professionals. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0823-0
• Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M., & Palmer, N. F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016998
• Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127–152. https://doi: 10.1002/hrdq.20070
• Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307311470
• Badran, M. A., ve Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2015). Psychological capital and job satisfaction in Egypt. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(3), 354-370. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0176
• Bakker, A. B., ve Demerouti, E. (2018). Multiple levels in job demands-resources theory: Implicationsfor employee well-being and performance (Ed.), Handbook of well-being içinde (1-13). Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.
• Bockorny, K., ve Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2019). Entrepreneurs’ courage, psychological capital, and life satisfaction. Frontiers In Psychology, 10, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00789
• Brown, K. W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Linley, P. A., & Orzech, K. (2009). When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.002
• Brown, K. W., ve Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
• Brown, K. W., ve Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bph078
• Carver, C. S., ve Scheier, M. F. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and self-regulation (Ed.), Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice içinde (31-51). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• Chang, J. H., Huang, C. L., & Lin, Y. C. (2015). Mindfulness, basic psychological needs fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5), 1149–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9551-2
• Choi, Y., ve Lee, D. (2014). Psychological capital, big five traits, and employee outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(2), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2012-0193
• Culbertson, S. S., Fullagar, C. J., & Mills, M. J. (2010). Feeling good and doing great: The relationship between psychological capital and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020720
• Çetin, F., ve Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121–137.
• Daniels, K. (2000). Measures of five aspects of affective well-being at work. Human Relations, 53(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/a010564
• Danna, K., ve Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 357–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(99)00006-9
• Deci, E. L., ve Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
• De Jonge, J., Bosma, H., Peter, R., & Siegrist, J. (2000). Job strain, effort-reward imbalance and employee well-being: A large- scale cross-sectional study. Social Science and Medicine, 50(9), 1317–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00388-3
• Dello Russo, S., ve Stoykova, P. (2015). Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21212
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
• Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
• Diener, E., ve Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
• Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., & Oishi, S. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology, 58(2), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000063
• Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079018
• Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
• Eberth, J., ve Sedlmeier, P. (2012). The effects of mindfulness meditation: A meta analysis. Mindfulness, 3(3), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0101-x
• Gallup Organization (2019). Gallup 2019 Global Emotions Report. Erişim adresi https://www.gallup.com/analytics/248906/gallup-global-emotions-report-2019.aspx
• Gauthier, T., Meyer, R. M., Grefe, D., & Gold, J. I. (2015). An on-the-job mindfulness-based intervention for pediatric ICU nurses: a pilot. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30(2), 402-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.10.005
• Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A. & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003
• Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527130
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2. Baskı). New York: Guilford Publications
• Helliwell, J, F., Layard, R., Sachs, J., & De Neve, J. (Ed.) (2020). World Happiness Report 2020. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J., & De Neve, J. (Ed.) (2021). World Happiness Report 2021. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
• Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J., De Neve, J., Aknin, L. & Wang, S. (Ed.) (2022). World Happiness Report 2021. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
• Hill, C. L. M., ve Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation. Emotion, 12(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026355
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resocurces: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 50(3), 337-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
• Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‐being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 1(2), 137-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x
• Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. B. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031313
• Ilies, R., Schwind, K. M., & Heller, D. (2007). Employee well-being: A multilevel model linking work and nonwork domains. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(3), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701363712
• Juniper, B., White, N., & Bellamy, P. (2009). Assessing employee wellbeing: Is there another way? International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2(3), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538350910993412
• Karapinar, P. B., Camgoz, S. M., & Ekmekci, O. T. (2019). Employee wellbeing, workaholism, work–family conflict and instrumental spousal support: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 2451–2471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00191-x
• Karatepe, O. M., ve Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees’ satisfaction? A study in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 1254–1278. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0028
• Kim, M., Kim, A. C. H., Newman, J. I., Ferris, G. R., & Perrewé, P. L. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of positive organizational behavior: The role of psychological capital for promoting employee well-being in sport organizations. Sport Management Review, 22(1), 108-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.003
• Kotzé, M. (2018). The influence of psychological capital, self-leadership, and mindfulness on work engagement. South African Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246317705812
• Lee, S. N., ve Kim, J. A. (2020). Prediction model for nursing work outcome of nurses-focused on positive psychological capital. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 50(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2020.50.1.1
• Li, J. J., Wong, I. A., & Kim, W. G. (2017). Does mindfulness reduce emotional exhaustion? A multilevel analysis of emotional labor among casino employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 64, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.03.008
• Lin, C. Y., Huang, C. K., Li, H. X., Chang, T. W., & Hsu, Y. C. (2021). Will they stay or leave? Interplay of organizational learning culture and workplace mindfulness on job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Public Personnel Management, 51(1) 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026021991581
• Lindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 944–973. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000134
• Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. The Academy of Management Perspective, 16(1), 57– 75. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640181
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
• Luthans, F., ve Jensen, S. M. (2002). Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development. Human Resource Development Review, 1(3), 304–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/153448430201300
• Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., & Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental analysis of a webbased training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2008.32712618
• Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47(1), 45–50.
• Luthans, F., ve Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
• Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., & Schaufeli, W. (2016). The longitudinal development of employee well-being: A systematic review. Work and Stress, 30(1), 46–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1126870
• Martin, J. R. (1997). Mindfulness: A proposed common factor. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 7(4), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPI.0000010885.18025.bc
• Mesmer-Magnus, J., Manapragada, A., Viswesvaran, C., & Allen, J. W. (2017). Trait mindfulness at work: A meta-analysis of the personal and professional correlates of trait mindfulness. Human Performance, 30(2–3), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2017.1307842
• Moore, A., ve Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
• Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916
• Orsila, R., Luukkaala, T., Manka, M. L., & Nygard, C. H. (2011). A new approach to measuring work-related well-being. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 17(4), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2011.11076900
• Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeǧi’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 224–235.
• Page, K. M., ve Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The “what”, “why” and “how” of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9270-3
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
• Polatci, S., ve Akdogan, A. (2014). Psychological capital and performance: the mediating role of work family spillover and psychological well-being. Business and Economics Research Journal, 5(1), 1-15.
• Raza, B., Ali, M., Naseem, K., Moeed, A., Ahmed, J., & Hamid, M. (2018) Impact of trait mindfulness on job satisfaction and turnover intentions: Mediating role of work–family balance and moderating role of work–family conflict, Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1542943
• Reb, J., Narayanan, J., & Ho, Z. W. (2015). Mindfulness at work: Antecedents and consequences of employee awareness and absent-mindedness. Mindfulness, 6(1), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0236-4
• Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. (2014). The role of mindfulness and psychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(4), 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037183
• Rothmann, S. (2008). Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related wellbeing. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 34(3), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
• Ryan, R. M. (2009). Self‐determination theory and wellbeing. Social Psychology, 84(822), 848–849.
• Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
• Ryan, R. M., ve Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
• Ryan, R. M., ve Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1557–1586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
• Ryff, C. D. (1989a). Beyond ponce de leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
• Ryff, C. D. (1989b). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
• Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
• Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
• Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee wellbeing? Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Schultz, P. P., Ryan, R. M., Niemiec, C. P., Legate, N., & Williams, G. C. (2015). Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being. Mindfulness, 6(5), 971–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7
• Seligman, M. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York: Vintage Books Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
• Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Dunn, T. J., Singh, N. N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Meditation awareness training (MAT) for work-related wellbeing and job performance: A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12(6), 806–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9513-2
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
• Spector, P. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Thousand Oak: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
• Stajkovic, A. D., ve Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Goin beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26(4), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(98)90006-7
• Tabachnick, B. G., ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6. Baskı). Boston: Pearson Education Van Horn, J. E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2004). The structure of occupational well-being: A study among dutch teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1348/0963179041752718
• Van Laar, D., Edwards, J. A., & Easton, S. (2007). The work-related quality of life scale for healthcare workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04409.x
• Walsh, M. M., ve Arnold, K. A. (2020). The bright and dark sides of employee mindfulness: Leadership style and employee well‐being. Stress and Health, 36(3), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2926
• Warr, P. (1990). The measurement of well‐being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
• Warr, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health. Work and Stress, 8(2), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379408259982
• Weinstein, N., ve Ryan, R. M. (2011). A self-determination theory approach to understanding stress incursion and responses. Stress and Health, 27(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1368
• Westman, M., Hobfoll, S. E., Chen, S., Davidson, O. B., & Laski, S. (2005). Organizational stress through the lens of conservation of resources (COR) theory (Ed.), Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being içinde, Vol.4 (167–220). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(04)04005-3
• Wilks, D. C., ve Neto, F. (2013). Workplace well-being, gender and age: Examining the “double jeopardy” effect. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 875–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0177-7
• Wright, T. A., ve Cropanzano, R. (1997). Well-being, satisfaction and job performance: Another look at the happy/productive worker thesis. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1997(1), 364–368. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1997.4988986
• Wright, T. A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.93
• Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well-being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990
• Zivnuska, S., Kacmar, K. M., Ferguson, M., & Carlson, D. S. (2016). Mindfulness at work: resource accumulation, well-being, and attitudes. Career Development International, 21(2), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-06-2015-0086