The Relationship Between Mobbing, Public Service Motivation, and Internalization of Mission in Public Sector

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 393 - 411, 31.03.2024

Şerafettin Erten Mehmed Zahid Çögenli

https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1415347

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the relationship between public service motivation and mobbing levels of public employees and the level of internalization of the mission. For this purpose, data were collected from 461 academics from different titles working in public universities operating in Türkiye. The obtained data were first subjected to Pearson correlation analysis and then hierarchical regression analysis. According to the correlation analysis findings, there is a statistically significant relationship between public service motivation and the internalization of the mission in the positive direction and between mobbing and the internalization of the mission in the adverse order. In the first model of the hierarchical regression analysis, it was observed that there was a positive significant relationship between the dimensions of public service motivation and the internalization of the mission. In the second model, mobbing dimensions were added to the analysis. According to the analysis results, the dimensions of attacks on self-expression and communication and attacks on professional status negatively predict the internalization of the mission. As a result, there is a statistically significant relationship between public service motivation, mobbing, and internalization of the mission. However, the public service motivations of academics who are mobbed for self-expression and communication, and professional status are negatively affected, and this may cause a decrease in the level of internalization of the mission.

Keywords

internalization of mission, public service motivation, mobbing, public sector

References

• Akyol B., Yılmaz K., Sergeant B., & Aksoy, V. (2018). The problems of higher education in Türkiye according to the views of academician administrators. Turkish Studies, 13 (11), pp. 111-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13232
• Andersen L. B., Jensen U. T., & Kjeldsen A. M. (2020). Public service motivation and its implications for public service: In Sullivan H., Dickinson H., & Henderson H. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of the Public Servant. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-18.
• Andersen L. B., Jørgensen T. B., Kjeldsen A. M., Pedersen L. H., & Vrangbæk K. (2012). Public values and public service motivation: Conceptual and empirical relationships. The American Review of Public Administration, 43 (3), pp. 292-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074012440031
• Antep Z., Bektaş G., Altın U., & İrban A. (2012). For strategic planning of healthcare management, the effect of mobbing on motivation of healthcare providers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp. 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1038
• Ari A. (2007). The problems of teaching staff at universities. Manas University Journal of Social Sciences, 9 (17), pp. 65-74.
• Bart C. K., & Baetz M. (1998). The relationship between mission statements and firm performance: An exploratory study. Journal of Management Studies, 35 (6), pp. 823-853. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00121
• Bart C. K., Bontis N., & Taggar S. (2001). A model of the impact of mission statements on firm performance. Management Decision, 39 (1), pp. 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005404
• Blair-Loy M., & Wharton A. S., & Goodstein J. (2011). Exploring the relationship between mission statements and work–life practices in organizations. Organization Studies, 32 (3), pp. 427-450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840610397480
• Brewer G. A., Selden S. C., & Facer R. L. (2000). Individual conceptions of public service motivation. Public Administration Review. 60 (3), pp. 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00085
• Bright L. (2007). Does person-organization fit mediate the relationship between public service motivation and the job performance of public employees? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27 (4), pp. 361-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X07307149
• Buchanan D. A., & Huczynski A. A. (2017). Organizational Behaviour. Harlow: Pearson.
• Buyukozturk S. (2011). Manual of data analysis for social sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
• Caillier J. G. (2014). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership, public service motivation, mission valence, and employee performance: A preliminary study. Public Personnel Management, 43 (2), pp. 218-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014528478
• Caillier J. G. (2016). Do transformational leaders affect turnover intentions and extra-role behaviors through mission valence? The American Review of Public Administration, 46 (2), pp. 226-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014551751
• Campbell A., & Yeung S. (1991). Creating a sense of mission. Long Range Planning, 24 (4), pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(91)90002-6
• Campbell E. Q. (1964). The internalization of moral norms. Sociometry, 27 (4), pp. 391-412. https://doi.org/10.2307/2785655
• Carpenter J., & Gong E. (2016). Motivating agents: How much does the mission matter? Journal of Labor Economics, 34 (1), pp. 211-236. https://doi.org/10.1086/682345
• Chauhan A., Goel M., & Arora R. G. (2018). Motivation among higher education academicians: A factor analytical approach. ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management, 7 (1), pp. 172-189. https://doi.org/10.15410/aijm/2018/v7i1/119884
• Christensen R. K., Whiting S. W., Im T., Rho E., Stritch J. M., & Park J. (2013). Public service motivation, task, and non-task behavior: A performance appraisal experiment with Korean MPA and MBA students. International Public Management Journal, 16 (1), pp. 28-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.796257
• Cochran D. S., David F. R., & Gibson C. K. (2008). A framework for developing an effective mission statement. Journal of Business Strategies, 25 (2), pp. 27-39.
• Cögenli M. Z. (2013). Examining of mobbing in universities and an application on academics. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis.
• Çögenli M. Z., & Asunakutlu T. (2014). Validity and reliability study of academicians mobbing scale. Uşak University Journal of Social Sciences, 7 (2), pp. 92-105.
• da Silva João A. L., & Saldanha Portelada A. F. (2019). Mobbing and its impact on interpersonal relationships at the workplace. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34 (13), pp. 2797–2812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516662850
• Davenport N. Z., Schwartz R. D., & Elliott G. P. (1999). Mobbing: Emotional abuse in the American Workplace. Civil Society Publishing.
• Desmidt S., Prinzie A., & Decramer A. (2011). Looking for the value of mission statements: A meta-analysis of 20 years of research. Management Decision, 49 (3), pp. 468-483. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741111120806
• Duffy M. (2009). Preventing workplace mobbing and bullying with effective organizational consultation, policies, and legislation. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61 (3), pp. 242-262. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0016578
• Einarsen S., Hoel H., Zapf D., & Cooper C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition: In Einarsen S., Hoel H., Zapf D., & Cooper C. L. (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in The Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice. Florida: CRC Press, pp. 3-40.
• Erten S., & Turkmen I. (2022). Public service motivation scale: Adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability study. International Journal of Management Academy, 5 (3), pp. 652-664. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1148357
• George D., & Mallery P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York: Routledge.
• Groeblinghoff D., & Becker M. (1996). A case study of mobbing and the clinical treatment of mobbing victims. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2), pp. 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414859
• Hoel H., Sheehan M. J., Cooper C. L., & Einarsen S. (2011). Organizational effects of workplace bullying: In Einarsen S., Hoel H., Zapf D., & Cooper C. L. (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice. Florida: CRC Press, pp. 129-148.
• Hoel H., Sparks K., & Cooper C. L. (2001). The cost of violence/stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress-free working environment. Geneva: Report Commissioned by the International Labor Organization.
• Hogh A., Mikkelsen E. G., & Hansen Å. M. (2011). Individual consequences of workplace bullying/mobbing: In Einarsen S., Hoel H., Zapf D., & Cooper C. L. (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in The Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice. Florida: CRC Press, pp. 107-128.
• Houston D. J. (2006). ''Walking the walk'' of public service motivation: Public employees and charitable gifts of time, blood, and money. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16 (1), pp. 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui028
• Ireland R. D., & Hitt M. A. (1992). Mission statements: Importance, challenge, and recommendations for development. Business Horizons, 35 (3), pp. 34-42.
• Josipović-Jelić Ž., Stoini E., & Celić-Bunikić S. (2005). The effect of mobbing on medical staff performance. Acta Clinica Croatica, 44, pp. 347-352. https://hrcak.srce.hr/14296
• Keashly L. (2019). Workplace bullying, mobbing and harassment in academe: faculty experience: In D'Cruz P., Noronha E., Keashly L., & Tye-Williams S. (Eds.), Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors (Handbooks Of Workplace Bullying, Abuse And Harassment, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1-77.
• Keim J., & McDermott J. C. (2010). Mobbing: Workplace violence in the academy. The Educational Forum, 74 (2), pp. 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131721003608505
• Kelman H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change. J. Conflict Resolut, 2 (1), pp. 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
• Kim S. (2009). Testing the structure of public service motivation in Korea: A research note. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19 (4), pp. 839-851. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mup019
• Lacy F., & Sheehan B. (1997). Job satisfaction among academic staff: An international perspective. Higher Education, 34, pp. 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003019822147
• Lee Y. J. (2012). Behavioral implications of public service motivation: Volunteering by public and nonprofit employees. The American Review of Public Administration, 42 (1), pp. 104-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074011398120
• Leiding R. (2010). Mobbing in the library workplace: What it is and how to prevent it. College and Research Libraries News, 71 (7), pp. 364-384. https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.71.7.8406
• Leuthesser L, & Kohli C. (1997). Corporate identity: The role of mission statements. Business Horizons, 40 (3), pp. 59-66.
• Leymann H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5 (2), pp. 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119
• Leymann H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2), pp. 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853
• Leymann H., & Gustafsson A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2), pp. 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414858
• Lizardo O. (2021). Culture, cognition, and internalization. Sociological Forum, 36 (1), pp. 1177-1206. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12771
• Marimon F., Mas-Machuca M., & Rey C. (2016). Assessing the internalization of the mission. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116 (1), pp. 170-187. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2015-0144
• Mas Machuca M., Akhmedova A., & Marimon F. (2023). The social mission works: Internalizing the mission to achieve organizational performance in social enterprises. Review of Managerial Science. Published online: 20 February 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-023-00627-y
• Moon M. J. (1999). The pursuit of managerial entrepreneurship: Does organization matter? Public Administration Review, 59 (1), pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.2307/977477
• Nunnally J. C., & Bernstein I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• O'Moore M., & Crowley N. (2011). The clinical effects of workplace bullying: A critical look at personality using SEM. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 4 (1), pp. 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538351111118608
• Paarlberg L. E., & Lavigna B. (2010). Transformational leadership and public service motivation: driving individual and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, 70 (5), pp. 710-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02199.x
• Pandey S. K., Wright B. E., & Moynihan D. P. (2008). Public service motivation and interpersonal citizenship behavior in public organizations: Testing a preliminary model. International Public Management Journal, 11 (1), pp. 89-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967490801887947
• Pelit E., & Pelit N. (2014). The effects of mobbing on organizational cynicism: A study on hotels in Türkiye. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. 4 (1), pp. 34-56. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v4i1.4996
• Perry J. L., & Hondeghem A. (2008). Editors' introduction: In Perry J. L., & Hondeghem A. (Eds.), Motivation in Public Management: The Call of Public Service, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-14.
• Perry J. L., & Wise L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50 (3), pp. 367-373. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
• Pranjić N., Maleš-Bilić L., Beganlić A., & Mustajbegović J. (2006). Mobbing, stress, and work ability index among physicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Survey study. Croatian Medical Journal, 47 (5), pp. 750-758.
• Qureshi M. I., Iftikhar M., Janjua S. Y., Zaman K., Raja U. M., & Javed Y. (2015). Empirical investigation of mobbing, stress and employees' behavior at workplace: Quantitatively refining a qualitative model. Quant, 49, pp. 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9976-4
• Rainey H. G., & Steinbauer P. (1999). Galloping elephants: Developing elements of a theory of effective government organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: J-PART 9 (1), pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024401
• Rey C., & Bastons M. (2017). Three dimensions of effective mission implementation. Long Range Planning, 51, pp. 580-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LRP.2017.07.002
• Shamir B. (1991). Meaning, self and motivation in organizations. Organization Studies, 12 (3), pp. 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069101200304
• Staats E. B. (1988). Public service and the public interest. Public Administration Review, 48 (2), pp. 601-605. https://doi.org/10.2307/975760
• Stazyk E. C., & Davis R. S. (2015). Taking the 'high road': Does public service motivation alter ethical decision-making processes? Public Administration, 93 (3), 627-645. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12158
• Tigrel E. Y., & Kokalan O. (2009). Academic mobbing in Türkiye. International Journal of Social, Human Science and Engineering, 3 (7), pp. 1473-1481.
• Tuzgöl-Dost M., & Cenkseven F. (2007). Professional problems of faculty members at state and private universities. C.U. Journal of the Social Sciences Institute, 16 (2), pp. 203-218.
• Turkmen I., & Erten S. (2023). Internalization of mission scale: Adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability study. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences, 2023/1 (45), pp. 370-390.
• Vandekerckhove W., & Commers M. S. (2003). Downward workplace mobbing: A sign of the times? Journal of Business Ethics, 45, pp. 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024168311652
• Wang T. M., van Witteloostuijn A., & Heine F. (2020). A moral theory of public service motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11: 517763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.517763
• Word J., & Park S. M. (2015). The new public service? Empirical research on job choice motivation in the nonprofit sector. Personnel Review, 44 (1), pp. 91-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2012-0120
• Wright B. E. (2007). Public service and motivation: Does mission matter? Public Administration Review, 67 (1), pp. 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00696.x
• Wright B. E., Moynihan D. P., & Pandey S. K. (2011). Pulling the levers: Transformational leadership, public service motivation, and mission valence. Public Administration Review, 72 (2), pp. 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02496.x
• Zapf D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20 (1/2), pp. 70-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268669
• Zapf D., & Einarsen S. (2005). Mobbing at work: Escalated conflicts in organisations: In Fox S., & Spector P. E. (Eds.), Counterproductive Work Behaviour: Investigations of Actors and Targets, American Psychological Association, pp. 271-295.
• Zapf D., Knorz C., & Kulla M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment, and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2), pp. 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414856.