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Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 41 - 50, 17.04.2024

Al-mabrouk Hamid Hasan Wardamı Sabit Erşahin Gülay Karahan

https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1199628

Abstract

A uniform application of phosphorus (P) fertilizers to spatially variable soils often results in under-fertilization in low P-localities and over-fertilization in high P-localities. This study aimed to evaluate the variable rate applicability of P fertilizers on a 300-ha sloping landscape under rainfed winter wheat cultivation for over 70 years. The soils were sampled (155 samples) using a random spatial sampling technique based on visual differences in soil color and topographic factors. Plant available soil P content (Pav) and other variables of soil samples were analyzed. The spatial variability of Pav was evaluated and the area was divided into three uniform zones (low, medium, high) for fertilizer P application based on the spatial variation of Pav. The values of Pav showed moderate variablity (CV= 21.3%). The fertilizer recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) was calculated for five identically-sized sub-regions. The results showed that P fertilizer rates calculated for all five sub-regions based on MAF were identical, suggesting that the MAF was insensitive to spatial variability of Pav in the study soils. Both semivariograms and surface maps of soil properties indicated a strong spatial association between Pav and each of plant available water content (PAWC) and aggregate stability index (ASI), suggesting that yield limitation casued by PAWC should be considered in a variable P-application program in the study area. A more comprehensive study is needed to evaluate the efficiency and cost-benefit economics of variable P application in the study soils.

Keywords

Geostatistics Management zone Phosphorous fertilizers Site-specific management Variable P-application

References

  • Abera W, Tamene L, Tesfaye K, Jiménez D, Dorado H, Erkossa T, Kihara J, Seid JA, Amede T, Ramirez-Villegas J (2022) A data-mining approach for developing site-specific fertilizer response functions across the wheat-growing environments in Ethiopia. Experimental Agriculture 58: 1-16. doi: 10.1017/S0014479722000047.
  • Ameer S, Jehanzeb M, Cheema M, Azeem M, Muhammad K, Mohsin A (2022) Delineation of nutrient management zones for precise fertilizer management in wheat crop using geo- statistical techniques. Soil use and Management 38: 1430-1445. doi: 10.1111/sum.12813.
  • Ameer A, Ahmad F, Asghar N, Hameed M, Ahmad KS, Mehmood A, Nawaz N, Shehzad MS, Mumtaz S, Kaleem M, Iqbal U (2023) Aridity-driven changes in structural and physiological characteristics of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) from different ecozones of Punjab Pakistan. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 29: 1205-1224. doi: 10.1007/s12298-023-01351-3.
  • Beneduzzi HM, Souza EG, Moreira WKO, Sobjak R, Bazzi CL, Rodrigues M (2022) Fertilizer recommendation methods for precision agriculture – a systematic literature study. Engenharia Agrícola 42: e20210185. doi: 10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42n1e20210185/2022.
  • Bhatti A, Hussain F, Ullah F, Khan M (1998) Use of spatial patterns of soil properties and wheat yield in geostatistics for determination of fertilizer rates. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29: 509-522. doi: 10.1080/00103629809369963.
  • Bonfil D, Pimstein A, Meytal S, Karnieli A (2006) Integrated nutrient management through precision agriculture and remote sensing. In: Benbi DK, Brar MS, Bansal SK (Eds), The Proceedings of International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization for Sustaining Crop Productivity. Punjab, Ludhiana, India, pp. 115-134.
  • Cambardella CA, Moorman TB, Parkin TB, Karlen DL, Novak JM, Turco RF, Konopka AE (1994) Field-Scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58(5): 1501-1511. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050033x.
  • Cassel DK, Nielsen DR (1986) Field capacity and available water capacity. In: Klute A (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 901-906.
  • Fleming K, Westfall D, Wiens D, Brodahl M (2001) Evaluating farmer defined management zone maps for variable rate fertilizer application. Precision Agriculture 2: 201-215.
  • Gee GW, Bauder JW (1986) Particle-size analysis. In: Klute A (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 383-411.
  • GS+ (2022) Geostatistics for the Environmental Science, Gamma Design Software. Version 7, LLC, Plainwell, Michigan, https://geostatistics.com/. Accessed September 1, 2022.
  • Günal E (2021) Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak Turkmenistan. Plos one 16(8) e0256355. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256355.
  • Isaaks EH, Srivastava RM (1989) An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press, NewYork.
  • Iyigun C, Türkeş M, Batmaz İ, Yozgatligil C, Purutçuoğlu V, Koç EK, Öztürk MZ (2013) Clustering current climate regions of Turkey by using a multivariate statistical method. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 114: 95-106. doi:10.1007/s00704-012-0823-7.
  • Kacar B (1996) Bitki ve Toprak Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları No: 3, Ankara.
  • Kassa M, Halie W, Kebede F (2022) Site-specific fertilizer recommendation for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using the QUEFTS model in Wolaita Zone in Southern Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. doi: 10.1155/2022/7710139.
  • Kemper WD, Rosenau RC (1986) Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Klute A (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 425-442.
  • Kravchenko AN (2003) Influence of spatial structure on accuracy of interpolation methods. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67: 1564-1571. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2003.1564.
  • Kumar M, Sinha A, Kumar N (2023) Precision agriculture – a vital approach towards modernizing the smart farming in India. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11: 848-853.
  • Mclean EO (1982) Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (Eds), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Agronomy Monograph Number 9. Soil Science Society of America Publisher, Madison, pp. 199-224.
  • MGM (General Directoriate of Meteorology) (2024) https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=CANKIRI.
  • Mulla DJ, McBratney AB (2002) Soil spatial variability. In: Warrick AW (Ed), Soil Physics Companion. Boca Raton: CRC, pp. 343-370.
  • Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page AL, Miller R, Keeney D (Eds), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 539-579.
  • Olsen SR (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate, No. 939, United States Department of Agriculture.
  • Raddy G, Lalitha B, Jayadeva H (2021) Spatial fertilizer recommendation mapping based on soil test crop response equations for important crops using GIS and GPS. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52(1): 58-75.
  • Rhoades JD, Chanduvi F, Lesch S (1999) Soil salinity assessment: methods and interpretation of electrical conductivity measurements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 57, Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • Ruffo ML, Bollero GA, Hoeft RG, Bullock DG (2005) Spatial variability of the Illinois soil nitrogen test: Implications for soil sampling. Agronomy Journal 97(6): 1485-1492. doi: 10.2134/agronj2004.0323.
  • Sanches GM, Magallanes PS, Kolln OT, Otto R, Rodrigues Jr F, Cardoso TF, Franco HC (2021) Agronomic, economic, and environmental assessment of site-specific fertilizer management of Brazilian sugarcane fields. Geoderma Regional 24 e00360. doi: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00360.
  • Sawyer JE (1994) Concepts of variable rate technology with considerations for fertilizer application. Journal of Production Agriculture 7(2): 195-201. doi: 10.2134/jpa1994.0195.
  • Sharma RP, Chattaraj S, Jangir A, Tiwari G, Dash B, Daripa A, Naitam, RK (2022) Geospatial variability mapping of soil nutrients for site specific input optimization in a part of central India. Agronomy Journal 114: 1489-1499. doi: 10.1002/agj2.21025.
  • Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Twelfth 1033 Edition, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
  • Sudduth KA, Hummel JW, Birrell SJ (1997) Sensors for site‐specific management. In: Pierce FJ, Sadler EJ (Ed), Site Specific Management. Agriculture, pp. 183-210.
  • Tanaka TST, Mieno T, Tanabe R, Matsui T, Bullock DS (2023) Toward an effective approach for on ‑ farm experimentation : lessons learned from a case study of fertilizer application optimization in Japan. Precision Agriculture 23: 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s11119-023-10029-5.
  • Tisdale S, Nelson W, Beaton J, Havlin J (1993) Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, 5th Edition, Mac Millan Pub. Co. Newyork.
  • Trangmar B, Yost R, Uehara G (1985) Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties. Advances in Agronomy 38: 45-94. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60673-2.
  • Trivedi A, Rao K, Rajwade Y, Yadav D (2022) Remote sensing and geographic information system applications for precision farming and natural resource management. Indian Journal of Ecology 49: 1624-1633. doi: 10.55362/IJE/2022/3707.
  • Vadas PA, Kleinman PJA, Sharpley AN (2004) A simple method to predict dissolved phosphorus in runoff from surface‐applied manures. Journal of Environmental Quality 33(2): 749-756.
  • Webster R (2001) Statistics to support soil research and their presentation. European Journal of Soil Science 52(2): 330-340.
  • Yadav TC, Singh YP, Yadav SS, Singh A, Patle T (2023) Spatial variability in soil properties , delineation site-specific management division based on soil fertility using fuzzy clustering in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science 35: 49-78. doi: 10.9734/IJPSS/2023/v35i62840.

Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 41 - 50, 17.04.2024

Al-mabrouk Hamid Hasan Wardamı Sabit Erşahin Gülay Karahan

https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1199628

Abstract

A uniform application of phosphorus (P) fertilizers to spatially variable soils often results in under-fertilization in low P-localities and over-fertilization in high P-localities. This study aimed to evaluate the variable rate applicability of P fertilizers on a 300-ha sloping landscape under rainfed winter wheat cultivation for over 70 years. The soils were sampled (155 samples) using a random spatial sampling technique based on visual differences in soil color and topographic factors. Plant available soil P content (Pav) and other variables of soil samples were analyzed. The spatial variability of Pav was evaluated and the area was divided into three uniform zones (low, medium, high) for fertilizer P application based on the spatial variation of Pav. The values of Pav showed moderate variablity (CV= 21.3%). The fertilizer recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) was calculated for five identically-sized sub-regions. The results showed that P fertilizer rates calculated for all five sub-regions based on MAF were identical, suggesting that the MAF was insensitive to spatial variability of Pav in the study soils. Both semivariograms and surface maps of soil properties indicated a strong spatial association between Pav and each of plant available water content (PAWC) and aggregate stability index (ASI), suggesting that yield limitation casued by PAWC should be considered in a variable P-application program in the study area. A more comprehensive study is needed to evaluate the efficiency and cost-benefit economics of variable P application in the study soils.

Keywords

Geostatistics Management zone Phosphorous fertilizers Site-spesific management Variable P-application

References

  • Abera W, Tamene L, Tesfaye K, Jiménez D, Dorado H, Erkossa T, Kihara J, Seid JA, Amede T, Ramirez-Villegas J (2022) A data-mining approach for developing site-specific fertilizer response functions across the wheat-growing environments in Ethiopia. Experimental Agriculture 58: 1-16. doi: 10.1017/S0014479722000047.
  • Ameer S, Jehanzeb M, Cheema M, Azeem M, Muhammad K, Mohsin A (2022) Delineation of nutrient management zones for precise fertilizer management in wheat crop using geo- statistical techniques. Soil use and Management 38: 1430-1445. doi: 10.1111/sum.12813.
  • Ameer A, Ahmad F, Asghar N, Hameed M, Ahmad KS, Mehmood A, Nawaz N, Shehzad MS, Mumtaz S, Kaleem M, Iqbal U (2023) Aridity-driven changes in structural and physiological characteristics of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) from different ecozones of Punjab Pakistan. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 29: 1205-1224. doi: 10.1007/s12298-023-01351-3.
  • Beneduzzi HM, Souza EG, Moreira WKO, Sobjak R, Bazzi CL, Rodrigues M (2022) Fertilizer recommendation methods for precision agriculture – a systematic literature study. Engenharia Agrícola 42: e20210185. doi: 10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42n1e20210185/2022.
  • Bhatti A, Hussain F, Ullah F, Khan M (1998) Use of spatial patterns of soil properties and wheat yield in geostatistics for determination of fertilizer rates. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29: 509-522. doi: 10.1080/00103629809369963.
  • Bonfil D, Pimstein A, Meytal S, Karnieli A (2006) Integrated nutrient management through precision agriculture and remote sensing. In: Benbi DK, Brar MS, Bansal SK (Eds), The Proceedings of International Symposium on Balanced Fertilization for Sustaining Crop Productivity. Punjab, Ludhiana, India, pp. 115-134.
  • Cambardella CA, Moorman TB, Parkin TB, Karlen DL, Novak JM, Turco RF, Konopka AE (1994) Field-Scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58(5): 1501-1511. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800050033x.
  • Cassel DK, Nielsen DR (1986) Field capacity and available water capacity. In: Klute A (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 901-906.
  • Fleming K, Westfall D, Wiens D, Brodahl M (2001) Evaluating farmer defined management zone maps for variable rate fertilizer application. Precision Agriculture 2: 201-215.
  • Gee GW, Bauder JW (1986) Particle-size analysis. In: Klute A (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 383-411.
  • GS+ (2022) Geostatistics for the Environmental Science, Gamma Design Software. Version 7, LLC, Plainwell, Michigan, https://geostatistics.com/. Accessed September 1, 2022.
  • Günal E (2021) Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak Turkmenistan. Plos one 16(8) e0256355. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256355.
  • Isaaks EH, Srivastava RM (1989) An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press, NewYork.
  • Iyigun C, Türkeş M, Batmaz İ, Yozgatligil C, Purutçuoğlu V, Koç EK, Öztürk MZ (2013) Clustering current climate regions of Turkey by using a multivariate statistical method. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 114: 95-106. doi:10.1007/s00704-012-0823-7.
  • Kacar B (1996) Bitki ve Toprak Analizleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları No: 3, Ankara.
  • Kassa M, Halie W, Kebede F (2022) Site-specific fertilizer recommendation for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using the QUEFTS model in Wolaita Zone in Southern Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. doi: 10.1155/2022/7710139.
  • Kemper WD, Rosenau RC (1986) Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Klute A (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 425-442.
  • Kravchenko AN (2003) Influence of spatial structure on accuracy of interpolation methods. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67: 1564-1571. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2003.1564.
  • Kumar M, Sinha A, Kumar N (2023) Precision agriculture – a vital approach towards modernizing the smart farming in India. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11: 848-853.
  • Mclean EO (1982) Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (Eds), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Agronomy Monograph Number 9. Soil Science Society of America Publisher, Madison, pp. 199-224.
  • MGM (General Directoriate of Meteorology) (2024) https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=CANKIRI.
  • Mulla DJ, McBratney AB (2002) Soil spatial variability. In: Warrick AW (Ed), Soil Physics Companion. Boca Raton: CRC, pp. 343-370.
  • Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page AL, Miller R, Keeney D (Eds), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Publishers, Madison, pp. 539-579.
  • Olsen SR (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate, No. 939, United States Department of Agriculture.
  • Raddy G, Lalitha B, Jayadeva H (2021) Spatial fertilizer recommendation mapping based on soil test crop response equations for important crops using GIS and GPS. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52(1): 58-75.
  • Rhoades JD, Chanduvi F, Lesch S (1999) Soil salinity assessment: methods and interpretation of electrical conductivity measurements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 57, Food and Agriculture Organization.
  • Ruffo ML, Bollero GA, Hoeft RG, Bullock DG (2005) Spatial variability of the Illinois soil nitrogen test: Implications for soil sampling. Agronomy Journal 97(6): 1485-1492. doi: 10.2134/agronj2004.0323.
  • Sanches GM, Magallanes PS, Kolln OT, Otto R, Rodrigues Jr F, Cardoso TF, Franco HC (2021) Agronomic, economic, and environmental assessment of site-specific fertilizer management of Brazilian sugarcane fields. Geoderma Regional 24 e00360. doi: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00360.
  • Sawyer JE (1994) Concepts of variable rate technology with considerations for fertilizer application. Journal of Production Agriculture 7(2): 195-201. doi: 10.2134/jpa1994.0195.
  • Sharma RP, Chattaraj S, Jangir A, Tiwari G, Dash B, Daripa A, Naitam, RK (2022) Geospatial variability mapping of soil nutrients for site specific input optimization in a part of central India. Agronomy Journal 114: 1489-1499. doi: 10.1002/agj2.21025.
  • Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Twelfth 1033 Edition, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
  • Sudduth KA, Hummel JW, Birrell SJ (1997) Sensors for site‐specific management. In: Pierce FJ, Sadler EJ (Ed), Site Specific Management. Agriculture, pp. 183-210.
  • Tanaka TST, Mieno T, Tanabe R, Matsui T, Bullock DS (2023) Toward an effective approach for on ‑ farm experimentation : lessons learned from a case study of fertilizer application optimization in Japan. Precision Agriculture 23: 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s11119-023-10029-5.
  • Tisdale S, Nelson W, Beaton J, Havlin J (1993) Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, 5th Edition, Mac Millan Pub. Co. Newyork.
  • Trangmar B, Yost R, Uehara G (1985) Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties. Advances in Agronomy 38: 45-94. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60673-2.
  • Trivedi A, Rao K, Rajwade Y, Yadav D (2022) Remote sensing and geographic information system applications for precision farming and natural resource management. Indian Journal of Ecology 49: 1624-1633. doi: 10.55362/IJE/2022/3707.
  • Vadas PA, Kleinman PJA, Sharpley AN (2004) A simple method to predict dissolved phosphorus in runoff from surface‐applied manures. Journal of Environmental Quality 33(2): 749-756.
  • Webster R (2001) Statistics to support soil research and their presentation. European Journal of Soil Science 52(2): 330-340.
  • Yadav TC, Singh YP, Yadav SS, Singh A, Patle T (2023) Spatial variability in soil properties , delineation site-specific management division based on soil fertility using fuzzy clustering in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science 35: 49-78. doi: 10.9734/IJPSS/2023/v35i62840.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Al-mabrouk Hamid Hasan Wardamı 0000-0001-9722-1835

Sabit Erşahin 0000-0003-2463-7893

Gülay Karahan 0000-0003-1285-6546

Publication Date April 17, 2024
Submission Date November 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 37 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Wardamı, A.-m. H. H., Erşahin, S., & Karahan, G. (2024). Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 37(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1199628
AMA Wardamı AmHH, Erşahin S, Karahan G. Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. April 2024;37(1):41-50. doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1199628
Chicago Wardamı, Al-mabrouk Hamid Hasan, Sabit Erşahin, and Gülay Karahan. “Variable Rate Phosphorus Fertilizer Recommendations for Rainfed Wheat”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 37, no. 1 (April 2024): 41-50. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1199628.
EndNote Wardamı A-mHH, Erşahin S, Karahan G (April 1, 2024) Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 37 1 41–50.
IEEE A.-m. H. H. Wardamı, S. Erşahin, and G. Karahan, “Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat”, Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 41–50, 2024, doi: 10.29136/mediterranean.1199628.
ISNAD Wardamı, Al-mabrouk Hamid Hasan et al. “Variable Rate Phosphorus Fertilizer Recommendations for Rainfed Wheat”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 37/1 (April 2024), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1199628.
JAMA Wardamı A-mHH, Erşahin S, Karahan G. Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2024;37:41–50.
MLA Wardamı, Al-mabrouk Hamid Hasan et al. “Variable Rate Phosphorus Fertilizer Recommendations for Rainfed Wheat”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, 2024, pp. 41-50, doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1199628.
Vancouver Wardamı A-mHH, Erşahin S, Karahan G. Variable rate phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for rainfed wheat. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2024;37(1):41-50.
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