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Music in the Bektashi Order in RN Macedonia: Aspects of Performance

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 238 - 268, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1241547

Abstract

The spiritual tradition of the Turkish population in RN Macedonia is rich and still nurtures some segments of Sufism from the Ottoman period such as the Bektashi dervish order. In the period before the arrival of the Ottomans (around the 13th century), numerous Sufis were active in these territories, which in some way represented a transition point for the conquest and settlement of the Turks. Numerous Bektashi tekkes were built during the Ottoman period, several of which are still active today. Depending on the ethnic composition of the followers, the linguistic dominance of these Sufi structures also changes. The only Bektashi tekke whose members are Turks is the tekke ‘Dikmen Baba’ located in the village Kanatlarci near Prilep. This tekke is one of the few in the Bektashi orders that, despite several divisions in the spiritual leadership, has operated without interruption since its founding in the 16th century. Such divisions did not affect the essence of the spiritual beliefs nor the ritual forms of this dervish order which remain almost identical to those practised at the very beginning. The main focus of this paper will be the musical tradition of the ritual, and for the following reasons: 1. music, as the main activity of the Bektashi rituals, is the essential vehicle for spreading and reinforcing beliefs and wisdom for everyday community life, 2. its importance as a fundamental tool in the expression of mystical theosophy, and 3. variations in the repertoire as a result of drawing upon and integrating sacred music from local populations. For this purpose, field research, interviews, and the analysis of audio materials from the sacred rites of the Bektashi tekke Dikmen Baba in the village of Kanatlarci have been carried out.

References

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  • Çibik, Hatipler Tuba and Umaroğulları, Filiz. (2017). “Balkanlarda Bektaşilik ve Bektaşi Tekkeleri” (Bektashism and Bektashi Lodges in the Balkans). İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 6(1): 458-481.
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  • Duygulu, Melih. (1997). Alevi Bektaşi Müziğinde Deyişler (Deyişes in Alevi-Bektaşi Music). İstanbul: Sistem Ofset Publishing.
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  • Hamzaoğlu, Yusuf. (2000). Balkan Türklüğü: Araştırmalar, İncelemeler – Makedonya, Sırbistan, Hırvatistan (Balkan Turkism: Research, Studies – Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia). Ankara: Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Culture Publishing.
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  • Islam, Aida, Zelenkovska Leshkova, Stefanija. (2014). “Between Social Transformation and Continuity: Bektashi Sufi Music Tradition in the Republic of Macedonia”. Review of European Studies. 6(2): 63-80.
  • Islam, Aida, Zelenkovska Leshkova, Stefanija. (2012a). “Spiritual Islamic Music Tradition in the Balkans at the Time of the Ottoman State”. Journal of Academic Studies. 14(52): 1-18.
  • Islam, Aida, Zelenkovska Leshkova, Stefanija. (2012b). “The Islamic Mystical Spiritual Music Tradition in the Era of New Musical Tendencies”. Asian Journal of Social Science. 8: 170-175.
  • Islam, Aida. (2007). Tonskiot sistem na turskata muzika so kratok pregled na istorijata na turskata muzika i muzichkite formi (The Tonal System of Turkish Music with a Brief Overview of the History of Turkish Music and Musical Forms). Skopje: Kultura.
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  • Kalajdziev, Gordan. edt. (2015). Pravosudstvoto i temelnite prava vo Republika Makedonija – Proekt Mreza 23. (The Judiciary and Fundamental Rights in the Republic of Macedonia – Project Network 23). Skopje: Helsinki Committee for People's Rights of the Republic of Macedonia.
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  • Nuri, Özcan. (1992). Bektaşi Musikisi (Bektashi Music). İstanbul: TDVİA.
  • Şen, Yavuz. (2018). “Bektaşi Nefesleri Üzerine Makamsal Bir İnceleme” (A Makam Study on Bektashi Nefeses). Bilig. 85: 209-231.
  • Trajanovski, Viktor. (2018). “Дервишкиот ред Бекташи во Македонија карактеристики и современа состојба” (The Bektashi Dervish Order in Macedonia, Chracteristics and Modern Condition). Balcanoslavica. 47(1): 188-190.
  • Trajanovski, Viktor. (2019). Етнолошко и антрополошко проучување на дервишкиот ред Бекташи од село Канатларци Прилепско (Ethnological and Аnthropological Study of the Bektashi Dervish Order of Village Kanatlarci, Prilep Region). Skopje: Institute for Ethnology and Anthropology, PMF/UKIM.
  • Yahya, Abaz. (2001). “Makedonya’da Tekkeler ve Tekke Musikisi” (Dervish Lodges and Lodge Music in Macedonia). Master Dissertation. Marmara University, Istanbul: Türkiye.
  • Yahya, Abaz. (2015). “Makedonya’da Bektaşi Musikisi” (Bektashi Music in Macedonia). Yeni Türkiye. 67: 2137-2042.
  • Yılmaz, Ali and Coşkun Kökel. (2005). “Ali Koç Baba ile İlgili Kısa Bir Değerlendirme ve İki Yeni Secere” (A Brief Evaluation and Two New Genealogies about Ali Koç Baba). Hacı Bektaş Veli. 36: 125-136.
  • Yöre, Seyit. (2011). “Alevi Bektaşi Kültürünün Müziksel Kodları” (Musical Codes of Alevi Bektashi Culture). Turkish Culture and Hacı Bektash Veli Research Quarterly. 60: 219-244.
  • Vishko, Ali. (1997). Harabati Teqe e Tetovës dhe veprimtaria në të në periudhën e kaluar (Harabati Teqe of Tetovo and the Activity in the Past Period). Tetovë: Arbëria design.
Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 238 - 268, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1241547

Abstract

References

  • Balat, Gülçin. (2019). “Makedonya Kanatlar Köyünde Söylenen Nefeslerde Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî” (Hadzi Bektash-i Veli in the Nefeses Sung in Kanatlar Village Macedonia). Balkanlarda Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1(1): 34-45.
  • Bjelica, Maja. (2022). “Aleviness, Music, and Hospitality”. Musicological Annual. VIII/1. 58(1): 101-121.
  • Çağ, Galip. (2010). “16 ve 17. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Hâkimiyetinde Manastır” (Bitola Under Ottoman Domination in the 16th and 17th Centuries). Ph.D Dissertation. Sakarya University, Institute of Social Science, Sakarya: Türkiye.
  • Çelik, Mahmut and Süleymani, Ümit. (2018). “Makedonya’da Bektaşi Tarikati’nin İzleri” (Traces of the Bektashi Order in Macedonia). Bal-Tam Türklük Bilgisi. 29: 43-55.
  • Çibik, Hatipler Tuba and Umaroğulları, Filiz. (2017). “Balkanlarda Bektaşilik ve Bektaşi Tekkeleri” (Bektashism and Bektashi Lodges in the Balkans). İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 6(1): 458-481.
  • Demir, Saniye Emel. (2016). “Kalkandelen Bektaşi Tekkesi Haziresi” (Tetovo Bektashi Lodge Cemetery). Master dissertation. Marmara University, Social Science Institute, İstanbul: Türkiye.
  • Duygulu, Melih. (1997). Alevi Bektaşi Müziğinde Deyişler (Deyişes in Alevi-Bektaşi Music). İstanbul: Sistem Ofset Publishing.
  • Dzilo, Hasan. (2010). Филозофија на суфизмот (Philosophy of Sufism). Skopje: Logos-А
  • Gülçiçek Ali Duran. (2000). “Anadolu ve Balkanlardaki Alevi Bektaşi Dergâhları - Tekke, Zaviye ve Türbeler” (Alevi Bektashi Dervish Lodges - Dervish Lodges, Zawias and Tombs in Anatolia and the Balkans). Turkish Culture and Hacı Bektash Veli Research Quarterly. 16: 212-217.
  • Hamzaoğlu, Yusuf. (2000). Balkan Türklüğü: Araştırmalar, İncelemeler – Makedonya, Sırbistan, Hırvatistan (Balkan Turkism: Research, Studies – Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia). Ankara: Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Culture Publishing.
  • Hafız, Nimetullah. (1976). “Yugoslavya’da Bektaşi Tekkeleri” (Bektashi Lodges in Yugoslavia). Çevren. 11: 57-67.
  • Izeti, Metin. (2013). Balkanlarda Tasavvuf Akımları (Sufi Movements in the Balkans). İstanbul: Gelenek Publishing.
  • Islam, Aida, Zelenkovska Leshkova, Stefanija. (2014). “Between Social Transformation and Continuity: Bektashi Sufi Music Tradition in the Republic of Macedonia”. Review of European Studies. 6(2): 63-80.
  • Islam, Aida, Zelenkovska Leshkova, Stefanija. (2012a). “Spiritual Islamic Music Tradition in the Balkans at the Time of the Ottoman State”. Journal of Academic Studies. 14(52): 1-18.
  • Islam, Aida, Zelenkovska Leshkova, Stefanija. (2012b). “The Islamic Mystical Spiritual Music Tradition in the Era of New Musical Tendencies”. Asian Journal of Social Science. 8: 170-175.
  • Islam, Aida. (2007). Tonskiot sistem na turskata muzika so kratok pregled na istorijata na turskata muzika i muzichkite formi (The Tonal System of Turkish Music with a Brief Overview of the History of Turkish Music and Musical Forms). Skopje: Kultura.
  • Islam, Aida. (2005). “The Reflections of the Ottoman Music Culture in the Contemporary Music Culture of the Turkish Community in the Republic of Macedonia”. Ph.D Dissertation. UKIM “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Faculty of Music, Skopje: RN Macedonia.
  • Kalajdziev, Gordan. edt. (2015). Pravosudstvoto i temelnite prava vo Republika Makedonija – Proekt Mreza 23. (The Judiciary and Fundamental Rights in the Republic of Macedonia – Project Network 23). Skopje: Helsinki Committee for People's Rights of the Republic of Macedonia.
  • Noyan, Bedri. (1999). Seyyid Ali Sultan Velayetnamesi (Seyyid Ali Sultan’s Custody Certificate). Ankara: Ayyıldız Publishing.
  • Nuri, Özcan. (1992). Bektaşi Musikisi (Bektashi Music). İstanbul: TDVİA.
  • Şen, Yavuz. (2018). “Bektaşi Nefesleri Üzerine Makamsal Bir İnceleme” (A Makam Study on Bektashi Nefeses). Bilig. 85: 209-231.
  • Trajanovski, Viktor. (2018). “Дервишкиот ред Бекташи во Македонија карактеристики и современа состојба” (The Bektashi Dervish Order in Macedonia, Chracteristics and Modern Condition). Balcanoslavica. 47(1): 188-190.
  • Trajanovski, Viktor. (2019). Етнолошко и антрополошко проучување на дервишкиот ред Бекташи од село Канатларци Прилепско (Ethnological and Аnthropological Study of the Bektashi Dervish Order of Village Kanatlarci, Prilep Region). Skopje: Institute for Ethnology and Anthropology, PMF/UKIM.
  • Yahya, Abaz. (2001). “Makedonya’da Tekkeler ve Tekke Musikisi” (Dervish Lodges and Lodge Music in Macedonia). Master Dissertation. Marmara University, Istanbul: Türkiye.
  • Yahya, Abaz. (2015). “Makedonya’da Bektaşi Musikisi” (Bektashi Music in Macedonia). Yeni Türkiye. 67: 2137-2042.
  • Yılmaz, Ali and Coşkun Kökel. (2005). “Ali Koç Baba ile İlgili Kısa Bir Değerlendirme ve İki Yeni Secere” (A Brief Evaluation and Two New Genealogies about Ali Koç Baba). Hacı Bektaş Veli. 36: 125-136.
  • Yöre, Seyit. (2011). “Alevi Bektaşi Kültürünün Müziksel Kodları” (Musical Codes of Alevi Bektashi Culture). Turkish Culture and Hacı Bektash Veli Research Quarterly. 60: 219-244.
  • Vishko, Ali. (1997). Harabati Teqe e Tetovës dhe veprimtaria në të në periudhën e kaluar (Harabati Teqe of Tetovo and the Activity in the Past Period). Tetovë: Arbëria design.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Music
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aida Islam 0000-0001-7810-7535

Stefanija Leshkova Zelenkovska 0000-0001-5898-4952

Mehtap Demir 0000-0003-4654-7872

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Islam, A., Leshkova Zelenkovska, S., & Demir, M. (2023). Music in the Bektashi Order in RN Macedonia: Aspects of Performance. Musicologist, 7(2), 238-268. https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1241547