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Putin’in dikey iktidar stratejisi ve Rusya’da potansiyel federalizmin sonu

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 163 - 179, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1108084

Abstract

Rusya’da federalizm ve demokrasi ilişkisini ele alan bu çalışmada 1991-1998 arasındaki dönemin Rusya federalizmi açısından bir kırılma anı olduğu iddia edilecek ve her türlü kusuruna rağmen bu dönemdeki gelişmelerin özel olarak federalizmin, genel olarak demokratikleşme için çok önemli fırsatlar yarattığı savunulacaktır. Yine bu hat üzerinden 1990ların “potansiyel federalizminin”, 2000lerin başında Putin’in “Dikey İktidar” stratejisi ile henüz gelişemeden yok edildiği iddia edilecektir. Çalışmanın bulguları ise şu şekildedir; 1998 ekonomik krizinin ardından iktidarın yeniden merkezde toplanması ve böylece istikrara kavuşulması Rusya elitleri arasında yaygın bir kabul görmüştür. Bu talep üzerinden iktidara gelen Putin başkanlığının ilk dört yılında federalizmi boğmuş ve otoriter bir rejim inşa etmiştir. Bunu yaparken de farklı politikalara ve kurumlara başvurmuştur. Öncelikle federe birimleri 7 coğrafi bölgeye ayırarak her bir bölgenin başına kendisinin atadığı süper valileri getirmiş, böylece merkezin, özellikle cumhuriyetler üzerindeki vesayetini artırmıştır. Valilerin doğal üyesi olduğu Federasyon Konseyi’nin yapısını değiştirerek, onları konseyden çıkarmış ve Moskova siyaseti üzerindeki tesirlerini yok etmiştir. Ayrıca özerk Cumhuriyetlerin anayasalarının, Federal yasa ve anayasaya uygun olmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. 2004 yılında ise valilik seçimlerini kaldırmış ve doğrudan atama usulüne geçmiştir. Son olarak tüm federe birimlerde örgütlü olan hegemonik bir parti inşa ederek, bölgesel yasama organlarını da kontrolü altına almıştır.

References

  • Aspaturian, V. V. (1950). The theory and practice of Soviet federalism. The Journal of Politics, 12(1), 20-51.
  • Busygina, I. (2018). Russian Federalism. In Russia (pp. 57-64). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Chaisty, P. (2013). The Federal Assembly and the power vertical. In Routledge handbook of Russian politics and society. Routledge.
  • Daniels, R. V. (1997). Democracy and federalism in the former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. in Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia,ed.Peter Stavrakis. 233-243. John Hopkins University Press.
  • DeBardeleben, J. (1997). The development of federalism in Russia. in Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia, ed.Peter Stavrakis.35-56. John Hopkins University Press.
  • Elazar, D. J. (1987). Exploring federalism. University of Alabama Press.
  • Gel'man, V. (2008). Leviathan’s return: the policy of recentralization in contemporary Russia. In Federalism and local politics in Russia (pp. 1-24). Routledge.
  • Gel’man, V. (2010). The Dynamics of Subnational Authoritarianism: (Russia in Comparative Perspective). Russian politics & law, 48(2), 7-26.
  • Gel'man, V., & Ryzhenkov, S. (2011). Local regimes, sub-national governance and the ‘power vertical’in contemporary Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(3), 449-465.
  • Gibson, E. L. (2004). Federalism and Democracy in Latin America. JHU Press.
  • Gill, G. (2006). A new turn to authoritarian Rule in Russia?. Democratization, 13(1), 58-77.
  • Gill, G. J. (2017). Dynamics of Democratization: Elites, Civil Society and the Transition Process. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  • Golosov, G. V. (2011). The regional roots of electoral authoritarianism in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(4), 623-639.
  • Goode, J. P. (2010). The fall and rise of regionalism?. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 26(2), 233-256.
  • Goode, J. P. (2010a). Russia’s Gubernatorial Elections: A Postmortem. In Institutions, Ideas and Leadership in Russian Politics (pp. 43-66). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Hale, H. E. (2010). Russia’s Political Parties and their Substitutes. In White, Stephen (ed.) Developments in Russian politics, 7, 81-98. Duke University Press.
  • Herd, G. P. (1999). Russia: Systemic transformation or federal collapse?. Journal of Peace Research, 36(3), 259-269.
  • Hodge, W. C. (1980). Federalism and the Soviet Constitution of 1977: Commonwealth Perspectives. Washington Law Review, 55(3), 505-542.
  • Kahn, J. (2002). Federalism, democratization, and the rule of law in Russia. OUP Oxford.
  • King, P. (1993). Federation and representation. Comparative Federalism and Federation, 95.
  • Konitzer, A., & Wegren, S. K. (2006). Federalism and political recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the party of power. Publius: The journal of federalism, 36(4), 503-522.
  • Kux, S. (1990). Soviet federalism. Probs. Communism, 39, 1.
  • Lemaitre, R. (2006). The Rollback of Democracy in Russia after Beslan. Review of Central and East European Law, 31(4), 369-411.
  • Lieven, A. (1997). Freedom and anarchy: Russia stumbles toward the twenty‐first century. Washington Quarterly, 20(1), 38-58.
  • Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Pandey, S. K. (2021). Legacies of Soviet Federalism in Post-Soviet Federal Arrangement. In Hundred Years of the Russian Revolution (pp. 283-293). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.
  • Palubinskas, G. (2018). Russia: Containing Democracy at Home and Abroad. THE LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VOLUME 64: 4, pp. 5-
  • Reuter, O. J. (2017). The origins of dominant parties: Building authoritarian institutions in post-Soviet Russia. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ross, C. (2003). Federalism and democratisation in Russia. Manchester University Press.
  • Ross, C. (2005). Federalism and electoral authoritarianism under Putin. DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, 13(3), 347.
  • Rutland, P. (2000). Democracy in Russia: a Tocquevillian perspective. Democracy, 11(1).
  • Sharafutdinova, G. (2013). Gestalt switch in Russian federalism: The decline in regional power under Putin. Comparative Politics, 45(3), 357-376.
  • Tarr, G. A. (1999). Creating Federalism in Russia. S. Tex. L. Rev., 40, 689.
  • Teague, E. (2014). Russia's Return to the Direct Election of Governors: Re-Shaping the Power Vertical?. Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, 3(1), 37-57.
  • Treisman, D. (2011). Presidential popularity in a hybrid regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin. American journal of political science, 55(3), 590-609.

Putin's power vertical and the end of potential federalism

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 163 - 179, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1108084

Abstract

In this study, which deals with the relationship between federalism and democracy in Russia, it will be argued that the period between 1991 and 1998 was a breaking moment for Russian federalism, and despite all its flaws, it will be argued that the developments in this period, created very important opportunities for federalism and democratization in general. Along this line, it will be claimed that the "potential federalism" of the 1990s was destroyed before it could develop by Putin's "Power Vertical" strategy in the early 2000s. The findings of the study are as follows; After the 1998 economic crisis, the re-centralization of power and thus stabilization was widely accepted among the Russian elite. Putin, who came to power over this demand, stifled federalism in the first four years of his presidency and built an authoritarian regime. While doing this he applied to different policies and institutions. First, he divided the federated units into 7 geographical regions and brought the super governors appointed by him to the head of each region, thus increasing the tutelage of the center, especially over the republics. By changing the structure of the Federation Council, of which the governors are natural members, he removed them from the council and thus destroyed their influence on Moscow politics. He also made it mandatory for the constitutions of the autonomous republics to be in accordance with the Federal law and the constitution. In 2004, he abolished the gubernatorial elections and switched to the direct appointment procedure. Finally, by building a hegemonic party organized in all federated units, he also took the regional legislatures under his control.

References

  • Aspaturian, V. V. (1950). The theory and practice of Soviet federalism. The Journal of Politics, 12(1), 20-51.
  • Busygina, I. (2018). Russian Federalism. In Russia (pp. 57-64). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Chaisty, P. (2013). The Federal Assembly and the power vertical. In Routledge handbook of Russian politics and society. Routledge.
  • Daniels, R. V. (1997). Democracy and federalism in the former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. in Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia,ed.Peter Stavrakis. 233-243. John Hopkins University Press.
  • DeBardeleben, J. (1997). The development of federalism in Russia. in Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia, ed.Peter Stavrakis.35-56. John Hopkins University Press.
  • Elazar, D. J. (1987). Exploring federalism. University of Alabama Press.
  • Gel'man, V. (2008). Leviathan’s return: the policy of recentralization in contemporary Russia. In Federalism and local politics in Russia (pp. 1-24). Routledge.
  • Gel’man, V. (2010). The Dynamics of Subnational Authoritarianism: (Russia in Comparative Perspective). Russian politics & law, 48(2), 7-26.
  • Gel'man, V., & Ryzhenkov, S. (2011). Local regimes, sub-national governance and the ‘power vertical’in contemporary Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(3), 449-465.
  • Gibson, E. L. (2004). Federalism and Democracy in Latin America. JHU Press.
  • Gill, G. (2006). A new turn to authoritarian Rule in Russia?. Democratization, 13(1), 58-77.
  • Gill, G. J. (2017). Dynamics of Democratization: Elites, Civil Society and the Transition Process. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  • Golosov, G. V. (2011). The regional roots of electoral authoritarianism in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(4), 623-639.
  • Goode, J. P. (2010). The fall and rise of regionalism?. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 26(2), 233-256.
  • Goode, J. P. (2010a). Russia’s Gubernatorial Elections: A Postmortem. In Institutions, Ideas and Leadership in Russian Politics (pp. 43-66). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Hale, H. E. (2010). Russia’s Political Parties and their Substitutes. In White, Stephen (ed.) Developments in Russian politics, 7, 81-98. Duke University Press.
  • Herd, G. P. (1999). Russia: Systemic transformation or federal collapse?. Journal of Peace Research, 36(3), 259-269.
  • Hodge, W. C. (1980). Federalism and the Soviet Constitution of 1977: Commonwealth Perspectives. Washington Law Review, 55(3), 505-542.
  • Kahn, J. (2002). Federalism, democratization, and the rule of law in Russia. OUP Oxford.
  • King, P. (1993). Federation and representation. Comparative Federalism and Federation, 95.
  • Konitzer, A., & Wegren, S. K. (2006). Federalism and political recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the party of power. Publius: The journal of federalism, 36(4), 503-522.
  • Kux, S. (1990). Soviet federalism. Probs. Communism, 39, 1.
  • Lemaitre, R. (2006). The Rollback of Democracy in Russia after Beslan. Review of Central and East European Law, 31(4), 369-411.
  • Lieven, A. (1997). Freedom and anarchy: Russia stumbles toward the twenty‐first century. Washington Quarterly, 20(1), 38-58.
  • Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Pandey, S. K. (2021). Legacies of Soviet Federalism in Post-Soviet Federal Arrangement. In Hundred Years of the Russian Revolution (pp. 283-293). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.
  • Palubinskas, G. (2018). Russia: Containing Democracy at Home and Abroad. THE LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VOLUME 64: 4, pp. 5-
  • Reuter, O. J. (2017). The origins of dominant parties: Building authoritarian institutions in post-Soviet Russia. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ross, C. (2003). Federalism and democratisation in Russia. Manchester University Press.
  • Ross, C. (2005). Federalism and electoral authoritarianism under Putin. DEMOKRATIZATSIYA, 13(3), 347.
  • Rutland, P. (2000). Democracy in Russia: a Tocquevillian perspective. Democracy, 11(1).
  • Sharafutdinova, G. (2013). Gestalt switch in Russian federalism: The decline in regional power under Putin. Comparative Politics, 45(3), 357-376.
  • Tarr, G. A. (1999). Creating Federalism in Russia. S. Tex. L. Rev., 40, 689.
  • Teague, E. (2014). Russia's Return to the Direct Election of Governors: Re-Shaping the Power Vertical?. Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, 3(1), 37-57.
  • Treisman, D. (2011). Presidential popularity in a hybrid regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin. American journal of political science, 55(3), 590-609.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Cem Oğuz 0000-0003-3968-350X

Publication Date January 31, 2023
Submission Date April 23, 2022
Acceptance Date October 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Oğuz, M. C. (2023). Putin’in dikey iktidar stratejisi ve Rusya’da potansiyel federalizmin sonu. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1108084

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