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Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 38 - 61, 23.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1094236

Abstract

Küreselleşmenin yayılma ve yansımasının sorgulandığı dünyada ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi önemini korumaktadır. Geçmişten günümüze çeşitli zaman ve mekân farklılığına dayalı olarak bu ilişkiyi sorgulayan çalışmaların bazılarının negatif ve bazıları ise pozitif ilişki olduğuna dair bulgular sunmaları, bu hususta konsensüs sağlanamadığını göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda BRICS örneklemi için ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasında ilişki olup olmadığının ve varsa bu ilişkinin yönünün tespitiyle diğer araştırmalarda bulunan farklılıkların nedeninin açıklanmasının literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın amacı, BRICS ülkeleri için 1996-2020 yılları arasında literatür bulgularına ek olarak ekonomik büyüme üzerinde ticari açıklık derecesinin etkisinin ortaya konmasıdır. Çalışmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgular: Dışa açıklık oranı ve döviz kuru değişkenlerinin, incelenen dönem aralığında ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki anlamlı olmakla birlikte pozitif yönlü tesirine karşın doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar değişkeninin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkisinin istatiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığına dairdir.

References

  • Aslan, A., & Topcu, E. (2018). The Relationship between Export and Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Turkish Sectors. Economies, 6(2), 22. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies6020022
  • Baldwin, R. E. (2004). Openness and Growth: What’s the Empirical Relationship? R. E. Baldwin and L. A. Winters (Edt.) In Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics (pp. 499-525). Chicago: University of Chicago Press Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c9548/c9548.pdf
  • Barro, R. J., & Sala-I-Martin, X. (1997). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 2(1), 1–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930
  • Bhagwati, J., & Srinivasan, T. N. (2002). Trade and Poverty in the Poor Countries. The American Economic Review, 92(2), 180–183. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083398
  • Bijarnia, B. S. (2013). Whither Global Economic Governance? The Emerging Role of BRICS: An Alternative. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, 26(1/2), 75–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43550357
  • Breusch, T. S. and A. R. Pagan (1980). The Lagrange multiplier testand its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies 47, 239–53.
  • Burange, L., Ranadive, R. R. & Karnik, N. N. (2013). Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus: A Case Study of BRICS. ISFIRE Working Paper Series, No.1. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://ojsiire.com/index.php/isfirewps/issue/view/3/pdf_2
  • Burange, L., Ranadive, R. R. & Karnik, N. N. (2015). Causality between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Experience of India and China. ISFIRE Working Paper Series. No.7. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://ojsiire.com/index.php/isfirewps/issue/view/19
  • Busse, M. & Koeniger, J. (2012). Trade and Economic Growth: A Re-Examination of the Empirical Evidence. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2009939. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2009939
  • Cambazoğlu, B. (2019) Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler ve BRICS Ülkelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Makroekonomik Analizi (ss. 273-299), Eds. Aslı Yenipazarlı. Seçilmiş Konularla 21. Yüzyılda Dünya Ekonomisi, Ankara: Seçkin Kitabevi. ISBN: 978-975-02-5816-9 (10 puan)
  • Cambazoğlu, B. (2020). Trade Protectionism: Pros and Cons. Ahu Coşkun Özer (Eds.), International Trade Policies in the Era of Globalization, (pp. 94-115). Hershey: IGI Global Publication. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9566-3.ch005
  • Çevik, E. I., Atukeren, E. & Korkmaz, T. (2019). Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Rolling Frequency Domain Analysis. Economies, 7(2), 41, 2-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7020041 -
  • Cinar, M. & Nulambeh, N. A. (2018). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(4), 749-760. doi: 10.20409/berj.2018.136
  • Coe, D. T., Helpman, E., & Hoffmaister, A. W. (1997). North-South R & D Spillovers. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 134–149. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2235275
  • Deardorff, A. V. (2001). Rich and Poor Countries in Neoclassical Trade and Growth. The Economic Journal, 111(470), 277–294. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2667865
  • Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2004). Trade, Growth, and Poverty. The Economic Journal, 114(493), F22–F49. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3590109
  • Eberhardt, M., Bond, S. (2009) Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: a novel estimator Online, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17692/ MPRA Paper No. 17692, posted 07. October 2009
  • Eberhardt, M., Teal, F. (2010)Aggregation versus Heterogeneity in Cross-Country Growth Empirics∗ 7th October 2010, CSAE WPS/2010-32
  • Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3), 1358–1393. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728244
  • Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, Productivity and Growth: What do We Really Know? The Economic Journal, 108(447), 383–398. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2565567
  • Estevadeordal, A., & Taylor, A. M. (2013). Is The Washington Consensus Dead? Growth, Openness, And the Great Liberalization, 1970s-2000s. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(5), 1669–1690. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43554854
  • Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. (1999). Does Trade Cause Growth? The American Economic Review, 89(3), 379–399. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/117025
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999) Essentials of Econometrics. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Irwin, D. (2001). A Brief History of International Trade Policy. Retrieved December 14, 2018, from https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/Irwintrade.html.
  • Khobai, H., Kolisi, N. & Moyo, C. (2018). The Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of Ghana and Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(1), 77-82.
  • Kristjanpoller R., W., & Olson, J. E. (2014). Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: Is It Based on Export-Led or Import-Led Growth? Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50, 6–20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24475677
  • Krugman, P. (1979). A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer, and the World Distribution of Income. Journal of Political Economy, 87(2), 253–266. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1832086
  • Krugman, P. (1994). The Myth of Asia’s Miracle. Foreign Affairs, 73(6), 62–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046929
  • Kurt, S. & Berber, M. (2010). Türkiye'de Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme . Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (2) , 57-80. Retrieved 22 February, 2022 from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/2694/35460
  • Levine, R. & Renelt, D. (1992). A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regression. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942-963. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117352
  • Madsen, J. B. (2009). Trade Barriers, Openness, and Economic Growth. Southern Economic Journal, 76(2), 397–418. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751473
  • Ocampo, J. A. & Taylor, L. (1998). Trade Liberalization in Developing Economies: Modest Benefits but Problems with Productivity Growth, Macro Prices, and Income Distribution. CEPA Working Paper, No. 8, Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.202.5869&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Pesaran, H. , Ullah, A., Yamagata, T (2008)” A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence” Econometrics Journal (2008), volume 11, pp. 105–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. (IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240)
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265-312.
  • Rodríguez, F. (2007). Openness and growth: What Have We Learned? UN DESA Working Paper, No. 51, 1-25. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/1597341784.7773.pdf
  • Rodríguez, F., & Rodrik, D. (2000). Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 15, 261–325. https://doi.org/10.2307/3585399
  • Rodrik, D. (1996). Understanding Economic Policy Reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(1), 9–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2729408
  • Sachs, J. D., Warner, A., Åslund, A., & Fischer, S. (1995). Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995(1), 1–118. Retrieved February, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.2307/2534573
  • Shayanewako, B.. (2018). The Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of BRICS Countries. Journal of Global Economics. 6(2). DOI: 10.4172/2375-4389.1000289 Soomro, A. N., Kumar, J. & Kumari, J. (2022). The Dynamic Relationship Between FDI, ICT, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth: Evidence from BRICS Countries. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(2), 295-303. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2022.vol9.no2.0295
  • Srinivasan, T. N. (1991). Reform of Industrial and Trade Policies. Economic and Political Weekly, 26(37), 2143–2145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41626997
  • The World Bank [WB] Data Retrieved February, 2022 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
  • Vamvakidis, A. (2002). How Robust Is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(1), 57–80. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40216054
  • Veeramani, C. (2014). World’s Knowledge Spillovers : Beyond Openness and Growth. Journal of Economic Integration, 29(2), 298–328. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23723857
  • Wacziarg, R., & Welch, K. H. (2003). Trade Liberalization and Growth: New Evidence. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper, No. 10152. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.nber.org/papers/w10152
  • Wacziarg, R., & Welch, K. H. (2008). Trade Liberalization and Growth: New Evidence. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(2), 187–231. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40282271
  • Westerlund, J. (2007) Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data, OXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS, 69, 6 (2007) 0305-9049, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x, Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 2007. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
  • Winters, L. A. (2004). Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: An Overview. The Economic Journal, 114(493), F4–F21. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3590108
  • Yenipazarlı, A. & Erdal, F. (2010). Dış Ticaretin Serbestleşmesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 15-24. Retrieved 05 March, 2022 from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ebd/issue/4855/66770

Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus: The Case of BRICS

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 38 - 61, 23.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1094236

Abstract

In a world the spread and reflection of globalization are questioned, the relationship between trade openness and economic growth maintains its importance. The fact that some of the studies questioning this relationship based on the differences in time and space from the past to the present findings that some are negative and some are positive, shows that there is no consensus on this issue. Accordingly, we think that determining whether there is a relationship between trade openness and economic growth for the BRICS sample, and if so, the direction of this relationship and explaining the reason for the differences found in other studies will contribute to the literature. In this context, the aim of the study is to investigate the effect of the degree of trade openness on economic growth in addition to the literature findings during the period 1996-2020 for the BRICS countries. The findings obtained as a result of the study: Despite the fact that there is a positive and statistically significant between the the effect of trade openness and exchange rate variables on economic growth during the period under consideration, the effect of foreign direct invesment variable on economic growth is not statistically significant.    

References

  • Aslan, A., & Topcu, E. (2018). The Relationship between Export and Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Turkish Sectors. Economies, 6(2), 22. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies6020022
  • Baldwin, R. E. (2004). Openness and Growth: What’s the Empirical Relationship? R. E. Baldwin and L. A. Winters (Edt.) In Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics (pp. 499-525). Chicago: University of Chicago Press Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c9548/c9548.pdf
  • Barro, R. J., & Sala-I-Martin, X. (1997). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 2(1), 1–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930
  • Bhagwati, J., & Srinivasan, T. N. (2002). Trade and Poverty in the Poor Countries. The American Economic Review, 92(2), 180–183. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083398
  • Bijarnia, B. S. (2013). Whither Global Economic Governance? The Emerging Role of BRICS: An Alternative. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, 26(1/2), 75–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43550357
  • Breusch, T. S. and A. R. Pagan (1980). The Lagrange multiplier testand its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies 47, 239–53.
  • Burange, L., Ranadive, R. R. & Karnik, N. N. (2013). Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus: A Case Study of BRICS. ISFIRE Working Paper Series, No.1. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://ojsiire.com/index.php/isfirewps/issue/view/3/pdf_2
  • Burange, L., Ranadive, R. R. & Karnik, N. N. (2015). Causality between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Experience of India and China. ISFIRE Working Paper Series. No.7. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://ojsiire.com/index.php/isfirewps/issue/view/19
  • Busse, M. & Koeniger, J. (2012). Trade and Economic Growth: A Re-Examination of the Empirical Evidence. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2009939. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2009939
  • Cambazoğlu, B. (2019) Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler ve BRICS Ülkelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Makroekonomik Analizi (ss. 273-299), Eds. Aslı Yenipazarlı. Seçilmiş Konularla 21. Yüzyılda Dünya Ekonomisi, Ankara: Seçkin Kitabevi. ISBN: 978-975-02-5816-9 (10 puan)
  • Cambazoğlu, B. (2020). Trade Protectionism: Pros and Cons. Ahu Coşkun Özer (Eds.), International Trade Policies in the Era of Globalization, (pp. 94-115). Hershey: IGI Global Publication. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9566-3.ch005
  • Çevik, E. I., Atukeren, E. & Korkmaz, T. (2019). Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Rolling Frequency Domain Analysis. Economies, 7(2), 41, 2-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7020041 -
  • Cinar, M. & Nulambeh, N. A. (2018). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(4), 749-760. doi: 10.20409/berj.2018.136
  • Coe, D. T., Helpman, E., & Hoffmaister, A. W. (1997). North-South R & D Spillovers. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 134–149. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2235275
  • Deardorff, A. V. (2001). Rich and Poor Countries in Neoclassical Trade and Growth. The Economic Journal, 111(470), 277–294. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2667865
  • Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2004). Trade, Growth, and Poverty. The Economic Journal, 114(493), F22–F49. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3590109
  • Eberhardt, M., Bond, S. (2009) Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: a novel estimator Online, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17692/ MPRA Paper No. 17692, posted 07. October 2009
  • Eberhardt, M., Teal, F. (2010)Aggregation versus Heterogeneity in Cross-Country Growth Empirics∗ 7th October 2010, CSAE WPS/2010-32
  • Edwards, S. (1993). Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3), 1358–1393. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728244
  • Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, Productivity and Growth: What do We Really Know? The Economic Journal, 108(447), 383–398. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2565567
  • Estevadeordal, A., & Taylor, A. M. (2013). Is The Washington Consensus Dead? Growth, Openness, And the Great Liberalization, 1970s-2000s. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(5), 1669–1690. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43554854
  • Frankel, J. A., & Romer, D. (1999). Does Trade Cause Growth? The American Economic Review, 89(3), 379–399. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/117025
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999) Essentials of Econometrics. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Irwin, D. (2001). A Brief History of International Trade Policy. Retrieved December 14, 2018, from https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/Irwintrade.html.
  • Khobai, H., Kolisi, N. & Moyo, C. (2018). The Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of Ghana and Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(1), 77-82.
  • Kristjanpoller R., W., & Olson, J. E. (2014). Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: Is It Based on Export-Led or Import-Led Growth? Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50, 6–20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24475677
  • Krugman, P. (1979). A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer, and the World Distribution of Income. Journal of Political Economy, 87(2), 253–266. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1832086
  • Krugman, P. (1994). The Myth of Asia’s Miracle. Foreign Affairs, 73(6), 62–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046929
  • Kurt, S. & Berber, M. (2010). Türkiye'de Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme . Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (2) , 57-80. Retrieved 22 February, 2022 from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/2694/35460
  • Levine, R. & Renelt, D. (1992). A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regression. The American Economic Review, 82(4), 942-963. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117352
  • Madsen, J. B. (2009). Trade Barriers, Openness, and Economic Growth. Southern Economic Journal, 76(2), 397–418. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27751473
  • Ocampo, J. A. & Taylor, L. (1998). Trade Liberalization in Developing Economies: Modest Benefits but Problems with Productivity Growth, Macro Prices, and Income Distribution. CEPA Working Paper, No. 8, Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.202.5869&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Pesaran, H. , Ullah, A., Yamagata, T (2008)” A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence” Econometrics Journal (2008), volume 11, pp. 105–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. (IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240)
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265-312.
  • Rodríguez, F. (2007). Openness and growth: What Have We Learned? UN DESA Working Paper, No. 51, 1-25. Retrieved 25 February, 2022 from https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/1597341784.7773.pdf
  • Rodríguez, F., & Rodrik, D. (2000). Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 15, 261–325. https://doi.org/10.2307/3585399
  • Rodrik, D. (1996). Understanding Economic Policy Reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(1), 9–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2729408
  • Sachs, J. D., Warner, A., Åslund, A., & Fischer, S. (1995). Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995(1), 1–118. Retrieved February, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.2307/2534573
  • Shayanewako, B.. (2018). The Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: The Case of BRICS Countries. Journal of Global Economics. 6(2). DOI: 10.4172/2375-4389.1000289 Soomro, A. N., Kumar, J. & Kumari, J. (2022). The Dynamic Relationship Between FDI, ICT, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth: Evidence from BRICS Countries. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(2), 295-303. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2022.vol9.no2.0295
  • Srinivasan, T. N. (1991). Reform of Industrial and Trade Policies. Economic and Political Weekly, 26(37), 2143–2145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41626997
  • The World Bank [WB] Data Retrieved February, 2022 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
  • Vamvakidis, A. (2002). How Robust Is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(1), 57–80. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40216054
  • Veeramani, C. (2014). World’s Knowledge Spillovers : Beyond Openness and Growth. Journal of Economic Integration, 29(2), 298–328. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23723857
  • Wacziarg, R., & Welch, K. H. (2003). Trade Liberalization and Growth: New Evidence. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper, No. 10152. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.nber.org/papers/w10152
  • Wacziarg, R., & Welch, K. H. (2008). Trade Liberalization and Growth: New Evidence. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(2), 187–231. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40282271
  • Westerlund, J. (2007) Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data, OXFORD BULLETIN OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS, 69, 6 (2007) 0305-9049, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x, Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 2007. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
  • Winters, L. A. (2004). Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: An Overview. The Economic Journal, 114(493), F4–F21. Retrieved February, 2022 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3590108
  • Yenipazarlı, A. & Erdal, F. (2010). Dış Ticaretin Serbestleşmesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 15-24. Retrieved 05 March, 2022 from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ebd/issue/4855/66770
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslı Yenipazarlı 0000-0002-5078-3037

Birgül Cambazoğlu 0000-0001-6272-8951

Enis Begeç 0000-0002-7502-1944

Publication Date June 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yenipazarlı, A., Cambazoğlu, B., & Begeç, E. (2022). Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 9(1), 38-61. https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1094236
AMA Yenipazarlı A, Cambazoğlu B, Begeç E. Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği. pjess. June 2022;9(1):38-61. doi:10.34232/pjess.1094236
Chicago Yenipazarlı, Aslı, Birgül Cambazoğlu, and Enis Begeç. “Ticari Dışa Açıklık Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği”. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies 9, no. 1 (June 2022): 38-61. https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1094236.
EndNote Yenipazarlı A, Cambazoğlu B, Begeç E (June 1, 2022) Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies 9 1 38–61.
IEEE A. Yenipazarlı, B. Cambazoğlu, and E. Begeç, “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği”, pjess, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 38–61, 2022, doi: 10.34232/pjess.1094236.
ISNAD Yenipazarlı, Aslı et al. “Ticari Dışa Açıklık Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği”. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies 9/1 (June 2022), 38-61. https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1094236.
JAMA Yenipazarlı A, Cambazoğlu B, Begeç E. Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği. pjess. 2022;9:38–61.
MLA Yenipazarlı, Aslı et al. “Ticari Dışa Açıklık Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği”. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, pp. 38-61, doi:10.34232/pjess.1094236.
Vancouver Yenipazarlı A, Cambazoğlu B, Begeç E. Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: BRICS Örneği. pjess. 2022;9(1):38-61.