Analysing The Relationship Between the Efficiency of the Turkish Civil Aviation Industry and Industry Concentration

Year 2024, Volume: 32 Issue: 59, 433 - 452, 31.01.2024

Murat Ahmet Doğan Cankut Aydın

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.01.19

Abstract

This study uses absolute market concentration (CRN) and relative market concentration (HHI) in three different categories for the first time to quantitatively analyse the degree of competition and concentration of Turkish civil aviation transport between 2012 and 2022. The production efficiency is calculated by the DEA method. Finally, these two factors are empirically tested by using a cointegration test. The relationship between production efficiency and market concentration in the Turkish civil aviation industry is unstable in the long run during this period. To accelerate the development of the industry and transform its efficiency into a stable structure, it could be beneficial to deepen the studies on international markets.

Keywords

Civil Aviation, Aviation Management, Market Concentration, Productivity Efficiency

Türk Sivil Havacılığı Endüstrisinin Etkinliği ile Endüstri Yoğunlaşması Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, 2012-2022 yılları arasında Türk sivil havacılık taşımacılığının rekabet ve yoğunlaşma derecesini niceliksel olarak analiz etmek için ilk defa üç farklı kategoride mutlak piyasa yoğunlaşması (CRN) ve göreli piyasa yoğunlaşması (HHI) kullanılmaktadır. Endüstrinin üretim etkinliği VZA yöntemiyle hesaplanmaktadır. Son olarak, eş bütünleşme testi kullanarak bu iki faktör arasındaki ilişki ampirik olarak test edilmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar dikkate alındığında. Türk sivil havacılık taşımacılığı endüstrisindeki üretim etkinliği ile piyasa yoğunlaşması arasındaki ilişkinin inceleme dönemi içerisinde uzun vadede istikrarsız olduğunu göstermektedir. Endüstrinin gelişimini ivmelendirmek ve etkinliğini istikrarlı bir yapıya dönüştürmek için uluslararası pazarlar üzerine çalışmaların derinleştirilmesinin faydalı olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Sivil Havacılık, Havacılık Yönetimi, Piyasa Yoğunlaşması, Üretim Etkinliği

References

• Acar, A.Z. & S. Karabulak (2015), “Competition between full-service network carriers and low-cost carriers in Turkish airline market”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 642-651.
• Acemoglu, D. et al. (2019), Microeconomics (2nd ed.), Pearson.
• Alderighi, M. et al. (2012), “Competition in the European aviation market: the entry of low-cost airlines”, Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 223-233.
• Bain, J.S. (1951), “Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration: American Manufacturing, 1936-1940”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 65(3), 293-324.
• Bain, J.S. (1956), Barriers to new competition: their character and consequences in manufacturing industries, Harvard University Press.
• Barbot, C. et al. (2008), “Airlines performance in the new market context: A comparative productivity and efficiency analysis”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(5), 270-274.
• Bilotkach, V. & P.A. Lakew (2014), “On sources of market power in the airline industry: Panel data evidence from the US airports”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 59, 288-305.
• Cabral, L.M. (2017), Introduction to industrial organization, MIT Press.
• Calzada, J. & X. Fageda (2014), “Competition and public service obligations in European aviation markets”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 70, 104-116.
• Carlsson, F. (2002), “Price and Frequency Choice under Monopoly and Competition in Aviation Markets”, Working Papers in Economics, 71, University of Gothenburg, Department of Economics.
• Carlton, D.W. & J.M. Perloff (2005), Modern Industrial Organization, (4th ed.), Pearson/Addison Wesley, Boston.
• Caves, R.E. (2007), “In praise of the Old I.O.”, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25(1), 1-12.
• Chang, Y.-C. et al. (2022), “How aviation market is influenced by political policy-the case of Taiwan and China”, Transportation Research Procedia, 65, 133-143.
• Charnes, A. et al. (1978), “Measuring the efficiency of decision making units”, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
• Charnes, A. et al. (1985), “A developmental study of data envelopment analysis in measuring the efficiency of maintenance units in the US air forces”, Annals of Operations Research, 2, 95-112.
• Coelli, T. (1996), “A guide to DEAP version 2.1: a data envelopment analysis (computer) program”, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of New England, Australia, 96(08), 1-49.
• Çelik, T. & M. Kaplan (2010), “Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Etkinlik ve Rekabet: 2002-2007”, Sosyoekonomi, 13(13), 7-28.
• Dai, Z. et al. (2019), “Market concentration measurement, administrative monopoly effect and efficiency improvement: empirical data from China civil aviation industry 2001-2015”, Applied Economics, 51(34), 3758-3769.
• Davidson, J.E. et al. (1978), “Econometric modelling of the aggregate time-series relationship between consumers' expenditure and income in the United Kingdom”, The Economic Journal, 88(352), 661-692.
• DHMİ (2012), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2012, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/13/2012%20FAALİYET%20RAPORU%20web.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2013), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2013, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/14/2013_Faaliyet_Raporu.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2014), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2014, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/15/2014%20Faaliyet%20Raporu%20.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2015), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2015, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/AnnualReports/Attachments/9/Annual_Report_2015_site.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2016), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2016, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/AnnualReports/Attachments/10/Annual_Report_2016.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2017), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2017, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/AnnualReports/Attachments/11/Annual_Report_2017.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2018), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2018, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/AnnualReports/Attachments/12/DHMI_2018_Annual_Report.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2019), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2019, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/AnnualReports/Attachments/13/2019.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2020), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2020, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/21/DHMI_2020_Faaliyet_Raporu.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2021), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2021, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/22/Faaliyet%20Raporu-31.05.2021web%20(3).pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• DHMİ (2022), DHMİ Faaliyet Raporu 2022, <https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/FaaliyetRaporlari/Attachments/23/2022-faaliyet-raporu.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• Dickey, D.A. & W.A. Fuller (1979), “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427-431.
• Doğan, M.A. & E.M. Doğan (2023), “Türk Sivil Hava Taşımacılığı Endüstrisinin Rekabet Gücünün Değerlendirilmesi”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 266-278.
• Engle, R.F. & C.W. Granger (1987), “Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing”, Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
• Ginevičius, R. & S. Čirba (2007), “Determining Market Concentration”, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 8(1), 3-10.
• Günalp, B. (2011), “Türk imalat endüstrilerinde yoğunlaşma oranlarının belirleyenleri: Bir dinamik panel veri analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, 14(14), 23-50.
• Holmes, T.J. & J.A. Schmitz Jr (2010), “Competition and productivity: a review of evidence”, Annu. Rev. Econ., 2(1), 619-642.
• Ildırar, M. & E. Kıral (2018), “Piyasa Yapısı Ve Yoğunlaşma: Türk Otomotiv Sektörü Üzerine Bir Analiz”, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
• Kiracı, K. & V. Asker (2019), “Etkinlik ve etkinliği belirleyen faktörler: havayolu şirketleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 25-50.
• Kiracı, K. et al. (2017), “A concentration analysis in the Turkish domestic air transportation industry using with CRm and Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(3), 687-704.
• Kottas, A.T. & M.A. Madas (2018), “Comparative efficiency analysis of major international airlines using Data Envelopment Analysis: Exploring effects of alliance membership and other operational efficiency determinants”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 70, 1-17.
• Lee, H. & J. Lee (2015), “More powerful Engle-Granger cointegration tests”, Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 85(15), 3154-3171.
• Lenaerts, B. et al. (2021), “The economic impact of aviation: A review on the role of market access”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 91, 102000.
• Lijesen, M. & C. Behrens (2017), “The spatial scope of airline competition”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 99, 1-13.
• Lijesen, M.G. (2004), “Adjusting the Herfindahl index for close substitutes: an application to pricing in civil aviation”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 40(2), 123-134.
• Lijesen, M.G. et al. (2001), “Hub premiums in European civil aviation”, Transport Policy, 8(3), 193-199.
• Lijesen, M.G. et al. (2002), “Measuring competition in civil aviation”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(3), 189-197.
• Lipczynsky, J. et al. (2017), Industrial Organization: Competition, Strategy and Policy (5 ed.), Pearson Education Limited.
• Mason, E.S. (1939), “Price and production policies of large-scale enterprise”, The American Economic Review, 29(1), 61-74.
• Mason, E.S. (1948), “The current status of the monopoly problem in the United States”, Harv. L. Rev., 62, 1265.
• Merkert, R. & D.A. Hensher (2011), “The impact of strategic management and fleet planning on airline efficiency - A random effects Tobit model based on DEA efficiency scores”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(7), 686-695.
• Moss, S. (1984), “The History of the Theory of the Firm from Marshall to Robinson and Chamberlin: the Source of Positivism in Economics”, Economica, 51(203), 307-318.
• Oliveira, M.V. & A.V. Oliveira (2018), “What drives effective competition in the airline industry? An empirical model of city-pair market concentration”, Transport Policy, 63, 165-175.
• Pegasus (N/A), Faaliyet Raporları, <https://www.pegasusyatirimciiliskileri.com/tr/operasyonel-ve-finansal-veriler/faaliyet-raporlari>, 26.03.2023.
• Porter, M.E. et al. (2011), HBR's 10 Must Reads on Strategy (including featured article" What Is Strategy?" by Michael E. Porter), Harvard Business Press.
• Pustay, M.W. (1999), “Competition and concentration in Canadian-US transborder aviation markets”, Transportation Journal, 38(4), 5-17.
• Rodríguez-Castelán, C. et al. (2023), “Market concentration, trade exposure, and firm productivity in developing countries: Evidence from Mexico”, World Development, 165, 106199.
• Sarıbaş, H. & İ. Tekiner (2015), “Türkiye Sivil Havacılık Sektöründe Yoğunlaşma”, Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (610), 21-33.
• Sarıdoğan, H.Ö. (2021), “Piyasa Yoğunlaşması: Yapısalcı Yaklaşım Bağlamında Bilişim Sektörü Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, KTÜ SBE Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(21), 67-81.
• Schneider, J. S. (2009), Administrative monopoly and China's new Anti-Monopoly Law: lessons from Europe's state aid doctrine. Wash. UL Rev., 87, 869.
• SHGM (2012), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2012, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2012.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2013), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2013, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2013.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2014), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2014, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2014.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2015), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2015, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2015.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2016), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2016, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2016.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2017), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2017, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2017.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2018), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2018, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2018.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2019), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2019, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2019.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2020), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2020, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2020.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2021), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2021, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2021.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• SHGM (2022), SHGM Faaliyet Raporu 2022, <https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2022.pdf>, 26.03.2023.
• Song, K.H. et al. (2020), “Competitiveness Evaluation Methodology for Aviation Industry Sustainability Using Network DEA”, Sustainability, 12(24), 10323.
• Su, M. et al. (2020), “The competition effects of low-cost carriers and high-speed rail on the Chinese aviation market”, Transport Policy, 95, 37-46.
• THY (N/A), Faaliyet Raporları, <https://investor.turkishairlines.com/tr/mali-ve-operasyonel-veriler/faaliyet-raporlari, 26.03.2023.
• Van Reenen, J. (2011), “Does competition raise productivity through improving management quality?”, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29(3), 306-316.
• Wanke, P. et al. (2015), “An analysis of Asian airlines efficiency with two-stage TOPSIS and MCMC generalized linear mixed models”, International Journal of Production Economics, 169, 110-126.
• Yaşar, M. & E. Gerede (2018), “Türkiye havayolu iç hat şehir çiftlerindeki pazar yapılarının piyasa yoğunlaşması ölçütleri ile belirlenmesi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 25(1), 171-197.
• Yaşar, M. & K. Kiracı (2018), “Dünya Pazarlarında Piyasa Yapısı: Havayolu Sektöründe Rekabetin Ampirik Olarak Analizi”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(3), 731-744.
• Yaşar, M. (2023), “Determinants of Market Structure and Demand: A Panel Data Study on Turkish Airports”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 30(1), 59-77.
• Young, G. et al. (1996), “‘Austrian’ and industrial organization perspectives on firm-level competitive activity and performance”, Organization Science, 7(3), 243-254.
• Yu, L. & W. Zhang (2013), “Research on the intensity and effect of industrial administrative monopoly in China”, in: The Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law: New Developments and Empirical Evidence (194-217), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
• Zhang, Q. et al. (2014), “Market power and its determinants in the Chinese airline industry”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 64, 1-13.