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Dil Değişimi, Dil Yıpranması ve Azerbaycan’da Hınalık Dilinin Etnolinguistik Canlılığı: Sessizce Yaklaşan Tehlike Geri Döndürülebilir Mi?

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 22, 27 - 54, 14.02.2023

Abstract

Bu yazıda, Azerbaycan'ın yerli bir dili olan Hınalık dilinin sürekli canlılığını tehlikeye atan bazı önemli toplumdilbilimsel etkenleri inceliyoruz. Hınalık, üyeleri dillerini korumaya hevesli küçük, izole edilmiş bir topluluk tarafından konuşulmaktadır. Topluluğun ana diline karşı olumlu tutumu, dilin sürdürülmesini teşvik etmek açısından kesinlikle önemlidir. Öte yandan, belirli dil ekolojisi faktörleri, özellikle genç topluluk üyeleri arasında potansiyel olarak dil değişimi eğilimlerini tetikleyebilir. Özellikle, devlet dilinin sağladığı ekonomik ve sosyal faydalar, dengeli iki dillilikten Azerbaycan dilinin sadece resmî değil aynı zamanda gayriresmî alanlarda da hâkim olduğu eksiltici iki dilliliğe geçişleri teşvik edebilir. Bu makale, Hınalık dilinin sürdürülebilirliğini tehlikeye atan başlıca faktörleri tartışmanın yanı sıra, geri dönülmez dil kaybıyla neticelenebilecek dil yıpranmasını önlemek için bazı önlemler de
önermektedir.

References

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  • Besnier, Niko (2000). Tuvaluan. A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific. London: Routlegde.
  • Bolonyai, Agnes (1998). In-between languages: Language shift/maintenance in childhood bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 2(1): 21-43.
  • Bolonyai, Agnes (2000). “Elective affinities”: Language contact in the abstract lexicon and its structural consequences: ‘Affinities really become interesting only when they bring about separations’ (Goethe: Elective affinities). International Journal of Bilingualism 4(1): 81-106.
  • Canagarajah, Suresh A. (2008). Language shift and the family: Questions from the Sri-Lankan Tamil diaspora. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(2): 143-176.
  • Clifton, John M. (2013). Colonialism, nationalism and language vitality in Azerbaijan. In Elena Mihas, Bernard Perley, Gabriel Rei-Doval & Kathleen Wheatley (eds.), Responses to language endangerment: In honor of Mickey Noonan. New directions in language documentation and language revitalization, 197-220. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company.
  • Crystal, David (2000). Language death. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan & Weihong Wang (2018). Parents as agents of multilingual education: Family language planning in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 31(3): 235-254.
  • Demographic Indicators of Azerbaijan (2020). Statistical Yearbook of Azerbaijan, 58-59. Baku: State Statistical Committee.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death. The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Du Bois, Inke (2009). Language attrition and code-switching among US Americans in Germany. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics PLUS 39: 1-16.
  • Ecke, Peter (2004). Language attrition and theories of forgetting: A cross-disciplinary review. International Journal of Bilingualism 8(3): 321-354.
  • Edstrom, Anne (2010). Tracing language, culture and identity through three generations: The experience of a Spanish-Italian family in the United States. Issues in Applied Linguistics 18(1): 81-97.
  • Esdahl, Trine (2003). Language choice as a power resource in bilingual adolescents’ conversations in the Danish Folkeskole. In Norman J. Jørgensen (ed.), Bilingualism and social relations. Turkish speakers in North Western Europe, 76-89. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, Joshua A (1991). Reversing language shift. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Garcia, Ofelia (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century. A global perspective. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Garcia, Ofelia (1997). New York’s multilingualism: World languages and their role in a U.S. city. In O. Garcia et al. (eds.), The multilingual apple: Languages in New York City, 3-50. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Garibova, Jala (2017). Linguistic landscape in Azerbaijan: Policy, attitudes and choices. In Ludmilla A’Beckett & Theodorus du Plessis (eds.), In pursuit of societal harmony. Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries. Conference proceedings, 107-146. Bloemfontein, South Africa: SUN MeDIA.
  • Garibova, Jala (2009). Language policy in post-Soviet Azerbaijan: Political aspects. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 198: 7-32.
  • Garibova, Jala & Matanat Asgarova (2009). Language policy and legislation in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Language Problems and Language Planning 33(3): 191-217.
  • Gregg, Gary S. (2007). Culture and identity in a Muslim society. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Harlow, Ray (1993). Lexical Expansion in Maori. The Journal of the Polynesian Society 102(1): 99-107.
  • Haruna, Andrew (2003). An endangered language. The Gùrdùd language of the Southern Bauchi area, Nigeria. In Mark Janse & Sijmen Tol (eds.), Language death and language maintenance: theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches, 189-213.
  • Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Kim, Sun Hee Ok & Donna Starks (2008). The role of emotions in L1 attrition: The case of Korean-English late bilinguals in New Zealand. The International Journal of Bilingualism 12(4): 303-319.
  • Krauss, Michael E (1992). The World Languages in Crisis. Language 68(1): 4-10.
  • Köpke, Barbara & Monika S. Schmid (2004). Language attrition: The next phase. In Monika S. Schmid, Barbara Köpke, Merel Keijzer & Lina Weilemar (eds.), First language attrition. Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1-43.
  • Mead, Hirini Moko (2003). Tikanga Māori: Living by Maori values. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia Publishers.
  • Mustafayev, Arif (2010). Khinalug – a relic of Azerbaijan’s ethnic history. İRS Heritage 3: 52-57.
  • Muysken, Pieter (2007). Mixed Codes. In Peter Auer & Li Wei (eds.), Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 315-340.
  • Mühlhäusler, Peter (1996). Linguistic ecology. Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific Region. London, England: Routledge.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol (1993). Social Motivations for code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol (1998). A way to dusty death: The Matrix language turnover hypothesis. In Lenore A. Grenoble & Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 289-316.
  • Ortman, Jennifer M. & Gillian Stevens (2008). Shift happens, but when? Inter- and intra-generational language shift among Hispanic Americans. https://paa2008.populationassociation.org/papers/80685 (Retrieved on 04 February 2023)
  • Pashayeva, Gulshan (2018). Language as a soft power resource. Language Problems and Language Planning 42(2): 132-143.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta (2004). L2 influence and L1 attrition in adult bilingualism. In Monika S. Schmid, Barbara Köpke, Merel Keijzer & Lina Weilemar (eds.), First language attrition. Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues, 48-59. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta (2003). “I feel clumsy speaking Russian”: Second language influence on first language in narratives of Russian second language users of English. In Vivian Cook (ed.), Effects of the second language on the first, 32-61. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Rind-Pawlowski, Monika & Michael Daniel (2014). A Survey of Khinalug Preverbs. An elaborated version of the talk given at the workshop “East Caucasian preverbs and the compounding: derivation - inflection continuum” adjacent to SWL6, 8.-11.09.2014, Pavia. https://www.academia.edu/8964489/A_Survey_of_Khinalug_preverbs
  • Rind-Pawlowski, Monika (in press, this issue). Some Observations on the Influence of Azerbaijani on Khinalug. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi/Journal of Endangered Languages: 22 (13).
  • Schulze, Wolfgang (2008). “Towards a History of Khinalug“. In: Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart und Paul Widmer. Chomolangma, Demavend und Kasbek. Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburstag. vol. 2: 703-744.
  • Schulze, Wolfgang (2018). Khinalug in its Genetic Context: Some Methodological Considerations. Part 1: The Problem, Loans and Cognates. Iran and the Caucasus 22: 61-79.
  • Smith-Christmas, Cassie (2016). Family language policy: Maintaining an endangered language in the home. London, England: Palgrave Pivot.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2011. Language Ecology. In Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren (eds.) Pragmatics in Practice. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 177-198.
  • Schmid, Monika S. (2002). First language attrition, use and maintenance. The case of German Jews in Anglophone countries. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Schmid, Monika S. (2011). Language Attrition. (Key Topics in Sociolinguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Statistika Komitəsi (2022). Azərbaycan Respublikasında Əhalinin Siyahıyaalınması. Statistik Məcmuə 2019-cu il, 21-ci Cild [The Republic of Azerbaijan Census: Statistical Digest 2019, Vol.21]. Bakı: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi.
  • Sultanova, Pərvanə (2011). Xınalıq – ilkinliyini və gözəlliyini qoruyub saxlayan tarixi abidələr xəzinəsi. 525-ci qəzet. May 17: 6. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Michael Walsh (2011). Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures'. Australian Journal of Linguistics 31(1): 111-127.
  • Əliyev, İdris & Həsən Ağayev (2018). Xınalıq. Baku, Azerbaijan: National Academy of Sciences.

Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 22, 27 - 54, 14.02.2023

Abstract

In this paper we examine some major sociolinguistic factors endangering the sustained vitality of Khinalug, one of the indigenous languages of Azerbaijan. Khinalug is spoken by a small isolated community whose members are keen to preserve their language. The community’s positive attitude towards the native language is definitely important in terms of promoting language maintenance. Nevertheless, certain factors in the linguistic ecology of the speech community may potentially trigger tendencies of language replacement, especially among young community members. In particular, economic and social benefits that the state language provides may encourage shifts from balanced to subtractive bilingualism with Azerbaijani dominating not only in formal but also in informal domains. Along with discussing such major factors endangering the vitality of Khinalug, this paper also proposes some measures for preventing shift to Azerbaijani, and, consequently, the potential irrevocable loss of the Khinalug language.

References

  • Authier, Gilles (2010). Azeri Morphology in Kryz. Turkic Languages 14: 14-42. Berge, Anna & Lawrence Kaplan (2005). Contact-induced lexical development in Yupik and Inuit languages. Études inuit. Inuit studies 29(1-2): 285-305. DOI: 10.7202/013946ar
  • Besnier, Niko (2000). Tuvaluan. A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific. London: Routlegde.
  • Bolonyai, Agnes (1998). In-between languages: Language shift/maintenance in childhood bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 2(1): 21-43.
  • Bolonyai, Agnes (2000). “Elective affinities”: Language contact in the abstract lexicon and its structural consequences: ‘Affinities really become interesting only when they bring about separations’ (Goethe: Elective affinities). International Journal of Bilingualism 4(1): 81-106.
  • Canagarajah, Suresh A. (2008). Language shift and the family: Questions from the Sri-Lankan Tamil diaspora. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(2): 143-176.
  • Clifton, John M. (2013). Colonialism, nationalism and language vitality in Azerbaijan. In Elena Mihas, Bernard Perley, Gabriel Rei-Doval & Kathleen Wheatley (eds.), Responses to language endangerment: In honor of Mickey Noonan. New directions in language documentation and language revitalization, 197-220. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company.
  • Crystal, David (2000). Language death. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan & Weihong Wang (2018). Parents as agents of multilingual education: Family language planning in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 31(3): 235-254.
  • Demographic Indicators of Azerbaijan (2020). Statistical Yearbook of Azerbaijan, 58-59. Baku: State Statistical Committee.
  • Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death. The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Du Bois, Inke (2009). Language attrition and code-switching among US Americans in Germany. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics PLUS 39: 1-16.
  • Ecke, Peter (2004). Language attrition and theories of forgetting: A cross-disciplinary review. International Journal of Bilingualism 8(3): 321-354.
  • Edstrom, Anne (2010). Tracing language, culture and identity through three generations: The experience of a Spanish-Italian family in the United States. Issues in Applied Linguistics 18(1): 81-97.
  • Esdahl, Trine (2003). Language choice as a power resource in bilingual adolescents’ conversations in the Danish Folkeskole. In Norman J. Jørgensen (ed.), Bilingualism and social relations. Turkish speakers in North Western Europe, 76-89. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, Joshua A (1991). Reversing language shift. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Garcia, Ofelia (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century. A global perspective. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Garcia, Ofelia (1997). New York’s multilingualism: World languages and their role in a U.S. city. In O. Garcia et al. (eds.), The multilingual apple: Languages in New York City, 3-50. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Garibova, Jala (2017). Linguistic landscape in Azerbaijan: Policy, attitudes and choices. In Ludmilla A’Beckett & Theodorus du Plessis (eds.), In pursuit of societal harmony. Reviewing the experiences and approaches in officially monolingual and officially multilingual countries. Conference proceedings, 107-146. Bloemfontein, South Africa: SUN MeDIA.
  • Garibova, Jala (2009). Language policy in post-Soviet Azerbaijan: Political aspects. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 198: 7-32.
  • Garibova, Jala & Matanat Asgarova (2009). Language policy and legislation in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Language Problems and Language Planning 33(3): 191-217.
  • Gregg, Gary S. (2007). Culture and identity in a Muslim society. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Harlow, Ray (1993). Lexical Expansion in Maori. The Journal of the Polynesian Society 102(1): 99-107.
  • Haruna, Andrew (2003). An endangered language. The Gùrdùd language of the Southern Bauchi area, Nigeria. In Mark Janse & Sijmen Tol (eds.), Language death and language maintenance: theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches, 189-213.
  • Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Kim, Sun Hee Ok & Donna Starks (2008). The role of emotions in L1 attrition: The case of Korean-English late bilinguals in New Zealand. The International Journal of Bilingualism 12(4): 303-319.
  • Krauss, Michael E (1992). The World Languages in Crisis. Language 68(1): 4-10.
  • Köpke, Barbara & Monika S. Schmid (2004). Language attrition: The next phase. In Monika S. Schmid, Barbara Köpke, Merel Keijzer & Lina Weilemar (eds.), First language attrition. Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1-43.
  • Mead, Hirini Moko (2003). Tikanga Māori: Living by Maori values. Wellington, New Zealand: Huia Publishers.
  • Mustafayev, Arif (2010). Khinalug – a relic of Azerbaijan’s ethnic history. İRS Heritage 3: 52-57.
  • Muysken, Pieter (2007). Mixed Codes. In Peter Auer & Li Wei (eds.), Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 315-340.
  • Mühlhäusler, Peter (1996). Linguistic ecology. Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific Region. London, England: Routledge.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol (1993). Social Motivations for code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol (1998). A way to dusty death: The Matrix language turnover hypothesis. In Lenore A. Grenoble & Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.), Endangered languages: Language loss and community response. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 289-316.
  • Ortman, Jennifer M. & Gillian Stevens (2008). Shift happens, but when? Inter- and intra-generational language shift among Hispanic Americans. https://paa2008.populationassociation.org/papers/80685 (Retrieved on 04 February 2023)
  • Pashayeva, Gulshan (2018). Language as a soft power resource. Language Problems and Language Planning 42(2): 132-143.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta (2004). L2 influence and L1 attrition in adult bilingualism. In Monika S. Schmid, Barbara Köpke, Merel Keijzer & Lina Weilemar (eds.), First language attrition. Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues, 48-59. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Pavlenko, Aneta (2003). “I feel clumsy speaking Russian”: Second language influence on first language in narratives of Russian second language users of English. In Vivian Cook (ed.), Effects of the second language on the first, 32-61. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
  • Rind-Pawlowski, Monika & Michael Daniel (2014). A Survey of Khinalug Preverbs. An elaborated version of the talk given at the workshop “East Caucasian preverbs and the compounding: derivation - inflection continuum” adjacent to SWL6, 8.-11.09.2014, Pavia. https://www.academia.edu/8964489/A_Survey_of_Khinalug_preverbs
  • Rind-Pawlowski, Monika (in press, this issue). Some Observations on the Influence of Azerbaijani on Khinalug. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi/Journal of Endangered Languages: 22 (13).
  • Schulze, Wolfgang (2008). “Towards a History of Khinalug“. In: Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart und Paul Widmer. Chomolangma, Demavend und Kasbek. Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburstag. vol. 2: 703-744.
  • Schulze, Wolfgang (2018). Khinalug in its Genetic Context: Some Methodological Considerations. Part 1: The Problem, Loans and Cognates. Iran and the Caucasus 22: 61-79.
  • Smith-Christmas, Cassie (2016). Family language policy: Maintaining an endangered language in the home. London, England: Palgrave Pivot.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2011. Language Ecology. In Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren (eds.) Pragmatics in Practice. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 177-198.
  • Schmid, Monika S. (2002). First language attrition, use and maintenance. The case of German Jews in Anglophone countries. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Schmid, Monika S. (2011). Language Attrition. (Key Topics in Sociolinguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Statistika Komitəsi (2022). Azərbaycan Respublikasında Əhalinin Siyahıyaalınması. Statistik Məcmuə 2019-cu il, 21-ci Cild [The Republic of Azerbaijan Census: Statistical Digest 2019, Vol.21]. Bakı: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi.
  • Sultanova, Pərvanə (2011). Xınalıq – ilkinliyini və gözəlliyini qoruyub saxlayan tarixi abidələr xəzinəsi. 525-ci qəzet. May 17: 6. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Michael Walsh (2011). Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures'. Australian Journal of Linguistics 31(1): 111-127.
  • Əliyev, İdris & Həsən Ağayev (2018). Xınalıq. Baku, Azerbaijan: National Academy of Sciences.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Literary Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Jala Garıbova 0000-0002-8281-351X

Ildirim Zeynalov

Publication Date February 14, 2023
Submission Date December 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 22

Cite

APA Garıbova, J., & Zeynalov, I. (2023). Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi, 13(22), 27-54.
AMA Garıbova J, Zeynalov I. Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?. JofEL. February 2023;13(22):27-54.
Chicago Garıbova, Jala, and Ildirim Zeynalov. “Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?”. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi 13, no. 22 (February 2023): 27-54.
EndNote Garıbova J, Zeynalov I (February 1, 2023) Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi 13 22 27–54.
IEEE J. Garıbova and I. Zeynalov, “Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?”, JofEL, vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 27–54, 2023.
ISNAD Garıbova, Jala - Zeynalov, Ildirim. “Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?”. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi 13/22 (February 2023), 27-54.
JAMA Garıbova J, Zeynalov I. Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?. JofEL. 2023;13:27–54.
MLA Garıbova, Jala and Ildirim Zeynalov. “Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?”. Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 22, 2023, pp. 27-54.
Vancouver Garıbova J, Zeynalov I. Language Change, Language Attrition and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Khinalug in Azerbaijan: Is The Quietly Approaching Threat Reversible?. JofEL. 2023;13(22):27-54.

Journal of Endangered Languages (JofEL)

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