Research Article
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Teachers' Knowledge and Experience on Trauma: A Qualitative Evaluation

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 71, 532 - 545, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1311594_10

Abstract

In this study, the knowledge and experiences of teachers working in schools regarding the traumas experienced by children were investigated. The study group of this research, which is based on a qualitative research design, was determined by purposive sampling and consists of 88 teachers working in secondary and high schools. The thematic analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the analysis, four main themes and many sub-themes were determined, which represent the knowledge and experience of teachers about trauma, the effects of trauma on the teacher's life functions, obstacles to trauma intervention, and recommendations for the future. As a result, it was observed that teachers had significant educational and equipment deficiencies in both trauma knowledge and trauma intervention, as well as having experiences with student traumas. As a result, it can be said that increasing the knowledge and intervention skills of teachers about trauma will be an important approach.

References

  • Alisic, E. (2012). Teachers’ perspectives on providing support to children after trauma: A qualitative study. School Psychology Quarterly, 27(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028590.
  • Alisic, E., Bus, M., Dulack, W., Pennings, L., & Splinter, J. (2012). Teachers’ experiences supporting children after traumatic exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20709.
  • Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative research, 1(3), 385-405.
  • Barrett, D. (2020). Dreams about COVID-19 versus normative dreams: trends by gender. Dreaming 30, 216–221. doi: 10.1037/drm0000149
  • Berger, E. (2019). Multi-tiered approaches to trauma-informed care in schools: A systematic review. School Mental Health, 11, 650–664.
  • Berger, E., Bearsley, A., & Lever, M. (2021). Qualitative evaluation of teacher trauma knowledge and response in schools. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(8), 1041-1057.
  • Berger, R., Abu-Raiya, H., & Benatov, J. (2016). Reducing primary and secondary traumatic stress symptoms among educators by training them to deliver a resiliency program (ERASE-Stress) following the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(2), 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000153.
  • Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2014). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative methodology: A practical guide, 221-236.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Brown, E. C., Freedle, A., Hurless, N. L., Miller, R. D., Martin, C., and Paul, Z. A. (2020). Preparing teacher candidates for trauma-informed practices. Urban Educ. (Beverly Hills, Calif.) 4, 662–685. doi: 10.1177/0042085920974084
  • Brown, S. M., Baker, C. N., & Wilcox, P. (2012). Risking connection trauma training: A pathway toward trauma-informed care in child congregate care settings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025269
  • Buckley, H., Holt, S., & Whelan, S. (2007). Listen to me! Children's experiences of domestic violence. Child Abuse Review, 16(5), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.995
  • Cole, S. F., Eisner, A., Gregory, M., & Ristuccia, J. (2013). Creating and advocating for trauma-sensitive schools. Massachusetts Advocates for Children. Retrieved from http://www.traumasensi tiveschools.com
  • Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (Eds.). (2009). Treating complex stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. The Guilford Press
  • Cronholm, P. F., Forke, C. M., Wade, R., Bair-Merritt, M. H., Davis, M., Harkins-Schwarz, M., Pachter, L. M., & Fein, J. A. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences: Expanding the concept of adversity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(3), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. amepre.2015.02.001
  • Derluyn, I., Mels, C., & Broekaert, E. (2009). Mental health problems in separated refugee adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 291–297.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2022), The Effects of Trauma and Violence on Children and Adolescents. https://www.afro.who.int/news/trauma-among-children-who-are-victims-violence
  • Dyregrov, K. (2009). The important role of the school following suicide in Norway. What support do young people think that school could provide? Omega (Westerport), 59(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.2190/om.59.2.d.
  • Eddy, C. L., Huang, F. L., Cohen, D. R., Baker, K. M., Edwards, K. D., Herman, K. C., & Reinke, W. M. (2020). Does teacher emotional exhaustion and efcacy predict student discipline sanctions? School Psychology Review, 49(3), 239–255.
  • Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2010). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease, psychiatric disorders and sexual behavior: Implications for healthcare. In R. A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, & C. Pain (Eds.), The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic (pp. 77–87). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
  • Fu, C., & Underwood, C. (2015). A meta-review of school-based disaster interventions for child and adolescent survivors. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2015.1117978
  • Goldenson, J., Kitollari, I., & Lehman, F. (2021). The relationship between ACEs, trauma-related psychopathology and resilience in vulnerable youth: Implications for screening and treatment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14, 151-160.
  • Green, B. L., Saunders, P. A., Power, E., Dass-Brailsford, P.,Schelbert, K. B., Giller, E., et al. (2015). Trauma-informed medical care: A CME communication training for primary care providers. Family Medicine, 47, 7.
  • Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00301
  • https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9174-3
  • Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B. D., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M., et al. (2009). Support for students exposed to trauma: A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-009-9007-8.
  • Kataoka, S., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Nadeem, E., Langley, A., Tang, L., & Stein, B. D. (2011). Effects on school outcomes in low-income minority youth: Preliminary findings from a community-partnered study of a school trauma intervention. Ethnicity & Disease, 21(3).
  • Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., ... Williams, D. R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 378–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499
  • Kira, I. A., Templin, T., Lewandowski, L., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., Abou-Mediane, S., ... & Alamia, H. (2011). Cumulative tertiary appraisals of traumatic events across cultures: Two studies. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(1), 43-66.
  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2017). Burnout and engagement: Contributions to a new vision [Editorial]. Burnout Research, 5, 55–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2017.04. 003
  • McClain, M. P. (2021). Teacher candidates’ perceptions of preparedness of teaching students who experience trauma. J. Teach. Educ. Educ. 10, 5–23.
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Karam, E. G., Shahly, V., & Kessler, R. D. (2014). Subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 77(4), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biopsych.2014.03.028
  • Mendelson, T., Tandon, S. D., O’Brennan, L., Leaf, P. J., & Ialongo, N. S. (2015). Brief report: Moving prevention into schools: The effect of a trauma-informed school-based intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.017
  • Morrow, S. L. (2005). Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(2), 250.
  • Mueser, K. T., & Taub, J. (2008). Trauma and PTSD among adolescents with severe emotional disorders involved in multiple service systems. Psychiatric Services (washington, D.c.), 59(6), 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.6.627
  • Nagasa, K.(2014). Perspectives of Elementary Teachers on Refugee Parent-Teacher Relations and the Education of Their Children. Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 3(1). http://digscholarship. unco.edu/jeri/vol3/iss1/1
  • Norris, F. H., & Sloan, L. B. (2014). Epidemiology or trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: science and practice (2nd ed., pp. 100– 120). New York: Guilford.
  • Olff, M. (2013). The post-traumatic stress disorder. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 157(26), A5818-A5818.
  • Overstreet, S., & Chafouleas, S. M. (2016). Trauma-informed schools: Introduction to the special issue. School Mental Health, 8, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9184-1
  • Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C., & Pavlidi, L. (2002). Supporting the bereaved child: Teacher’s perceptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality, 7(3), 324–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357627021000025478
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. SAGE Publications, inc.
  • Pelayo, E. (2020). Trauma-informed school libraries: A space for all. Knowledge Quest 48, 50–55.
  • Perfect, M., Turley, M., Carlson, J. S., Yohannan, J., & Gilles, M. S. (2016). School-related outcomes of traumatic event exposure and traumatic stress symptoms in students: A systematic review of research from 1990 to 2015. School Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9175-2
  • Phifer, L. W., & Hull, R. (2016). Helping students heal: Observations of trauma-informed practices in the schools. School Mental Health, 8(1), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9183-2
  • Porche, M. V., Costello, D. M., & Rosen-Reynoso, M. (2016). Adverse family experiences, child mental health, and educational outcomes for a national sample of students. School Mental Health.
  • Prinstein, M. J., La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Children’s coping assistance: How parents, teachers, and friends help children cope after a natural disaster. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 463–475
  • Reed, R., Fazel, M., Jones, L., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: Risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379(9812), 250–265.
  • Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2011). Supporting children's mental health in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 26, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022714
  • Rodger, S., Bird, R., Hibbert, K., Johnson, A. M., Specht, J., and Wathen, C. N. (2020). Initial teacher education and trauma and violence informed care in the classroom: Preliminary results from an online teacher education course. Psychol. Sch. 57, 1798–1814. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22373
  • Rolfsnes, E. S., & Idsoe, T. (2011). School-based intervention programs for PTSD symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20622
  • Rothì, D. M., Leavey, G., & Best, R. (2008). On the front-line: Teachers as active observers of pupils’ mental health. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1217–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate. 2007.09.011
  • Rumsey, A. D., McCullough, R., & Chang, C. Y. (2020). Understanding the secondary exposure to trauma and professional quality of life of school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 24(1), 2156759X20973643.
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate. 2009.11.001
  • Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoke, S. H., Wong, M., Elliott, M. N., & Fink, A. (2003). A mental health intervention for school children exposed to violence: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290 (5), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.5.603
  • Sullivan, A. L., & Simonson, G. R. (2016). A systematic review of school-based social- emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 503–530. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315609419
  • Szente, J., Hoot, J., & Taylor, D. (2006). Responding to the special needs of refugee children: Practical ideas for teachers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-006-0082-2
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Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 71, 532 - 545, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1311594_10

Abstract

References

  • Alisic, E. (2012). Teachers’ perspectives on providing support to children after trauma: A qualitative study. School Psychology Quarterly, 27(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028590.
  • Alisic, E., Bus, M., Dulack, W., Pennings, L., & Splinter, J. (2012). Teachers’ experiences supporting children after traumatic exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20709.
  • Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative research, 1(3), 385-405.
  • Barrett, D. (2020). Dreams about COVID-19 versus normative dreams: trends by gender. Dreaming 30, 216–221. doi: 10.1037/drm0000149
  • Berger, E. (2019). Multi-tiered approaches to trauma-informed care in schools: A systematic review. School Mental Health, 11, 650–664.
  • Berger, E., Bearsley, A., & Lever, M. (2021). Qualitative evaluation of teacher trauma knowledge and response in schools. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(8), 1041-1057.
  • Berger, R., Abu-Raiya, H., & Benatov, J. (2016). Reducing primary and secondary traumatic stress symptoms among educators by training them to deliver a resiliency program (ERASE-Stress) following the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(2), 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000153.
  • Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2014). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative methodology: A practical guide, 221-236.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Brown, E. C., Freedle, A., Hurless, N. L., Miller, R. D., Martin, C., and Paul, Z. A. (2020). Preparing teacher candidates for trauma-informed practices. Urban Educ. (Beverly Hills, Calif.) 4, 662–685. doi: 10.1177/0042085920974084
  • Brown, S. M., Baker, C. N., & Wilcox, P. (2012). Risking connection trauma training: A pathway toward trauma-informed care in child congregate care settings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025269
  • Buckley, H., Holt, S., & Whelan, S. (2007). Listen to me! Children's experiences of domestic violence. Child Abuse Review, 16(5), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.995
  • Cole, S. F., Eisner, A., Gregory, M., & Ristuccia, J. (2013). Creating and advocating for trauma-sensitive schools. Massachusetts Advocates for Children. Retrieved from http://www.traumasensi tiveschools.com
  • Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (Eds.). (2009). Treating complex stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. The Guilford Press
  • Cronholm, P. F., Forke, C. M., Wade, R., Bair-Merritt, M. H., Davis, M., Harkins-Schwarz, M., Pachter, L. M., & Fein, J. A. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences: Expanding the concept of adversity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(3), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. amepre.2015.02.001
  • Derluyn, I., Mels, C., & Broekaert, E. (2009). Mental health problems in separated refugee adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 291–297.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2022), The Effects of Trauma and Violence on Children and Adolescents. https://www.afro.who.int/news/trauma-among-children-who-are-victims-violence
  • Dyregrov, K. (2009). The important role of the school following suicide in Norway. What support do young people think that school could provide? Omega (Westerport), 59(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.2190/om.59.2.d.
  • Eddy, C. L., Huang, F. L., Cohen, D. R., Baker, K. M., Edwards, K. D., Herman, K. C., & Reinke, W. M. (2020). Does teacher emotional exhaustion and efcacy predict student discipline sanctions? School Psychology Review, 49(3), 239–255.
  • Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2010). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease, psychiatric disorders and sexual behavior: Implications for healthcare. In R. A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, & C. Pain (Eds.), The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic (pp. 77–87). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
  • Fu, C., & Underwood, C. (2015). A meta-review of school-based disaster interventions for child and adolescent survivors. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2015.1117978
  • Goldenson, J., Kitollari, I., & Lehman, F. (2021). The relationship between ACEs, trauma-related psychopathology and resilience in vulnerable youth: Implications for screening and treatment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14, 151-160.
  • Green, B. L., Saunders, P. A., Power, E., Dass-Brailsford, P.,Schelbert, K. B., Giller, E., et al. (2015). Trauma-informed medical care: A CME communication training for primary care providers. Family Medicine, 47, 7.
  • Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00301
  • https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9174-3
  • Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B. D., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M., et al. (2009). Support for students exposed to trauma: A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-009-9007-8.
  • Kataoka, S., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Nadeem, E., Langley, A., Tang, L., & Stein, B. D. (2011). Effects on school outcomes in low-income minority youth: Preliminary findings from a community-partnered study of a school trauma intervention. Ethnicity & Disease, 21(3).
  • Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., ... Williams, D. R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 378–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499
  • Kira, I. A., Templin, T., Lewandowski, L., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., Abou-Mediane, S., ... & Alamia, H. (2011). Cumulative tertiary appraisals of traumatic events across cultures: Two studies. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(1), 43-66.
  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2017). Burnout and engagement: Contributions to a new vision [Editorial]. Burnout Research, 5, 55–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2017.04. 003
  • McClain, M. P. (2021). Teacher candidates’ perceptions of preparedness of teaching students who experience trauma. J. Teach. Educ. Educ. 10, 5–23.
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Karam, E. G., Shahly, V., & Kessler, R. D. (2014). Subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 77(4), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biopsych.2014.03.028
  • Mendelson, T., Tandon, S. D., O’Brennan, L., Leaf, P. J., & Ialongo, N. S. (2015). Brief report: Moving prevention into schools: The effect of a trauma-informed school-based intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.017
  • Morrow, S. L. (2005). Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(2), 250.
  • Mueser, K. T., & Taub, J. (2008). Trauma and PTSD among adolescents with severe emotional disorders involved in multiple service systems. Psychiatric Services (washington, D.c.), 59(6), 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.6.627
  • Nagasa, K.(2014). Perspectives of Elementary Teachers on Refugee Parent-Teacher Relations and the Education of Their Children. Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 3(1). http://digscholarship. unco.edu/jeri/vol3/iss1/1
  • Norris, F. H., & Sloan, L. B. (2014). Epidemiology or trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: science and practice (2nd ed., pp. 100– 120). New York: Guilford.
  • Olff, M. (2013). The post-traumatic stress disorder. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 157(26), A5818-A5818.
  • Overstreet, S., & Chafouleas, S. M. (2016). Trauma-informed schools: Introduction to the special issue. School Mental Health, 8, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9184-1
  • Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C., & Pavlidi, L. (2002). Supporting the bereaved child: Teacher’s perceptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality, 7(3), 324–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357627021000025478
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. SAGE Publications, inc.
  • Pelayo, E. (2020). Trauma-informed school libraries: A space for all. Knowledge Quest 48, 50–55.
  • Perfect, M., Turley, M., Carlson, J. S., Yohannan, J., & Gilles, M. S. (2016). School-related outcomes of traumatic event exposure and traumatic stress symptoms in students: A systematic review of research from 1990 to 2015. School Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9175-2
  • Phifer, L. W., & Hull, R. (2016). Helping students heal: Observations of trauma-informed practices in the schools. School Mental Health, 8(1), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9183-2
  • Porche, M. V., Costello, D. M., & Rosen-Reynoso, M. (2016). Adverse family experiences, child mental health, and educational outcomes for a national sample of students. School Mental Health.
  • Prinstein, M. J., La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Children’s coping assistance: How parents, teachers, and friends help children cope after a natural disaster. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 463–475
  • Reed, R., Fazel, M., Jones, L., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: Risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379(9812), 250–265.
  • Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2011). Supporting children's mental health in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 26, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022714
  • Rodger, S., Bird, R., Hibbert, K., Johnson, A. M., Specht, J., and Wathen, C. N. (2020). Initial teacher education and trauma and violence informed care in the classroom: Preliminary results from an online teacher education course. Psychol. Sch. 57, 1798–1814. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22373
  • Rolfsnes, E. S., & Idsoe, T. (2011). School-based intervention programs for PTSD symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20622
  • Rothì, D. M., Leavey, G., & Best, R. (2008). On the front-line: Teachers as active observers of pupils’ mental health. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1217–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate. 2007.09.011
  • Rumsey, A. D., McCullough, R., & Chang, C. Y. (2020). Understanding the secondary exposure to trauma and professional quality of life of school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 24(1), 2156759X20973643.
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate. 2009.11.001
  • Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoke, S. H., Wong, M., Elliott, M. N., & Fink, A. (2003). A mental health intervention for school children exposed to violence: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290 (5), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.5.603
  • Sullivan, A. L., & Simonson, G. R. (2016). A systematic review of school-based social- emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), 503–530. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315609419
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects School Counseling
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Mahsum Avcı 0000-0002-9264-8079

Ayten Tunç Omar 0000-0002-3785-8217

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 71

Cite

APA Avcı, M., & Tunç Omar, A. (2023). Teachers’ Knowledge and Experience on Trauma: A Qualitative Evaluation. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 13(71), 532-545. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1311594_10

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.