RYAN SMITHSON’IN GHOSTS OF WAR (2009) İSİMLİ IRAK SAVAŞI ANLATISINDA ÇELİŞKİLİ İFADELER: AMERİKAN KİMLİĞİ VE İDEOLOJİK SESLENME
Abstract
Yaşam yazını Irak Savaşı’nda
görev alan Amerikan askerleri için zengin bir temsil platformudur. Bu tür
onlara istenmeyen kimlikleri reddetmek ve sahip olduklarına inandıkları veya
sahip olmak istedikleri kimlikler üzerinde hak iddia etmek için ihtiyaç
duydukları zemini sağlar. Amerikalı politikacılar ve askeri otorite figürleri,
Irak Savaşı öncesinde, Amerikan askerlerine birtakım özellikler ve roller
atfetmiştir. Bu “ideolojik seslenme” hem mesleki grup içinde hem de bireyin
kendi içinde sembolik etkileşime yol açar ve yazarlar bu etkileşimin bir sonucu
olarak davranışlarını belirtilen otorite figürlerinin Amerikan askeri için
tanımladığı sembolik kimliğe göre şekillendirme doğrultusunda baskı altında
hissederler. Ryan Smithson’ın Irak Savaşı anlatısı Ghosts of War: The True
Story of A 19- Year-Old GI (Savaş Hayaletleri: On Dokuz Yaşında Bir ABD Silahlı
Kuvvetler Mensubunun Gerçek Hikayesi) yazara biçilen özne pozisyonunun
beraberinde nasıl bir ideolojik duruş dayattığını gösterir. Bu baskı savaşı
destekleyen veya karşı tutum sergileyen birçok savaş anlatısında gözlemlenir. Ancak
Smithson’un eserinde, diğer yazarların eserlerinden farklı olarak, anlatıcı
“ben” ve anlatılan “ben”in Irak Savaşı ve Amerikan askeri tanımları çelişir.
Bahsi geçen çelişki, eseri savaş öncesi ideolojik seslenmenin askerler
üzerindeki etkisini gösteren kültürel açıdan önemli bir anı yazısı yapar.
Anlatıcı “ben” ve anlatılan “ben”in birbiriyle çelişen kimlik tanımlarına odaklanırken
sosyolojik bir kavram olan “ideolojik seslenme”den yararlanan bu makale, Smithson
örneği üzerinden ideolojik seslenmenin kimlik oluşumu üzerindeki etkilerini
analiz eder.
References
- Adams, Jon Robert, Male Armor: The Soldier Hero in Contemporary American Culture (Cultural Frames Framing Culture), Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008.
- Altheide, David, “Consuming Terrorism”, Symbolic Interaction 27/3, 2004, pp. 287-308.
- Althusser, Louis, “On the Reproduction of the Conditions of Production”, “Lenin and Philosophy” and Other Essays, Trans. Ben Brewster, Monthly Review Press 1971, marksist.org, 11 May 2013.
- Ames, V.M., “No Separate Self”, The Philosophy of George Herbert Mead, Ed. W. R. Corti, Winterhur, Switzerland: Amiswiler Bucherie, 1973, pp. 43-58.
- Ashmore, Richard D. and Lee Jussim, eds. Self and Identity: Fundamental Issues, Vol. 1. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Bacevic, Andrew J., The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Blumer, Herbert, Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969.
- Brown, Melissa T., Enlisting Masculinity: The Construction of Gender in US Military Recruiting Advertising during the All-Volunteer Force, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Butz, A. David, “National Symbols as Agents of Psychological and Social Change”, Political Psychology 30/5, 2009, pp. 779-804. Ehrenreich, Nancy, Disguising Empire: Racialized Masculinity and the “Civilizing” of Iraq, Cleveland State Law Review, 52/131, 2004-2005, pp. 131-138, heinonline.com, 15 February 2015.
- Gardiner, Steven L., “The Warrior Ethos “Discourse and Gender in the United States Army since 9/11”, War and Culture Studies Journal 5/3, 2012, pp. 371-383.
- Goffman, Erving, The Presentation of Life in Everyday Life, New York: Anchor Books, 1959.
- Kazancı, M., “Althusser, İdeoloji ve İletişimin Dayanılmaz Ağırlığı”, AÜ Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 57/1, 2002, pp. 55-87.
- Khalid, Maryam, “Gender, Orientalism and Representations of the ‘Other’ in the War on Terror”, Global Change, Peace & Security 23/1 February 2011, pp. 15-29.
- Mead, George Herbert, Mind, Self and Society, Ed. Charles W. Morris, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.
- Messerschmidt, James W., Hegemonic Masculinities and Camouflaged Politics: Unmasking the Bush Dynasty and Its War Against Iraq, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2010.
- Schwartz, Seth J. et. al. Eds., Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, Vol. 1. New York: Springer, 2011.
- Sharoni, Simona, “To End the War, Listen to Soldiers”, 14 March 2005, counterpunch.org., March 2010.
- Smith, Sidonie and Julia Watson, Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
- Smithson, Ryan, Ghosts of War: The True Story of A 19-Year-Old GI, New York: Harper/Teen, 2009.
- “Soldier’s Creed”, The Official Homepage of United States Army, n.d. army.mil., 14 May 2014.
- Stryker, S., Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version, Menlo Park, CA/Caldwell, NJ: Benjamin-Cummings/Blackburn, 1980-2000, p. 19.
Abstract
References
- Adams, Jon Robert, Male Armor: The Soldier Hero in Contemporary American Culture (Cultural Frames Framing Culture), Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008.
- Altheide, David, “Consuming Terrorism”, Symbolic Interaction 27/3, 2004, pp. 287-308.
- Althusser, Louis, “On the Reproduction of the Conditions of Production”, “Lenin and Philosophy” and Other Essays, Trans. Ben Brewster, Monthly Review Press 1971, marksist.org, 11 May 2013.
- Ames, V.M., “No Separate Self”, The Philosophy of George Herbert Mead, Ed. W. R. Corti, Winterhur, Switzerland: Amiswiler Bucherie, 1973, pp. 43-58.
- Ashmore, Richard D. and Lee Jussim, eds. Self and Identity: Fundamental Issues, Vol. 1. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Bacevic, Andrew J., The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Blumer, Herbert, Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969.
- Brown, Melissa T., Enlisting Masculinity: The Construction of Gender in US Military Recruiting Advertising during the All-Volunteer Force, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Butz, A. David, “National Symbols as Agents of Psychological and Social Change”, Political Psychology 30/5, 2009, pp. 779-804. Ehrenreich, Nancy, Disguising Empire: Racialized Masculinity and the “Civilizing” of Iraq, Cleveland State Law Review, 52/131, 2004-2005, pp. 131-138, heinonline.com, 15 February 2015.
- Gardiner, Steven L., “The Warrior Ethos “Discourse and Gender in the United States Army since 9/11”, War and Culture Studies Journal 5/3, 2012, pp. 371-383.
- Goffman, Erving, The Presentation of Life in Everyday Life, New York: Anchor Books, 1959.
- Kazancı, M., “Althusser, İdeoloji ve İletişimin Dayanılmaz Ağırlığı”, AÜ Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 57/1, 2002, pp. 55-87.
- Khalid, Maryam, “Gender, Orientalism and Representations of the ‘Other’ in the War on Terror”, Global Change, Peace & Security 23/1 February 2011, pp. 15-29.
- Mead, George Herbert, Mind, Self and Society, Ed. Charles W. Morris, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934.
- Messerschmidt, James W., Hegemonic Masculinities and Camouflaged Politics: Unmasking the Bush Dynasty and Its War Against Iraq, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2010.
- Schwartz, Seth J. et. al. Eds., Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, Vol. 1. New York: Springer, 2011.
- Sharoni, Simona, “To End the War, Listen to Soldiers”, 14 March 2005, counterpunch.org., March 2010.
- Smith, Sidonie and Julia Watson, Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
- Smithson, Ryan, Ghosts of War: The True Story of A 19-Year-Old GI, New York: Harper/Teen, 2009.
- “Soldier’s Creed”, The Official Homepage of United States Army, n.d. army.mil., 14 May 2014.
- Stryker, S., Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version, Menlo Park, CA/Caldwell, NJ: Benjamin-Cummings/Blackburn, 1980-2000, p. 19.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 10, 2018 |
| Submission Date | May 16, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 16 |