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Understanding Empowerment on the Basis of Power, Powerlessness, Oppression and Power Relations

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 4, 1913 - 1939, 28.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.782159

Abstract

Beside the traditional social work knowledge and value base, the empowerment approach involves understanding and analyzing oppression, and experiencing the empowerment process by focusing on power and oppression. In the relevant literature, it is seen that power is discussed with its conceptual dimensions, there is no information and discussion on how power relations can be analyzed by focusing on power relations. This article, which is structured on the basis of the concepts of power, powerlessness and oppression, discusses the issue of empowerment that started with Jane Addams in social work discipline and profession is emphasized along with historical view on power and powerlessness. The aim of this study is to discuss the concept of power and historicalness of power, and to understand how individuals are weakened with the use of oppression and oppression tools, and understand the empowerment process which are the analysis steps of power relations, and enabling change in power relations with the development of critical consciousness by understanding, exploring, reframing the power relations. As a result, emphasizing the importance of empowerment in social work for achieving beloved, equitable and fair community, it is argued that there is a need for a paradigm change based on empowerment in the social work knowledge and practice.

References

  • Althusser, L. (2019). İdeoloji ve devletin ideolojik aygıtları. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Bar-On, A. (2002). Restoring power to social work practice. British Journal of Social Work, 32(8), 997-1014.
  • Berger, B. K. (2005). Power over, power with, and power to relations: Critical reflections on public relations, the dominant coalition, and activism. Journal of Public Relations Research, 17(1), 5-28.
  • Berger, P. L., & Neuhaus, R. J. (1977). To empower people, the role of mediating structures in public policy. Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Boyte, H. C. (1984). Community is possible. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Cattaneo, L. B., & Chapman, A. R. (2010). The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. American Psychologist, 65(7), 646-659.
  • Chapin, R., & Cox, E. O. (2008). Changing the paradigm: Strenghts-based and empowerment-oriented social work with frail elders. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 36(3-4), 165-179.
  • Clegg, S. (1989). Frameworks of power. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Cornwall, A. (2016). Women's empowerment: What works? Journal of International Development, 28(3), 342-359.
  • Cox, C. (2014). Personal and community empowerment for grandparent caregivers. Journal of Family Social Work, 17(2), 162-174.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city. Conneticut: Yale University Press.
  • Darlymple, J., & Burke, B. (1995). Anti-oppressive practice: Social care and the law. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Davis, A., & Garrett, P. M. (2004). Progressive practice for tough times: Social work, poverty and division in the twenty-first century. In M. Lymbery, & S. Butler, Social work ideals and practice realities (pp. 13-33). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Dominelli, L. (2002). Anti-oppressive social work theory and practice. Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillian.
  • Dominelli, L. (2012). Green social work: from environmental crises to environmental justice. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • DuBois, B. L., & Miley, K. K. (1996). Social work an empowering profession. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Folgheraiter, F. (2004). Relational social work. London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Fook, J. (2002). Social work: critical theory and practice. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Freire, P. (2013). Ezilenlerin pedagojisi (9. Basım ed.). (D. Hattatoğlu, & E. Özbek, Trans.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Gaventa, J. (1982). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence & rebellion in an appalachian valley. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Genero, N. P., Miller, J. B., Surrey, J., & Baldwin, L. M. (1992). Measuring perceived mutuality in close relationships: Validation of the mutual psychological development questionnaire. Journal of Family Psychology, 6(1), 36-48.
  • Giddens, A. (1982). Profiles and critiques in social theory. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Gutierrez, L. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149-153.
  • Gutierrez, L. M., & Ortega, R. M. (1991). Developing methods to empower Latinos: The importance of groups. Social Work with Groups, 14(2), 23-43.
  • Hasenfeld, Y. (1987). Power in social work practice. Social Service Review, 61(3), 469-483.
  • Hirayama, H., & Çetingök, M. (1998). Empowerment: A social work approach for Asian immigrants. Social casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 69(1), 41-47.
  • Inaba, M. (2016). Aging and elder care in Japan: A call for empowerment-oriented community development. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 59(7-8), 587-603.
  • Kieffer, C. H. (1984). Citizen empowerment: A developmental perspective. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2-3), 9-36.
  • Lee, J. A. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lukes, S. (1974). Power: A radical view. London: Macmillian.
  • Lynch, M. W. (2018). Re-working empowerment as a theory for practice. Qualitative Social Work, 17(3), 373-386.
  • Parsons, R. J. (1991). Empowerment: Purpose and practice principle in social work. Social Work with Groups, 14(2), 7-21.
  • Payne, M. (2005). Modern social work theory. Chicago: Lyceum Books.
  • Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569-579.
  • Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1-25.
  • Rappaport, J. (1985). The power of empowerment language. Social Policy, 15, 15-21.
  • Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Towards a theory of community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121-145.
  • Riger, S. (1993). What's wrong with empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 279-292.
  • Rowlands, J. (1995). Empowerment examined. Development in Practice, 5(2), 101-107.
  • Rowlands, J. (1998). A word of the times, but what does it mean? Empowerment in the discourse and practice of development. In H. Afshar, Women and Empowerment (pp. 11-34). New York: Macmillan Press.
  • Ruch, G. (2005). Relationship-based practice and reflective practice: Holistic approaches to contemporary child care social work. Child & Family Social Work, 10(2), 111-123.
  • Sadan, E. (2004). Empowerment and community planing: Theory and practice of people-focused social solutions. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishers.
  • Scott, J. C. (2018). Tahakküm ve direniş sanatları (3. Basım ed.). (A. Türker, Trans.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783-791.
  • Seligman, M. E. (1972). Learned helplessness. Annual Review of Medicine, 23, 407-412.
  • Shulman, L. (1992). Skills of helping: Individuals, families and groups. Illinois: F.E. Peacock Publishers.
  • Smale, G., Tuson, G., & Statham, D. (2000). Social work and social problems: Working towards social inclusion and social change. Basingstoke: Macmillian.
  • Smith, R. (2008). Social work and power. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Smith, R. (2010). Social work, risk, power. Sociological Research Online, 15(1), 37-46.
  • Solomon, B. B. (1976). Black empowerment: social work in oppressed communities. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Solomon, B. B. (1987). Empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. Journal of Social Work Practice, 2(4), 79-91.
  • Thompson, N. (2003). Promoting equality: Challenging discrimination and operation . Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Thompson, N. (2007). Power and empowerment. Dorset: Russell House Publishing.
  • Trevithick, P. (2003). Effective relationship-based practice: A theoretical exploration. Journal of Social Work Practice, 17(2), 163-176.
  • Trevithick, P. (2005). Social work skills: A practice handbook. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Turner, S. G., & Maschi, T. M. (2015). Feminist and empowerment theory and social work practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 29(2), 151-162.

GÜÇLENMEYİ GÜÇ, GÜÇSÜZLÜK, BASKI VE GÜÇ İLİŞKİLERİ TEMELİNDE ANLAMAK

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 4, 1913 - 1939, 28.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.782159

Abstract

Güçlenme yaklaşımı, geleneksel sosyal hizmetin bilgi ve değer temelinin yanında, baskıyı kavramayı ve analiz etmeyi, güç ve baskıya odaklanarak güçlenme sürecini deneyimlemeyi içerir. İlgili alanyazında gücün yalnızca kavramsal boyutlarıyla tartışıldığı, güç ilişkilerine odaklanılmadığı, güç ilişkilerinin analizinin nasıl gerçekleştirilebileceğine ilişkin bilgilerin ve tartışmaların yer almadığı görülmektedir. Güç, güçsüzlük ve baskı kavramları temelinde yapılandırılan bu makalede, güç ve güçsüzlüğe ilişkin tarihsel görüşler ile birlikte sosyal hizmet disiplin ve mesleğinde Jane Addams ile başlayan güçlenme meselesi ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile güç kavramı ve gücün tarihselliği tartışılarak baskı ve baskı araçlarının kullanımı ile bireylerin nasıl güçsüzleştirildiği, güç ilişkilerinin analiz adımları olan güç ilişkilerini anlama, keşfetme, yeniden çerçeveleme ve eleştirel bilincin gelişimi ile güç ilişkilerinde değişimi sağlama ile güçlenme sürecinin kavranması amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak sevgi dolu, adil ve eşitlikçi bir toplum hayaline erişmede sosyal hizmet için güçlenmenin önemine vurgu yapılarak sosyal hizmet bilgi üretiminde ve uygulamasında güçlenme temelli bir paradigma değişimine ihtiyaç olduğu savunulmaktadır.

References

  • Althusser, L. (2019). İdeoloji ve devletin ideolojik aygıtları. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Bar-On, A. (2002). Restoring power to social work practice. British Journal of Social Work, 32(8), 997-1014.
  • Berger, B. K. (2005). Power over, power with, and power to relations: Critical reflections on public relations, the dominant coalition, and activism. Journal of Public Relations Research, 17(1), 5-28.
  • Berger, P. L., & Neuhaus, R. J. (1977). To empower people, the role of mediating structures in public policy. Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Boyte, H. C. (1984). Community is possible. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Cattaneo, L. B., & Chapman, A. R. (2010). The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. American Psychologist, 65(7), 646-659.
  • Chapin, R., & Cox, E. O. (2008). Changing the paradigm: Strenghts-based and empowerment-oriented social work with frail elders. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 36(3-4), 165-179.
  • Clegg, S. (1989). Frameworks of power. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Cornwall, A. (2016). Women's empowerment: What works? Journal of International Development, 28(3), 342-359.
  • Cox, C. (2014). Personal and community empowerment for grandparent caregivers. Journal of Family Social Work, 17(2), 162-174.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city. Conneticut: Yale University Press.
  • Darlymple, J., & Burke, B. (1995). Anti-oppressive practice: Social care and the law. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Davis, A., & Garrett, P. M. (2004). Progressive practice for tough times: Social work, poverty and division in the twenty-first century. In M. Lymbery, & S. Butler, Social work ideals and practice realities (pp. 13-33). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Dominelli, L. (2002). Anti-oppressive social work theory and practice. Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillian.
  • Dominelli, L. (2012). Green social work: from environmental crises to environmental justice. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • DuBois, B. L., & Miley, K. K. (1996). Social work an empowering profession. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Folgheraiter, F. (2004). Relational social work. London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Fook, J. (2002). Social work: critical theory and practice. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Freire, P. (2013). Ezilenlerin pedagojisi (9. Basım ed.). (D. Hattatoğlu, & E. Özbek, Trans.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Gaventa, J. (1982). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence & rebellion in an appalachian valley. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Genero, N. P., Miller, J. B., Surrey, J., & Baldwin, L. M. (1992). Measuring perceived mutuality in close relationships: Validation of the mutual psychological development questionnaire. Journal of Family Psychology, 6(1), 36-48.
  • Giddens, A. (1982). Profiles and critiques in social theory. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Gutierrez, L. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149-153.
  • Gutierrez, L. M., & Ortega, R. M. (1991). Developing methods to empower Latinos: The importance of groups. Social Work with Groups, 14(2), 23-43.
  • Hasenfeld, Y. (1987). Power in social work practice. Social Service Review, 61(3), 469-483.
  • Hirayama, H., & Çetingök, M. (1998). Empowerment: A social work approach for Asian immigrants. Social casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 69(1), 41-47.
  • Inaba, M. (2016). Aging and elder care in Japan: A call for empowerment-oriented community development. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 59(7-8), 587-603.
  • Kieffer, C. H. (1984). Citizen empowerment: A developmental perspective. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2-3), 9-36.
  • Lee, J. A. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lukes, S. (1974). Power: A radical view. London: Macmillian.
  • Lynch, M. W. (2018). Re-working empowerment as a theory for practice. Qualitative Social Work, 17(3), 373-386.
  • Parsons, R. J. (1991). Empowerment: Purpose and practice principle in social work. Social Work with Groups, 14(2), 7-21.
  • Payne, M. (2005). Modern social work theory. Chicago: Lyceum Books.
  • Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569-579.
  • Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1-25.
  • Rappaport, J. (1985). The power of empowerment language. Social Policy, 15, 15-21.
  • Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Towards a theory of community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121-145.
  • Riger, S. (1993). What's wrong with empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 279-292.
  • Rowlands, J. (1995). Empowerment examined. Development in Practice, 5(2), 101-107.
  • Rowlands, J. (1998). A word of the times, but what does it mean? Empowerment in the discourse and practice of development. In H. Afshar, Women and Empowerment (pp. 11-34). New York: Macmillan Press.
  • Ruch, G. (2005). Relationship-based practice and reflective practice: Holistic approaches to contemporary child care social work. Child & Family Social Work, 10(2), 111-123.
  • Sadan, E. (2004). Empowerment and community planing: Theory and practice of people-focused social solutions. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishers.
  • Scott, J. C. (2018). Tahakküm ve direniş sanatları (3. Basım ed.). (A. Türker, Trans.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783-791.
  • Seligman, M. E. (1972). Learned helplessness. Annual Review of Medicine, 23, 407-412.
  • Shulman, L. (1992). Skills of helping: Individuals, families and groups. Illinois: F.E. Peacock Publishers.
  • Smale, G., Tuson, G., & Statham, D. (2000). Social work and social problems: Working towards social inclusion and social change. Basingstoke: Macmillian.
  • Smith, R. (2008). Social work and power. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Smith, R. (2010). Social work, risk, power. Sociological Research Online, 15(1), 37-46.
  • Solomon, B. B. (1976). Black empowerment: social work in oppressed communities. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Solomon, B. B. (1987). Empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. Journal of Social Work Practice, 2(4), 79-91.
  • Thompson, N. (2003). Promoting equality: Challenging discrimination and operation . Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Thompson, N. (2007). Power and empowerment. Dorset: Russell House Publishing.
  • Trevithick, P. (2003). Effective relationship-based practice: A theoretical exploration. Journal of Social Work Practice, 17(2), 163-176.
  • Trevithick, P. (2005). Social work skills: A practice handbook. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Turner, S. G., & Maschi, T. M. (2015). Feminist and empowerment theory and social work practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 29(2), 151-162.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özlem Cankurtaran 0000-0003-2243-0274

Gizem Akoğlu 0000-0003-3726-9938

Hakan Sakarya 0000-0002-4945-2716

Publication Date October 28, 2020
Submission Date August 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 31 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Cankurtaran, Ö., Akoğlu, G., & Sakarya, H. (2020). GÜÇLENMEYİ GÜÇ, GÜÇSÜZLÜK, BASKI VE GÜÇ İLİŞKİLERİ TEMELİNDE ANLAMAK. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(4), 1913-1939. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.782159