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Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 81, 27 - 44, 14.03.2024

Yeliz Kulalı Martın

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1422951

Abstract

One significant impact on the international system of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War has been Finland’s NATO membership. This article suggests that Baldur Thorhallsson’s shelter theory is the most suitable explanation for Finland’s decision. According to the theory, an alliance relationship with NATO will remedy the lack of hard security shelter of a state categorized as a small state in the literature. Many experts believe that this is a pragmatic choice by Finland against the Russian threat. On the other hand, Finland has a long history with Russia and is known for its neutral and peaceful policies, trying to establish a balance between East and West. For the above-mentioned reasons, membership in NATO is a much more difficult decision than it seems on the surface. In this framework, this article will first explain the place of Thorhallsson’s theory in International Relations. Then, Finland’s general foreign policy choices will be examined in light of current shelter relationships. Finally, in presenting the country’s history with NATO, it will focus on the potential consequences of the membership.

Keywords

small states foreign policy behavior hard security Ukraine-Russia war alliance theory

References

  • Archer, Clive. 2016. The Nordic States and Security. In Small States and International Security – Eu- rope and Beyond, ed. Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes and Anders Wivel. London, Routledge:
  • Bailes, Alyson J.K. and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2013. Instrumentalizing the European Union in Small States Strategies. Journal of European Integration 35, 2: 99-115.
  • Bailes, Alyson J.K., Jean-Marc Rickli and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2014. Small States, Survival and Strat- egy. In Small States and International Security – Europe and Beyond, ed. Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes and Anders Wivel. London, Routledge: 26-46.
  • Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory Bailes, Alyson J.K., BA Thayer and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2016. Alliance Theory and Alliance Shelter: the Complexities of Small State Alliance Behaviour. Third World Thematics 1, 1: 9-26.
  • Binnendijk, Hans and Conor Rodihan. 2020. Assessing Defense Arrangements in Europe’s Northeast. In Finnish and Swedish Non-alignment and Defense Postures, Atlantic Council: 10-12.
  • Bret, Cyrille. 2022. Vers une adhésion de la Suede et de la Finlande a l’OTAN. Diplomatie 116: 22-25.
  • Brommesson, Douglas. 2016. Non-aligned States in a Changing Europe: Sweden and its Bilateral Re- lationship with Finland in a New Security Context. Norvegian Institute for International Affairs:
  • Brommesson, Douglas. 2018. ‘Nordicness’ in Swedish Foreign Policy – from Mid power International- ism to Small State Balancing?. Global Affairs 4, 4: 391-404.
  • Çakır, Adem. 2021. Türkiye-NATO İlişkilerinde İnşacı Etkiler (1991-2011). Uluslararası İlişkiler 18, 71: 45-66.
  • Dahl, Ann-Sophie. 2011. Sweden, Finland and NATO: Security Partners and Security Producers. Nor- dic-Baltic Security in the 21th Century, Atlantic Council: 6-11.
  • Dahl, Ann-Sophie. 2014a. NORDEFCO and NATO: Smart Defense in the North?. NATO Defense Col- lege 101: 1-13.
  • Dahl, Ann-Sophie. 2014b. Sweden and Finland: Operational Partners or Allies-to-be?. Trends and Threats, Centre for Military Studies: 1-2.
  • Domisse, Aurélie. 2016. Enlargement to the North?: Sweden, Finland and NATO. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung- Prospects for German Foreign Policy 212: 1-7.
  • Forsberg, Tuomas and Hanna Ojanen. 2000. Finland’s New Policy: Using the EU for Stability in the North. In The Northern EU, ed. Gianni Bonvicini, Tapani Vaahtoranta and Wolfgang Wessels. Helsinki, Finnish Institute of International Affairs: 115-130.
  • Hey, Jeanne A.K. 2003. Introducing Small State Foreign Policy. In Small States in World Politics, ed. Jeanne A.K.Hey. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers: 1-13.
  • Hirvonen, Timo. 2004. From Wood to Nokia: The Impact of the ICT Sector in the Finnish Economy. ECFIN Country Focus 1, 11: 1-17.
  • Ingebritsen, Christine. 1998. The Nordic States and European Unity. London, Cornell University Press.
  • Ingebritsen, Christine. 2006. Scandinavia in World Politics. Oxford, Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
  • Jesse, Neal G. and John R. Dreyer. 2016. Small States in International System. London, Lexington Books.
  • Joenniemi, Pertti. 2002. Finland in the New Europe. In European Integration and National Identity, ed. Lene Hansen and Ole Waever. London, Routledge: 182-213.
  • Jokela, Juha. 2023. Finland’s Responses to Brexit: Seeking Shelter while Hedging against Changing Risks. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 31, 3: 616-629.
  • Lundestad, Ingrid. 2017. Turning Security Importers to Exporters? US Strategy and Cooperation with Northern Europe since 1993. Journal of Transatlantic Studies 15, 3: 251-272.
  • Marin, Anais. 2019. La Dissuation par la Coopération: La Finlande, Modele de Résilience face aux Défis du ‘Sharp Power’ Russe. Stratégique 121-122: 329-346.
  • Marklund, Carl. 2017. The Nordic Model on the Global Market of Ideas: The Welfare State as Scandi- navia’s Best Brand. Geopolitics 22, 3: 623-639.
  • Martin Kulali, Yeliz. 2022. Book Review - Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.), Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs, Routledge, 2019. Uluslararası İlişkiler 19, 76: 105-107.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. 2019. Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. Inter- national Security 43, 4: 7-50.
  • Miles, Lee. 2015. Bridging Interdependency?. In The Nordic Countries and the EU, ed. Caroline How- ard Gron, Peter Nedergaard and Anders Wivel. London, Routledge: 15-32.
  • Mouritzen, Hanz. 2019. Les relations Russo-Nordiques apres la Crimée et Trump. La Russie est-elle trop importante pour une politique nordique commune?. Stratégique 121: 117-147.
  • Moller, Joakim Erma. 2019. Trilateral Defence Cooperation in the North: an Assessment of Interoper- ability between Norway, Sweden and Finland. Defence Studies 19, 3: 235-256.
  • Möller, Ulrika and Ulf Bjereld. 2010. From Nordic Neutrals to Post-neutral Europeans: Differences in Finnish and Swedish Policy Transformation. Cooperation and Conflict 45, 4: 363-386.
  • Murphy, Steven. 2020. Friends with Benefits? NATO and European Neutrals in an Uncertain World. SSANSE Project: 1-21.
  • O’Hanlon, Michael E. 2017. Constructing an East European Security Architecture. Beyond NATO: 89- 120.
  • Olesen, Mikkel Runge and Tenna Norup Sorensen. 2019. From an Analysis of Assesments and Strate- gies in Finland, Norway and Iceland. Intensifying Great Power Politics in the Arctic – Points for
  • Consideration by the Kingdom of Denmark, Danish Institute for International Studies: 21-36.
  • Partem, Michael Greenfield. 1983. The Buffer System in International Relations. The Journal of Con- flict Resolution 27, 1: 3-26
  • Pedersen, Rasmus Brun. 2018. Bandwagon for Status: Changing Patterns in the Nordic States Status- Seeking Strategies?. International Peacekeeping 25, 2: 217-241.
  • Rinehart, Robert. 2022. Finland’s European Vocation. Scandinavian Studies 74, 3: 427-440.
  • Schnakenbourg, Eric and Jean-Marie Maillefer. 2010. La Scandinavie a l’époque moderne. Paris, Belin. Steinmetz, Robert and Anders Wivel. 2010. Small States in Europe. Farnham, Ashgate. Thorhallsson, Baldur. 2011. Domestic Buffer versus External Shelter: Viability of Small States in the New Globalised Economy. European Consortium for Political Research 10: 324-336.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur, Alyson J.K. Bailes and Racheal Lorna Johnstone. 2013. Scotland as an Indepen- dent Small State: Where would it seek shelter?. Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration
  • 9, 1: 1-21.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Sverrir Steinsson. 2017. Small States Foreign Policy. Oxford Research Ency- clopedia of Politics: 1-27.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Alyson J.K. Bailes. 2017. Do Small States Need Alliance Shelter? Scotland
  • and the Nordic Nations. In Security in a Small Nation: Scotland Democracy, Politics, ed. An- drew W. Neal. UK, Open Book Publishers: 49-75.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur, Sverrir Steinsson and Thorsteinn Kristinsson. 2018. A Theory of Shelter: Ice- land’s American Period (1941-2006). Scandinavian Journal of History 43, 4: 539-563.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Anders Wivel. 2018. Brexit and Small States in Europe: Hedging, Hiding or Seeking Shelter?. In The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of Brexit, ed. Patrick Diamond, Peter Nedergaard and Ben Rosamond. London, Routledge: 266-277.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Sverrir Steinsson. 2019. A Theory of Shelter. In Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs, ed. Baldur Thorhallsson. New York, Routledge: 24-59.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur. 2019. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. New York, Routledge. Thorhallsson, Baldur and Jóna Sólveig Elínardóttir. 2020. The Nordic States: Keeping Cool at the Top?.
  • In Handbook on the Politics of Small States, ed. Godfrey Baldacchino and Anders Wivel. Chel- tenham, Edward Elgar: 113-130.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Thomas Stude Vidal. 2023. Finland’s NATO Membership: Continuous Shel- ter-seeking Strategy. Scandinavian Political Studies - early view: 1-23.
  • Tiilikainen, Teija. 2020. Europe and Finland: Defining the Political Identity of Finland in Western Eu- rope. New York, Routledge.
  • Tür, Özlem and Nuri Salık. 2017. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Küçük Devletler: Gelişimi, Tanımı, Dış Poli- tika ve İttifak Davranışları. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 14, 53: 3-23.
  • Vital, David. 1967. The Inequality of States: A Study of the Small in International Relations. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  • Wieslander, Anna. 2019. What Makes an Ally? Sweden and Finland as NATO’s Closest Partners. Jour- nal of Transatlantic Studies 17: 194-222.
  • France 24. Le Parlement Hongrois Enterine L’adhésion de la Finlande a l’OTAN. https://amp.france24.
  • com/fr/europe/20230327-le-parlement-hongrois-ent%C3%A9rine-l-adh%C3%A9sion-de-la- finlande-%C3%A0-l-otan (accessed March 23, 2023).
  • BBC Türkçe. Macar Parlamentosu Finlandiya’nın NATO Üyeliğini Onayladı. https://www.bbc.com/ turkce/articles/ckkqld3pe30o (accessed March 23, 2023).
  • BBC Türkçe. Finlandiya’nın NATO Üyesi Olması TBMM Genel Kurulunda Kabul Edildi. https://www. bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp0jen76gjpo (accessed March 31, 2023).
  • CBS News. Finland’s Sanna Marin, Ukraine Must Win the War. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fin- land-sanna-marin-ukraine-60-minutes-2023-02-19/ (accessed September 19, 2023).
  • Voici la Finlande. L’histoire finlandaise en quelques grandes lignes. https://finland.fi/fr/vie-amp-socie- te/lhistoire-finlandaise-en-quelques-grandes-lignes/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
  • Helsinki Times. Joining NATO in the Nuclear Age. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/ viewpoint/21618-joining-nato-in-the-nuclear-age.html (accessed December 5, 2022).
  • Helsinki Times. Most Finns are now in favour of Finland Joining NATO. https://www.helsinkitimes.
  • fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/21100-yle-most-finns-are-now-in-favour-of-finland-joining- nato.html (accessed March 8, 2023).
  • Kokoomus. Petteri Orpo: Finland and NATO – Time for the Next Step. https://www.kokoomus.fi/pet- teri-orpo-finland-and-nato-time-for-the-next-step/?lang=en (accessed September 2, 2023).
  • Larousse. Finlande Histoire. https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Finlande_histoire/187620 (accessed November 29, 2022).
  • Le Monde. How Finland and Sweden Dropped Neutrality to Join NATO. https://www.lemonde.fr/
  • en/international/article/2022/05/19/how-finland-and-sweden-dropped-neutrality-to-join-na- to_5984051_4.html (accessed August 14, 2023).
  • NATO. Relations avec la Finlande. https://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_49594.htm (accessed De- cember 3, 2022).
  • NATO. Finland Joins NATO as 31st Ally. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_213448.htm (ac- cessed March 3, 2023).
  • NBC News. Finland Turns to the Right as it Prepares to Enter NATO. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/ world/finland-right-sanna-marin-election-nato-rcna77893 (accessed April 1, 2023).
  • NBC News. Finland Joins NATO, Dealing a Blow to Putin. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ finland-joins-nato-blow-putin-rcna78067 (accessed April 1, 2023).
  • The New York Times. Finlandization of Ukraine is a Part of Diplomatic Discourse, but What Does It Mean?. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/world/europe/ukraine-russia-finlandization.html (accessed November 30, 2022).
  • Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Northern Dimension. https://um.fi/northern-dimension (ac- cessed December 1, 2022).
  • Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Finland Supports Ukraine. https://um.fi/finland-s-support-to- ukraine (accessed February 23, 2023).
  • The Washington Post. Finland Joins NATO, Doubling Alliances Land Border with Russia. https://www. washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/04/finland-joins-nato/ (accessed June 11, 2023).
  • World Economic Forum. This is how Finland’s Economy Has Changed since 1969. https://www.we- forum.org/agenda/2019/05/from-forestry-and-heavy-industry-to-a-vibrant-knowledge-based- economy/ (accessed July 6, 2023).
  • YLE News. YLE Poll: Only a Fifth of Finns Back NATO Membership. https://yle.fi/a/3-9974703 (ac- cessed March 8, 2023).

Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 81, 27 - 44, 14.03.2024

Yeliz Kulalı Martın

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1422951

Abstract

One significant impact on the international system of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War has been Finland’s NATO membership. This article suggests that Baldur Thorhallsson’s shelter theory is the most suitable explanation for Finland’s decision. According to the theory, an alliance relationship with NATO will remedy the lack of hard security shelter of a state categorized as a small state in the literature. Many experts believe that this is a pragmatic choice by Finland against the Russian threat. On the other hand, Finland has a long history with Russia and is known for its neutral and peaceful policies, trying to establish a balance between East and West. For the above-mentioned reasons, membership in NATO is a much more difficult decision than it seems on the surface. In this framework, this article will first explain the place of Thorhallsson’s theory in International Relations. Then, Finland’s general foreign policy choices will be examined in light of current shelter relationships. Finally, in presenting the country’s history with NATO, it will focus on the potential consequences of the membership.

Keywords

small states foreign policy behavior hard security Ukraine-Russia war alliance theory

References

  • Archer, Clive. 2016. The Nordic States and Security. In Small States and International Security – Eu- rope and Beyond, ed. Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes and Anders Wivel. London, Routledge:
  • Bailes, Alyson J.K. and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2013. Instrumentalizing the European Union in Small States Strategies. Journal of European Integration 35, 2: 99-115.
  • Bailes, Alyson J.K., Jean-Marc Rickli and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2014. Small States, Survival and Strat- egy. In Small States and International Security – Europe and Beyond, ed. Clive Archer, Alyson J.K. Bailes and Anders Wivel. London, Routledge: 26-46.
  • Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory Bailes, Alyson J.K., BA Thayer and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2016. Alliance Theory and Alliance Shelter: the Complexities of Small State Alliance Behaviour. Third World Thematics 1, 1: 9-26.
  • Binnendijk, Hans and Conor Rodihan. 2020. Assessing Defense Arrangements in Europe’s Northeast. In Finnish and Swedish Non-alignment and Defense Postures, Atlantic Council: 10-12.
  • Bret, Cyrille. 2022. Vers une adhésion de la Suede et de la Finlande a l’OTAN. Diplomatie 116: 22-25.
  • Brommesson, Douglas. 2016. Non-aligned States in a Changing Europe: Sweden and its Bilateral Re- lationship with Finland in a New Security Context. Norvegian Institute for International Affairs:
  • Brommesson, Douglas. 2018. ‘Nordicness’ in Swedish Foreign Policy – from Mid power International- ism to Small State Balancing?. Global Affairs 4, 4: 391-404.
  • Çakır, Adem. 2021. Türkiye-NATO İlişkilerinde İnşacı Etkiler (1991-2011). Uluslararası İlişkiler 18, 71: 45-66.
  • Dahl, Ann-Sophie. 2011. Sweden, Finland and NATO: Security Partners and Security Producers. Nor- dic-Baltic Security in the 21th Century, Atlantic Council: 6-11.
  • Dahl, Ann-Sophie. 2014a. NORDEFCO and NATO: Smart Defense in the North?. NATO Defense Col- lege 101: 1-13.
  • Dahl, Ann-Sophie. 2014b. Sweden and Finland: Operational Partners or Allies-to-be?. Trends and Threats, Centre for Military Studies: 1-2.
  • Domisse, Aurélie. 2016. Enlargement to the North?: Sweden, Finland and NATO. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung- Prospects for German Foreign Policy 212: 1-7.
  • Forsberg, Tuomas and Hanna Ojanen. 2000. Finland’s New Policy: Using the EU for Stability in the North. In The Northern EU, ed. Gianni Bonvicini, Tapani Vaahtoranta and Wolfgang Wessels. Helsinki, Finnish Institute of International Affairs: 115-130.
  • Hey, Jeanne A.K. 2003. Introducing Small State Foreign Policy. In Small States in World Politics, ed. Jeanne A.K.Hey. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers: 1-13.
  • Hirvonen, Timo. 2004. From Wood to Nokia: The Impact of the ICT Sector in the Finnish Economy. ECFIN Country Focus 1, 11: 1-17.
  • Ingebritsen, Christine. 1998. The Nordic States and European Unity. London, Cornell University Press.
  • Ingebritsen, Christine. 2006. Scandinavia in World Politics. Oxford, Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
  • Jesse, Neal G. and John R. Dreyer. 2016. Small States in International System. London, Lexington Books.
  • Joenniemi, Pertti. 2002. Finland in the New Europe. In European Integration and National Identity, ed. Lene Hansen and Ole Waever. London, Routledge: 182-213.
  • Jokela, Juha. 2023. Finland’s Responses to Brexit: Seeking Shelter while Hedging against Changing Risks. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 31, 3: 616-629.
  • Lundestad, Ingrid. 2017. Turning Security Importers to Exporters? US Strategy and Cooperation with Northern Europe since 1993. Journal of Transatlantic Studies 15, 3: 251-272.
  • Marin, Anais. 2019. La Dissuation par la Coopération: La Finlande, Modele de Résilience face aux Défis du ‘Sharp Power’ Russe. Stratégique 121-122: 329-346.
  • Marklund, Carl. 2017. The Nordic Model on the Global Market of Ideas: The Welfare State as Scandi- navia’s Best Brand. Geopolitics 22, 3: 623-639.
  • Martin Kulali, Yeliz. 2022. Book Review - Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.), Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs, Routledge, 2019. Uluslararası İlişkiler 19, 76: 105-107.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. 2019. Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. Inter- national Security 43, 4: 7-50.
  • Miles, Lee. 2015. Bridging Interdependency?. In The Nordic Countries and the EU, ed. Caroline How- ard Gron, Peter Nedergaard and Anders Wivel. London, Routledge: 15-32.
  • Mouritzen, Hanz. 2019. Les relations Russo-Nordiques apres la Crimée et Trump. La Russie est-elle trop importante pour une politique nordique commune?. Stratégique 121: 117-147.
  • Moller, Joakim Erma. 2019. Trilateral Defence Cooperation in the North: an Assessment of Interoper- ability between Norway, Sweden and Finland. Defence Studies 19, 3: 235-256.
  • Möller, Ulrika and Ulf Bjereld. 2010. From Nordic Neutrals to Post-neutral Europeans: Differences in Finnish and Swedish Policy Transformation. Cooperation and Conflict 45, 4: 363-386.
  • Murphy, Steven. 2020. Friends with Benefits? NATO and European Neutrals in an Uncertain World. SSANSE Project: 1-21.
  • O’Hanlon, Michael E. 2017. Constructing an East European Security Architecture. Beyond NATO: 89- 120.
  • Olesen, Mikkel Runge and Tenna Norup Sorensen. 2019. From an Analysis of Assesments and Strate- gies in Finland, Norway and Iceland. Intensifying Great Power Politics in the Arctic – Points for
  • Consideration by the Kingdom of Denmark, Danish Institute for International Studies: 21-36.
  • Partem, Michael Greenfield. 1983. The Buffer System in International Relations. The Journal of Con- flict Resolution 27, 1: 3-26
  • Pedersen, Rasmus Brun. 2018. Bandwagon for Status: Changing Patterns in the Nordic States Status- Seeking Strategies?. International Peacekeeping 25, 2: 217-241.
  • Rinehart, Robert. 2022. Finland’s European Vocation. Scandinavian Studies 74, 3: 427-440.
  • Schnakenbourg, Eric and Jean-Marie Maillefer. 2010. La Scandinavie a l’époque moderne. Paris, Belin. Steinmetz, Robert and Anders Wivel. 2010. Small States in Europe. Farnham, Ashgate. Thorhallsson, Baldur. 2011. Domestic Buffer versus External Shelter: Viability of Small States in the New Globalised Economy. European Consortium for Political Research 10: 324-336.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur, Alyson J.K. Bailes and Racheal Lorna Johnstone. 2013. Scotland as an Indepen- dent Small State: Where would it seek shelter?. Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration
  • 9, 1: 1-21.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Sverrir Steinsson. 2017. Small States Foreign Policy. Oxford Research Ency- clopedia of Politics: 1-27.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Alyson J.K. Bailes. 2017. Do Small States Need Alliance Shelter? Scotland
  • and the Nordic Nations. In Security in a Small Nation: Scotland Democracy, Politics, ed. An- drew W. Neal. UK, Open Book Publishers: 49-75.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur, Sverrir Steinsson and Thorsteinn Kristinsson. 2018. A Theory of Shelter: Ice- land’s American Period (1941-2006). Scandinavian Journal of History 43, 4: 539-563.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Anders Wivel. 2018. Brexit and Small States in Europe: Hedging, Hiding or Seeking Shelter?. In The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of Brexit, ed. Patrick Diamond, Peter Nedergaard and Ben Rosamond. London, Routledge: 266-277.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Sverrir Steinsson. 2019. A Theory of Shelter. In Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs, ed. Baldur Thorhallsson. New York, Routledge: 24-59.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur. 2019. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. New York, Routledge. Thorhallsson, Baldur and Jóna Sólveig Elínardóttir. 2020. The Nordic States: Keeping Cool at the Top?.
  • In Handbook on the Politics of Small States, ed. Godfrey Baldacchino and Anders Wivel. Chel- tenham, Edward Elgar: 113-130.
  • Thorhallsson, Baldur and Thomas Stude Vidal. 2023. Finland’s NATO Membership: Continuous Shel- ter-seeking Strategy. Scandinavian Political Studies - early view: 1-23.
  • Tiilikainen, Teija. 2020. Europe and Finland: Defining the Political Identity of Finland in Western Eu- rope. New York, Routledge.
  • Tür, Özlem and Nuri Salık. 2017. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Küçük Devletler: Gelişimi, Tanımı, Dış Poli- tika ve İttifak Davranışları. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 14, 53: 3-23.
  • Vital, David. 1967. The Inequality of States: A Study of the Small in International Relations. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  • Wieslander, Anna. 2019. What Makes an Ally? Sweden and Finland as NATO’s Closest Partners. Jour- nal of Transatlantic Studies 17: 194-222.
  • France 24. Le Parlement Hongrois Enterine L’adhésion de la Finlande a l’OTAN. https://amp.france24.
  • com/fr/europe/20230327-le-parlement-hongrois-ent%C3%A9rine-l-adh%C3%A9sion-de-la- finlande-%C3%A0-l-otan (accessed March 23, 2023).
  • BBC Türkçe. Macar Parlamentosu Finlandiya’nın NATO Üyeliğini Onayladı. https://www.bbc.com/ turkce/articles/ckkqld3pe30o (accessed March 23, 2023).
  • BBC Türkçe. Finlandiya’nın NATO Üyesi Olması TBMM Genel Kurulunda Kabul Edildi. https://www. bbc.com/turkce/articles/cp0jen76gjpo (accessed March 31, 2023).
  • CBS News. Finland’s Sanna Marin, Ukraine Must Win the War. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fin- land-sanna-marin-ukraine-60-minutes-2023-02-19/ (accessed September 19, 2023).
  • Voici la Finlande. L’histoire finlandaise en quelques grandes lignes. https://finland.fi/fr/vie-amp-socie- te/lhistoire-finlandaise-en-quelques-grandes-lignes/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
  • Helsinki Times. Joining NATO in the Nuclear Age. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/columns/columns/ viewpoint/21618-joining-nato-in-the-nuclear-age.html (accessed December 5, 2022).
  • Helsinki Times. Most Finns are now in favour of Finland Joining NATO. https://www.helsinkitimes.
  • fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/21100-yle-most-finns-are-now-in-favour-of-finland-joining- nato.html (accessed March 8, 2023).
  • Kokoomus. Petteri Orpo: Finland and NATO – Time for the Next Step. https://www.kokoomus.fi/pet- teri-orpo-finland-and-nato-time-for-the-next-step/?lang=en (accessed September 2, 2023).
  • Larousse. Finlande Histoire. https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Finlande_histoire/187620 (accessed November 29, 2022).
  • Le Monde. How Finland and Sweden Dropped Neutrality to Join NATO. https://www.lemonde.fr/
  • en/international/article/2022/05/19/how-finland-and-sweden-dropped-neutrality-to-join-na- to_5984051_4.html (accessed August 14, 2023).
  • NATO. Relations avec la Finlande. https://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_49594.htm (accessed De- cember 3, 2022).
  • NATO. Finland Joins NATO as 31st Ally. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_213448.htm (ac- cessed March 3, 2023).
  • NBC News. Finland Turns to the Right as it Prepares to Enter NATO. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/ world/finland-right-sanna-marin-election-nato-rcna77893 (accessed April 1, 2023).
  • NBC News. Finland Joins NATO, Dealing a Blow to Putin. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ finland-joins-nato-blow-putin-rcna78067 (accessed April 1, 2023).
  • The New York Times. Finlandization of Ukraine is a Part of Diplomatic Discourse, but What Does It Mean?. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/world/europe/ukraine-russia-finlandization.html (accessed November 30, 2022).
  • Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Northern Dimension. https://um.fi/northern-dimension (ac- cessed December 1, 2022).
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There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yeliz Kulalı Martın 0000-0003-1548-029X

Early Pub Date February 9, 2024
Publication Date March 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 81

Cite

APA Kulalı Martın, Y. (2024). Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(81), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1422951
AMA Kulalı Martın Y. Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory. uidergisi. March 2024;21(81):27-44. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1422951
Chicago Kulalı Martın, Yeliz. “Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, no. 81 (March 2024): 27-44. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1422951.
EndNote Kulalı Martın Y (March 1, 2024) Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 81 27–44.
IEEE Y. Kulalı Martın, “Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory”, uidergisi, vol. 21, no. 81, pp. 27–44, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1422951.
ISNAD Kulalı Martın, Yeliz. “Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/81 (March 2024), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1422951.
JAMA Kulalı Martın Y. Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory. uidergisi. 2024;21:27–44.
MLA Kulalı Martın, Yeliz. “Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 81, 2024, pp. 27-44, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1422951.
Vancouver Kulalı Martın Y. Goodbye to Russia, Russia and Russia! : Finland’s New NATO Chapter Within the Framework of Shelter Theory. uidergisi. 2024;21(81):27-44.