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Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılın Başında Dünyada Halk Oylamaları

Year 2023, Issue: 47, 13 - 38, 07.09.2023

Abstract

Uzun bir tarihçesi olan halk egemenliği olgusunun en somut uygulaması olan halk oylamalarının alınan kararlar için halkın rızasını gösteren ve meşruiyeti sağlayan bir uygulama olduğu açıktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yirmi birinci yüzyılın başında ülkelerin halk oylamasına başvurdukları konuları incelemek ve olgusal düzlemde temel tartışma konularını değerlendirmektir. Bunun için öncelikle bir doğrudan demokrasi aracı olan halk oylamaları ile ilgili tartışmalar ele alınmış ve bir kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Ülkelerdeki halk oylamaları, bu kavramsal çerçevede konularına göre kategorilere ayrılmış, sık rastlanan ilgi çekici temalar açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun için temel veri kaynağı olarak Doğrudan Demokrasi Araştırma Merkezi (C2D) veri tabanı kullanılmıştır. 2000-2021 yılları arasında ulusal ve ulus-altı düzeydeki halk oylamalarının, bölgesel düzeyde nasıl bir dağılım gösterdiği ve hangi konularda yapıldığı analiz edilmiştir. Halk oylamalarının büyük kısmının yasama ve yürütme erklerini ve aralarındaki ilişkileri etkileyen siyasi kurumlarla ve yargı erkinin yapısı ve işleyişi ile ilgili olduğu gözlenmiştir.

References

  • Ackrén, Maria, “Referendums in Greenland - From Home Rule to Self-Government”, Fédéralisme Régionalisme, S. 19, 2019, https://popups.uliege.be/1374-3864/index.php?id=1892 Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022
  • Benedikter, Thomas, Modern Özerklik Sistemleri: Dünya Özerklik Örnekleri, Nika, Ankara, 2016.
  • Butler, David ve Ranney, Austin, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, American Enterprise Institute, Washington D.C., 1994.
  • Doğrudan Demokrasi Araştırma Merkezi, “C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy”, 2022, https://c2d.ch/ Erişim Tarihi: 08.09.2022
  • Elkins, Zachary, Ginsburg, Tom ve Melton, James, Comparative Constitutions Project-The Endurance of National Constitutions, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2022, https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/chronology/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Elkins, Zachary ve Hudson, Alexander, “The constitutional referendum in historical perspective”, (der. David Landau ve Hanna Lerner), Comparative Constitution Making, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.
  • Gherghina, Sergiu ve Silagadze, Nanuli, “Selective equality: Social democratic parties and the referendums on same-sex marriage in Eastern Europe”, Europe-Asia Studies, C. 74, S. 1, 2021.
  • Gözler, Kemal, “Halkoylamasının Değeri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XL, S. 1-4, 1988.
  • Gözler, Kemal, “Referandum mu, Plebisit mi?”, http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/plebisit.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Hug, Simon, “Some thoughts about referendums, representative democracy, and separation of powers”, Constitutional Political Economy, C. 20, S. 3, 2009.
  • Karakartal, Bener, “Bir Siyasal Katılma Türü Olarak Referandum ve 1961 Türk Anayasa Referandumu”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, C. 38, S. 3-4, 1984.
  • Keski̇n, Oğuzhan Bekir, “Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, C. 79, S. 1, 2021.
  • Kużelewska, Elżbieta, “Same-Sex Marriage–A Happy End Story? The Effectiveness of Referendum on Same-Sex Marriage in Europe”, Bia\lostockie Studia Prawnicze, C. 24, S. 1, 2019.
  • Landau, David, “Abusive constitutionalism”, UC Davis Law Review, C. 47, S. 1, 2013.
  • Murphy, Yvonne, “The marriage equality referendum 2015”, Irish Political Studies, C. 31, S. 2, 2016.
  • National Conference of State Legislatures, “NCSL Eyalet Düzeyinde Oylama Veritabanı”, https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/ballot-measures-database.aspx Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2022
  • Qvortrup, Matt, “The rise of referendums: Demystifying direct democracy”, Journal of Democracy, C. 28, S. 3, 2017.
  • Setälä, Maija, Referendums and democratic government: normative theory and the analysis of institutions, Springer, 1999.
  • Şen, İlker Gökhan, “Referendums and Democratic Constitutionalism: Is There a Way for Reconciliation?”, (der. Sascha Hardt, Aalt Willem Heringa ve Hoai-Thu Nguyen), Populism and Democracy, Eleven International Publishing, Netherlands, 2020.
  • Şen, İlker Gökhan, Sovereignty referendums in international and constitutional law, Springer, 2015.
  • TBMM, Bir doğrudan demokrasi aracı olarak referandum: Türkiye - ABD - Avrupa uygulama örnekleri, (der. Ahmet Yıldız), TBMM Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2010, https://acikerisim.tbmm.gov.tr/xmlui/handle/11543/2096 Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2022
  • Teziç, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, Beta, 21. Baskı, İstanbul, 2017.
  • Tierney, Stephen, Constitutional referendums: The theory and practice of republican deliberation, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, “Halk Oylaması”, Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, 2022. https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=halk oylaması Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Vatter, Adrian, “Lijphart expanded: three dimensions of democracy in advanced OECD countries?”, European Political Science Review, C. 1, S. 1, 2009.
  • Venice Commission - Council of Europe, “Code of Good Practice on Referendums-Guidelines on the holding of referendums and draft explanatory memorandum”, https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-EL(2006)033rev-e Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2022
  • Vospernik, Stefan, “A perfect match? Referendums and consensus democracy in Europe”, Participations, C. 20, S. 1, 2018.

Popular Votes in the World at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century

Year 2023, Issue: 47, 13 - 38, 07.09.2023

Abstract

It is clear that the popular vote, which is the most concrete implementation of the phenomenon of popular sovereignty, which has a long history, is a practice that shows the consent of the people and provides legitimacy for the decisions taken. The aim of this study is to examine the issues that countries have put to the popular vote at the beginning of the twenty-first century and to evaluate the main discussion topics on a factual basis. For that purpose, first of all, the discussions about popular voting, which is a tool of direct democracy, were discussed and a conceptual framework was created. In this conceptual framework, the referendums and the other popular voting practices in the countries were divided into categories according to their subjects and evaluated in terms of frequently encountered interesting themes. For this, the database of the Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (C2D) was used as the main data source. Between the years 2000-2021, the distribution of the national and sub-national popular votes at the regional level and the subjects on which they were held were analyzed. It has been observed that most of them are related to the political institutions that affect the legislative and executive powers and the relations between them, and the structure and functioning of the judiciary.

References

  • Ackrén, Maria, “Referendums in Greenland - From Home Rule to Self-Government”, Fédéralisme Régionalisme, S. 19, 2019, https://popups.uliege.be/1374-3864/index.php?id=1892 Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022
  • Benedikter, Thomas, Modern Özerklik Sistemleri: Dünya Özerklik Örnekleri, Nika, Ankara, 2016.
  • Butler, David ve Ranney, Austin, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy, American Enterprise Institute, Washington D.C., 1994.
  • Doğrudan Demokrasi Araştırma Merkezi, “C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy”, 2022, https://c2d.ch/ Erişim Tarihi: 08.09.2022
  • Elkins, Zachary, Ginsburg, Tom ve Melton, James, Comparative Constitutions Project-The Endurance of National Constitutions, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2022, https://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/chronology/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Elkins, Zachary ve Hudson, Alexander, “The constitutional referendum in historical perspective”, (der. David Landau ve Hanna Lerner), Comparative Constitution Making, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.
  • Gherghina, Sergiu ve Silagadze, Nanuli, “Selective equality: Social democratic parties and the referendums on same-sex marriage in Eastern Europe”, Europe-Asia Studies, C. 74, S. 1, 2021.
  • Gözler, Kemal, “Halkoylamasının Değeri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XL, S. 1-4, 1988.
  • Gözler, Kemal, “Referandum mu, Plebisit mi?”, http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/plebisit.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Hug, Simon, “Some thoughts about referendums, representative democracy, and separation of powers”, Constitutional Political Economy, C. 20, S. 3, 2009.
  • Karakartal, Bener, “Bir Siyasal Katılma Türü Olarak Referandum ve 1961 Türk Anayasa Referandumu”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, C. 38, S. 3-4, 1984.
  • Keski̇n, Oğuzhan Bekir, “Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, C. 79, S. 1, 2021.
  • Kużelewska, Elżbieta, “Same-Sex Marriage–A Happy End Story? The Effectiveness of Referendum on Same-Sex Marriage in Europe”, Bia\lostockie Studia Prawnicze, C. 24, S. 1, 2019.
  • Landau, David, “Abusive constitutionalism”, UC Davis Law Review, C. 47, S. 1, 2013.
  • Murphy, Yvonne, “The marriage equality referendum 2015”, Irish Political Studies, C. 31, S. 2, 2016.
  • National Conference of State Legislatures, “NCSL Eyalet Düzeyinde Oylama Veritabanı”, https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/ballot-measures-database.aspx Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2022
  • Qvortrup, Matt, “The rise of referendums: Demystifying direct democracy”, Journal of Democracy, C. 28, S. 3, 2017.
  • Setälä, Maija, Referendums and democratic government: normative theory and the analysis of institutions, Springer, 1999.
  • Şen, İlker Gökhan, “Referendums and Democratic Constitutionalism: Is There a Way for Reconciliation?”, (der. Sascha Hardt, Aalt Willem Heringa ve Hoai-Thu Nguyen), Populism and Democracy, Eleven International Publishing, Netherlands, 2020.
  • Şen, İlker Gökhan, Sovereignty referendums in international and constitutional law, Springer, 2015.
  • TBMM, Bir doğrudan demokrasi aracı olarak referandum: Türkiye - ABD - Avrupa uygulama örnekleri, (der. Ahmet Yıldız), TBMM Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2010, https://acikerisim.tbmm.gov.tr/xmlui/handle/11543/2096 Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2022
  • Teziç, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, Beta, 21. Baskı, İstanbul, 2017.
  • Tierney, Stephen, Constitutional referendums: The theory and practice of republican deliberation, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, “Halk Oylaması”, Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, 2022. https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=halk oylaması Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Vatter, Adrian, “Lijphart expanded: three dimensions of democracy in advanced OECD countries?”, European Political Science Review, C. 1, S. 1, 2009.
  • Venice Commission - Council of Europe, “Code of Good Practice on Referendums-Guidelines on the holding of referendums and draft explanatory memorandum”, https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-EL(2006)033rev-e Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2022
  • Vospernik, Stefan, “A perfect match? Referendums and consensus democracy in Europe”, Participations, C. 20, S. 1, 2018.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Yaşar Pınar Özmen 0000-0003-2970-1110

Publication Date September 7, 2023
Submission Date November 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 47

Cite

APA Özmen, Y. P. (2023). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılın Başında Dünyada Halk Oylamaları. Yasama Dergisi(47), 13-38.