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Investigation of Predicting Effects of The Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescence Personality Disorder Symptoms

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 93 - 111, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1400840

Abstract

An increasing number of studies emphasize the existence of personality disorders in adolescents, and one of the important models that explains personality disorders theoretically and offers an evidence-based treatment approach is the Schema Therapy approach. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rates of personality disorders in adolescents and to investigate its relationship with early maladaptive schemas for the etiology. The sample of the study consists of 520 students between the ages of 14 and 18 in high schools in Istanbul in 2018-2019 academic year. Demographic Information Form, Psychological Disorders Inventory for Adolescents Personality Disorders Form and Young Schema Scale Short Form-3 were used for the purposes. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis was performed to determine the relationships between early maladaptive schemas and personality disorders, and stepwise Linear Multiple Regression analyzes were performed to determine the predictive levels of early maladaptive schemas and personality disorders. It was found that all early maladaptive schemas were significantly associated with the symptoms of personality disorders in adolescence and early maladaptive schemas were predictive of personality disorders at varying rates from 19 % to 53%, and that different personality disorders may have unique patterns of early maladaptive schemas. When the analysis results and the literature are evaluated as a whole, it is understood that personality disorders in adolescents can be explained to a significant extent by early maladaptive schemas within the scope of the schema theory approach. In addition to the early maladaptive schemas observed in personality disorders in adults, some schemas that may differ in adolescents attract attention, and it is thought that these may be related to the developmental process of personality disorders and that their more detailed examination may contribute to the field. The current findings are discussed in the light of the literature in order to conceptualize personality psychopathology in adolescents and contribute to its treatment.

References

  • APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Aracı, A. ve Bilge, Y (2021). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve kişilik bozuklukları ilişkisinde immatür savunmaların aracı rolü. Turkish Studies - Social, 16(3), 933-951.
  • Bach, B. ve Bernstein, D.P. (2018). Schema therapy conceptualization of personality functioning and traits in ICD-11 and DSM-5.  Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(1), 1-12.
  • Bach, B. ve Farrell, J.M. (2018). Schemas and modes in borderline personality disorder: The mistrustful, shameful, angry, impulsive, and unhappy child. Psychiatry Research, 259, 323-329.
  • Balaban, G. ve Bilge, Y. (2020). Ergenlerde görülen ruhsal bozukluklar ve erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar: Cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(6), 600-608.
  • Bilge, Y. ve Balaban, G. (2021). The relationships between personality disorders and early maladaptive schemas and the moderating role of gender. Alpha Psychiatry, 22(1), 12-18.
  • Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D.W., Saeedi, N. ve Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 130-139.
  • Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N. ve Gordon, M. (2018). Schema modes and dissociation in borderline personality disorder/traits in adolescents or young adults. Psychiatry Research, 261, 1-6.
  • Bilge, Y. ve Bilge, Y. (2019). Ergenler için Psikolojik Bozukluklar Envanteri’nin (EPBE) revizyon çalışması-II: Kişilik Bozuklukları Formu ve kişilik bozuklukları görülme sıklığı. Klinik Psikiyatri, 22, 206-218.
  • Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083-1095.
  • Carr, S.N. ve Francis, A.J.P. (2010a). Do early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between childhood experiences and avoidant personality disorder features? A preliminary ınvestigation in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 343-358.
  • Carr, S.N. ve Francis, A.J.P. (2010b). Early maladaptive schémas and personality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non-clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practic, 83, 333-349.
  • Chakhssi, F., Bernstein, D. ve Ruiter, C. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas in relation to facets of psychopathy and institutional violence in offenders with personality disorders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 19, 356-372.
  • Clarkin, J.F., Kernberg, O.F. ve Yeomans, F.E. (2012). Borderline Kişiliğin Psikoterapisi. (M.K. Helvacıoğlu, Çev.). Kocaeli: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü.
  • Cohen, L.J., Tanis, T., Ardalan, F., Yaseen, Z. ve Galynker, I. (2016). Maladaptive interpersonal schemas as sensitive and specific markers of borderline personality disorder among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Research, 242, 395-403.
  • Corral, C. ve Calvete, E. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder traits in perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-10.
  • Cooper, M.J., Rose, K.S. ve Turner, H. (2005). Core beliefs and the presence or absence of eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38, 60-64.
  • Dieckmann, E. ve Behary, W. (2010). Schematherapie: Ein ansatz zur behandlung narzisstischer persönlichkeitsstörungen. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2(4), 53-70.
  • Dozois, D, Eichstedt, J., Collins, K., Phoenix, E. ve Harris, K. (2012). Core beliefs, self-perception, and cognitive organization in depressed adolescents. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 99-112.
  • Ensink, K., Biberdzic, M., Normandin, L. ve Clarkin, J. (2015). A Developmental psychopathology and neurobiological model of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14, 46-69.
  • Esmaeilian, N., Dehghani, M., Koster, E.H.W. ve Hoorelbeke, K. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder features in a non-clinical sample: A network analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(3), 388-398.
  • Firoozan, T., Khosropour, F. ve Anari, A.M.Z. (2022). The relationship of the enneagram personality types and the early maladaptive schemas to dependent personality disorder. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(7), 3474-3481.
  • Flink, N., Honkalampi, K., Lehto, S.M., Leppänen, V., Viinamäki, H. ve Lindeman, S. (2018). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas between borderline personality disorder and chronic depression. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 25(4), 532-539.
  • Frías, Á., Navarro, S., Palma, C., Farriols, N., Aliaga, F., Salvador, A., … Solves, L. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas associated with dimensional and categorical psychopathology in patients with borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25, 30-41.
  • Gilbert, F. ve Daffern, M. (2013). The association between early maladaptive schema and personality disorder traits in an offender population. Journal Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(10), 933-946.
  • Gökçe, S., Önal-Sönmez, A., Yusufoğlu, C., Yulaf, Y. ve Adak, İ. (2017). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların ergenlik dönemi depresif bozuklukla ilişkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 283-291.
  • Infurna, M.R., Brunner, R., Holz, B., Parzer, P., Giannone, F., Reichl, C., … Kaess, M. (2016). The specific role of childhood abuse, parental bonding, and family functioning in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(2), 177-192.
  • Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Kasen, S., Oldham, J.M. ve Skodol, A.E. (2000). Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1406-1412.
  • Jovev, M. ve Jackson, H.J. (2004). Early maladaptive schemas in personality disordered individuals. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 467-478.
  • Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (27. Bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kohut, H. (2006). Kendiliğin yeniden yapılanması (O. Cebeci, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Kunst, H., Lobbestael, J., Candel, I. ve Batink, T. (2020). Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: A correlational examination in a clinical population. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy.
  • Lawrence, K.A., Allen, J.S. ve Chanen, A.M. (2011). A study of maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder in young people. Cognitive Therapy Research, 35, 30-39.
  • Lenkiewicz, K., Srebnicki, T. ve Bryńska, A. (2016). Mechanisms shaping the development of personality and personality disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatria Polska, 50(3), 621-629.
  • Macik, D. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas, parental attitudes and temperament, and the evolution of borderline and avoidant personality features - The search for interdependencies. Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 12-18.
  • Makinson, J. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas and their relationship to psychopathology in adolescence (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). The Edinburgh Üniversitesi, İskoçya.
  • Masterson, J. F. (2015). Kişilik bozuklukları. (B.T. Bozkurt ve T.V. Soylu, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Nasiri, F., Fazel, A.F. ve Mirjafari, S.A. (2016). Compare early maladaptive schemes and cognitive distortions in young people with schizoid personality disorder with ordinary people. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 527-530.
  • Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non–clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 405-413.
  • Nilssona, A.K.K., Jørgensena, C.R., Straarup, K.N. ve Licht, R.W. (2010). Severity of affective temperament and maladaptive self-schemas differentiate borderline patients, bipolar patients, and controls. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(5), 486-491.
  • Nordahl, H.M, Holthe, H. ve Haugum, J.A. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: Does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 142-149.
  • Özdel, K., Türkçapar, M.H., Guriz, S.O., Hamamci, Z., Duy, B., Taymur, I. ve Riskind, J. H. (2015). Early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs in antisocial personality disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(4), 306-317.
  • Panagiotopoulos, A., Despoti, A., Varveri, C., Wiegand, M.C.A. ve Lobbestael, J. (2023). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and cluster C personality disorder traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25, 439-453.
  • Reeves, M. ve Taylor, J. (2007). Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 96-104.
  • Richardson, G. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas in a sample of british adolescent sexual abusers: Implications for therapy. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 11(3), 259-276.
  • Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A. ve Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3’ün psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
  • Steele, M., Bate, J., Nikitiades, A. ve Nielsen, B.B. (2015). Attachment in adolescence and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14, 16-32.
  • Steylaerts, B., Dierckx, E. ve Schotte, C. (2023). Relationships between DSM-5 personality disorders and early maladaptive schemas from the perspective of dimensional and categorical comorbidity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 47, 454-468.
  • Tremblay, P.F. ve Dozois, D.J.A. (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: Overlap With early maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 569-574.
  • Üzümcü, E. (2016). Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisistik kişilik özellikleri ile ilişkili faktörlerin şema terapi modeli çerçevesinde incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Young, J.E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Florida: Professional Resource Pres.
  • Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S. ve Weishaar, M.E. (2009). Şema terapi (T. Soylu, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.

Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemaların Kişilik Bozuklukları Belirtilerini Yordayıcı Etkilerinin Ergenlerde İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 93 - 111, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1400840

Abstract

Artan sayıda araştırmada ergenlerde kişilik bozukluğunun varlığına vurgu yapılmaktadır ve kişilik bozukluklarını kuramsal olarak açıklayan ve kanıta dayalı bir tedavi yaklaşımı sunan önemli modellerden biri Şema Terapi yaklaşımıdır. Bu araştırmada, ergenlerde kişilik bozukluklarının etiyolojisine yönelik olarak erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ile ilişkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma örneklemini 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında İstanbul ilindeki ortaöğretim kurumlarında bulunan 14-18 yaş arası 520 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Amaçlara yönelik olarak Demografik Bilgi Formu, Ergenler İçin Psikolojik Bozukluklar Envanteri Kişilik Bozuklukları Formu ve Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3 kullanılmıştır. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalarla kişilik bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkilerin tespiti için Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon katsayısı analizi ve erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların kişilik bozukluklarını yordama düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla Adımsal (stepwise) Doğrusal Çoklu Regresyon analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda ergenlerde erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların kişilik bozuklukları belirtileri ile önemli derecede ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların kişilik bozukluklarını %19 ila %53 aralığında değişik oranlarda yordama gücüne sahip oldukları ve her kişilik bozukluğunun kendine özgü erken dönem uyumsuz şema profillerinin olabileceği saptanmıştır. Analiz sonuçları ve literatür bir bütün olarak değerlendirildiğinde, ergenlerde kişilik bozukluklarının şema kuramı yaklaşımı kapsamında erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ile önemli oranlarda açıklanabildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Yetişkinlerde kişilik bozukluklarında gözlemlenen erken dönem uyumsuz şemalara ek olarak ergenlerde farklılaşabilen bazı şemalar dikkat çekmekte ve bunların kişilik bozukluklularının gelişim süreci ile ilişkili olabileceği düşünülerek daha ayrıntılı incelenmesinin alana katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Mevcut bulgular, ergenlerde kişilik psikopatolojisini kavramsallaştırmak ve tedavisine katkı sağlamak amacıyla literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.

References

  • APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Aracı, A. ve Bilge, Y (2021). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve kişilik bozuklukları ilişkisinde immatür savunmaların aracı rolü. Turkish Studies - Social, 16(3), 933-951.
  • Bach, B. ve Bernstein, D.P. (2018). Schema therapy conceptualization of personality functioning and traits in ICD-11 and DSM-5.  Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(1), 1-12.
  • Bach, B. ve Farrell, J.M. (2018). Schemas and modes in borderline personality disorder: The mistrustful, shameful, angry, impulsive, and unhappy child. Psychiatry Research, 259, 323-329.
  • Balaban, G. ve Bilge, Y. (2020). Ergenlerde görülen ruhsal bozukluklar ve erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar: Cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(6), 600-608.
  • Bilge, Y. ve Balaban, G. (2021). The relationships between personality disorders and early maladaptive schemas and the moderating role of gender. Alpha Psychiatry, 22(1), 12-18.
  • Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D.W., Saeedi, N. ve Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 130-139.
  • Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N. ve Gordon, M. (2018). Schema modes and dissociation in borderline personality disorder/traits in adolescents or young adults. Psychiatry Research, 261, 1-6.
  • Bilge, Y. ve Bilge, Y. (2019). Ergenler için Psikolojik Bozukluklar Envanteri’nin (EPBE) revizyon çalışması-II: Kişilik Bozuklukları Formu ve kişilik bozuklukları görülme sıklığı. Klinik Psikiyatri, 22, 206-218.
  • Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083-1095.
  • Carr, S.N. ve Francis, A.J.P. (2010a). Do early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between childhood experiences and avoidant personality disorder features? A preliminary ınvestigation in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 343-358.
  • Carr, S.N. ve Francis, A.J.P. (2010b). Early maladaptive schémas and personality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non-clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practic, 83, 333-349.
  • Chakhssi, F., Bernstein, D. ve Ruiter, C. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas in relation to facets of psychopathy and institutional violence in offenders with personality disorders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 19, 356-372.
  • Clarkin, J.F., Kernberg, O.F. ve Yeomans, F.E. (2012). Borderline Kişiliğin Psikoterapisi. (M.K. Helvacıoğlu, Çev.). Kocaeli: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü.
  • Cohen, L.J., Tanis, T., Ardalan, F., Yaseen, Z. ve Galynker, I. (2016). Maladaptive interpersonal schemas as sensitive and specific markers of borderline personality disorder among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Research, 242, 395-403.
  • Corral, C. ve Calvete, E. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder traits in perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-10.
  • Cooper, M.J., Rose, K.S. ve Turner, H. (2005). Core beliefs and the presence or absence of eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38, 60-64.
  • Dieckmann, E. ve Behary, W. (2010). Schematherapie: Ein ansatz zur behandlung narzisstischer persönlichkeitsstörungen. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2(4), 53-70.
  • Dozois, D, Eichstedt, J., Collins, K., Phoenix, E. ve Harris, K. (2012). Core beliefs, self-perception, and cognitive organization in depressed adolescents. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 99-112.
  • Ensink, K., Biberdzic, M., Normandin, L. ve Clarkin, J. (2015). A Developmental psychopathology and neurobiological model of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14, 46-69.
  • Esmaeilian, N., Dehghani, M., Koster, E.H.W. ve Hoorelbeke, K. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder features in a non-clinical sample: A network analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(3), 388-398.
  • Firoozan, T., Khosropour, F. ve Anari, A.M.Z. (2022). The relationship of the enneagram personality types and the early maladaptive schemas to dependent personality disorder. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(7), 3474-3481.
  • Flink, N., Honkalampi, K., Lehto, S.M., Leppänen, V., Viinamäki, H. ve Lindeman, S. (2018). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas between borderline personality disorder and chronic depression. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 25(4), 532-539.
  • Frías, Á., Navarro, S., Palma, C., Farriols, N., Aliaga, F., Salvador, A., … Solves, L. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas associated with dimensional and categorical psychopathology in patients with borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25, 30-41.
  • Gilbert, F. ve Daffern, M. (2013). The association between early maladaptive schema and personality disorder traits in an offender population. Journal Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(10), 933-946.
  • Gökçe, S., Önal-Sönmez, A., Yusufoğlu, C., Yulaf, Y. ve Adak, İ. (2017). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların ergenlik dönemi depresif bozuklukla ilişkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 283-291.
  • Infurna, M.R., Brunner, R., Holz, B., Parzer, P., Giannone, F., Reichl, C., … Kaess, M. (2016). The specific role of childhood abuse, parental bonding, and family functioning in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(2), 177-192.
  • Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Kasen, S., Oldham, J.M. ve Skodol, A.E. (2000). Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1406-1412.
  • Jovev, M. ve Jackson, H.J. (2004). Early maladaptive schemas in personality disordered individuals. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 467-478.
  • Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (27. Bs.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kohut, H. (2006). Kendiliğin yeniden yapılanması (O. Cebeci, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Kunst, H., Lobbestael, J., Candel, I. ve Batink, T. (2020). Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: A correlational examination in a clinical population. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy.
  • Lawrence, K.A., Allen, J.S. ve Chanen, A.M. (2011). A study of maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder in young people. Cognitive Therapy Research, 35, 30-39.
  • Lenkiewicz, K., Srebnicki, T. ve Bryńska, A. (2016). Mechanisms shaping the development of personality and personality disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatria Polska, 50(3), 621-629.
  • Macik, D. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas, parental attitudes and temperament, and the evolution of borderline and avoidant personality features - The search for interdependencies. Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 12-18.
  • Makinson, J. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas and their relationship to psychopathology in adolescence (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). The Edinburgh Üniversitesi, İskoçya.
  • Masterson, J. F. (2015). Kişilik bozuklukları. (B.T. Bozkurt ve T.V. Soylu, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Nasiri, F., Fazel, A.F. ve Mirjafari, S.A. (2016). Compare early maladaptive schemes and cognitive distortions in young people with schizoid personality disorder with ordinary people. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 527-530.
  • Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non–clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 405-413.
  • Nilssona, A.K.K., Jørgensena, C.R., Straarup, K.N. ve Licht, R.W. (2010). Severity of affective temperament and maladaptive self-schemas differentiate borderline patients, bipolar patients, and controls. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(5), 486-491.
  • Nordahl, H.M, Holthe, H. ve Haugum, J.A. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: Does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 142-149.
  • Özdel, K., Türkçapar, M.H., Guriz, S.O., Hamamci, Z., Duy, B., Taymur, I. ve Riskind, J. H. (2015). Early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs in antisocial personality disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(4), 306-317.
  • Panagiotopoulos, A., Despoti, A., Varveri, C., Wiegand, M.C.A. ve Lobbestael, J. (2023). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and cluster C personality disorder traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25, 439-453.
  • Reeves, M. ve Taylor, J. (2007). Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 96-104.
  • Richardson, G. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas in a sample of british adolescent sexual abusers: Implications for therapy. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 11(3), 259-276.
  • Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A. ve Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3’ün psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
  • Steele, M., Bate, J., Nikitiades, A. ve Nielsen, B.B. (2015). Attachment in adolescence and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14, 16-32.
  • Steylaerts, B., Dierckx, E. ve Schotte, C. (2023). Relationships between DSM-5 personality disorders and early maladaptive schemas from the perspective of dimensional and categorical comorbidity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 47, 454-468.
  • Tremblay, P.F. ve Dozois, D.J.A. (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: Overlap With early maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 569-574.
  • Üzümcü, E. (2016). Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisistik kişilik özellikleri ile ilişkili faktörlerin şema terapi modeli çerçevesinde incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Young, J.E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Florida: Professional Resource Pres.
  • Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S. ve Weishaar, M.E. (2009). Şema terapi (T. Soylu, Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Personal Development, Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy Practise and Research
Journal Section Volume:7, Issue:14 December
Authors

Gülnur İlk 0000-0001-9730-0189

Yusuf Bilge 0000-0003-2754-9119

Early Pub Date December 23, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date December 5, 2023
Acceptance Date December 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA İlk, G., & Bilge, Y. (2023). Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemaların Kişilik Bozuklukları Belirtilerini Yordayıcı Etkilerinin Ergenlerde İncelenmesi. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(14), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1400840