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Endokrin Bozucular

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 1 - 14, 21.11.2016
https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.288495

Öz

Endokrin bozucular; endokrin sistem fonksiyonlarını etkileyerek organizmada ve organizmanın nesillerinde olumsuz sağlık etkileri oluşturan ekzojen madde veya madde karışımlarıdır. Bu maddeler doğal hormonların sentez, sekresyon, taşınma, metabolizma, bağlanma reaksiyonları, aktiviteleri, vücuttan atılımları ve hatta hedef hücredeki etkilerini değiştirebilmektedirler. Endokrin bozucular; etkilerini sıklıkla steroid hormonlar ya da peptid/protein yapıda hormonlar üzerinden gösterirler. Yaşamın erken dönemlerinde endokrin bozuculara maruz kalınması sonucu oluşan gen metilasyonlarının yaşamın ileri dönemlerinde ortaya çıkan hastalıkların temelini oluşturduğu ve bu genetik değişimin nesilden nesile aktarılabildiği düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme yazıda endokrin bozucuların tanımı, sınıflaması, fizyolojik etkileri ile ilgili bilgi verilmekte; üreme sağlığı, tiroid fonksiyonları, obezite, diabetes mellitus, metabolik sendrom ve beslenme ile ilişkisi tartışılmaktadır.

 

Kaynakça

  • Alonso-Magdalena, P., Quesada, I., & Nadal, A. (2011). Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7(6), 346-353. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.56
  • Andreas Kortenkamp, O. M., Michael Faust, Richard Evans, Rebecca McKinlay, Frances Orton and Erika Rosivatz. (2011). State Of The Art Assessment Of Endocrine Disrupters Final Report.
  • Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M., & Skinner, M. K. (2005). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 308(5727), 1466-1469. doi: 10.1126/science.1108190
  • Anway, M. D., & Skinner, M. K. (2008). Epigenetic programming of the germ line: effects of endocrine disruptors on the development of transgenerational disease. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 16(1), 23-25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60553-6
  • Barker, D. J. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr, 23(6 Suppl), 588S-595S.
  • Bertazzi, P. A., Consonni, D., Bachetti, S., Rubagotti, M., Baccarelli, A., Zocchetti, C. ve diğerleri. (2001). Health effects of dioxin exposure: a 20-year mortality study. Am J Epidemiol, 153(11), 1031-1044.
  • Boas, M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Skakkebaek, N. E., & Main, K. M. (2006). Environmental chemicals and thyroid function. Eur J Endocrinol, 154(5), 599-611. doi: 10.1530/eje.1.02128
  • Bolton, J. L., & Thatcher, G. R. J. (2007). Potential Mechanisms of Estrogen Quinone Carcinogenesis. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1), 93-101. doi: 10.1021/tx700191p
  • Booth, S., & Zeller, D. (2005). Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environ Health Perspect, 113(5), 521-526.
  • Brown, K. G., & Ross, G. L. (2002). Arsenic, Drinking Water, and Health: A Position Paper of the American Council on Science and Health. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36(2), 162-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2002.1573
  • Casals-Casas, C., & Desvergne, B. (2011). Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption. Annu Rev Physiol, 73, 135-162. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200
  • Caserta, D., Maranghi, L., Mantovani, A., Marci, R., Maranghi, F., & Moscarini, M. (2008). Impact of endocrine disruptor chemicals in gynaecology. Hum Reprod Update, 14(1), 59-72. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmm025
  • Clarkson, T. W., Magos, L., & Myers, G. J. (2003). The toxicology of mercury--current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med, 349(18), 1731-1737. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022471
  • Çetinkaya, S. (2009). Endokrin Bozucular ve Ergenlik Üzerine Etkileri. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 36(1), 59-66.
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J. P., Giudice, L. C., Hauser, R., Prins, G. S., Soto, A. M. ve diğerleri. (2009). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev, 30(4), 293-342. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0002
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Palioura, E., Kandarakis, S. A., & Koutsilieris, M. (2010). The impact of endocrine disruptors on endocrine targets. Horm Metab Res, 42(8), 543-552. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1252034
  • Dirinck, E., Jorens, P. G., Covaci, A., Geens, T., Roosens, L., Neels, H. ve diğerleri. (2011). Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: possible obesogenic effect of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Obesity (Silver Spring), 19(4), 709-714. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.133
  • Eleni Palioura, Eleni Kandaraki, & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2011). Endocrine Disruptors and Endocrinopathies, Contemporary Aspects of Endocrinology. In D. E. Diamanti-Kandarakis (Ed.), Environmental Endocrinology: InTech. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/contemporary-aspects-of endocrinology/ environmental-endocrinology-endocrine-disruptors-and-endocrinopathies
  • Finkelman, R. B., Belkin, H. E., & Zheng, B. (1999). Health impacts of domestic coal use in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(7), 3427-3431.
  • Henriksen, G. L., Ketchum, N. S., Michalek, J. E., & Swaby, J. A. (1997). Serum dioxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology, 8(3), 252-258.
  • Heyland, A., & Moroz, L. L. (2005). Cross-kingdom hormonal signaling: an insight from thyroid hormone functions in marine larvae. J Exp Biol, 208(Pt 23), 4355-4361. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01877
  • Howdeshell, K. L. (2002). A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system. Environ Health Perspect, 110 Suppl 3, 337-348.
  • Hugo, E. R., Brandebourg, T. D., Woo, J. G., Loftus, J., Alexander, J. W., & Ben-Jonathan, N. (2008). Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environ Health Perspect, 116(12), 1642-1647. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11537
  • Janesick, A., & Blumberg, B. (2011). Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the developmental programming of adipogenesis and obesity. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 93(1), 34-50. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20197
  • Jenkins, S., Raghuraman, N., Eltoum, I., Carpenter, M., Russo, J., & Lamartiniere, C. A. (2009). Oral exposure to bisphenol a increases dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats. Environ Health Perspect, 117(6), 910-915. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11751
  • Keith, L. H. (1998). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70(12), 2319-2326.
  • Keith, S. W., Redden, D. T., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Boggiano, M. M., Hanlon, E. C., Benca, R. M. ve diğerleri. (2006). Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled. Int J Obes (Lond), 30(11), 1585-1594. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326
  • Kordas, K., Lonnerdal, B., & Stoltzfus, R. J. (2007). Interactions between nutrition and environmental exposures: effects on health outcomes in women and children. J Nutr, 137(12), 2794-2797.
  • Kortenkamp, A. (2007). Ten years of mixing cocktails: a review of combination effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ Health Perspect, 115 Suppl 1, 98-105. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9357
  • Lai, M. S., Hsueh, Y. M., Chen, C. J., Shyu, M. P., Chen, S. Y., Kuo, T. L. ve diğerleri. (1994). Ingested inorganic arsenic and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol, 139(5), 484-492.
  • Lang, I. A., Galloway, T. S., Scarlett, A., Henley, W. E., Depledge, M., Wallace, R. B., & Melzer, D. (2008). Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA, 300(11), 1303-1310. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.11.1303
  • Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C. ve diğerleri. (2005). Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect, 113(7), 894-899.
  • Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Clegg, D. J., & Hevener, A. L. (2013). The Role of Estrogens in Control of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis. Endocr Rev. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1055
  • Meliker, J. R., Wahl, R. L., Cameron, L. L., & Nriagu, J. O. (2007). Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease in Michigan: a standardized mortality ratio analysis. Environ Health, 6, 4. doi: 10.1186/1476-069x-6-4
  • Moral, R., Wang, R., Russo, I. H., Mailo, D. A., Lamartiniere, C. A., & Russo, J. (2007). The plasticizer butyl benzyl phthalate induces genomic changes in rat mammary gland after neonatal/prepubertal exposure. BMC Genomics, 8, 453. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-453
  • Morgan, M., Deoraj, A., Quentin, F., & Roy, D. (2016). Environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, pii: S0303-7207(16)30411-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.003.
  • Newbold, R. R. (2010). Impact of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals on the development of obesity. Hormones (Athens), 9(3), 206-217.
  • Newbold, R. R., Padilla-Banks, E., Jefferson, W. N., & Heindel, J. J. (2008). Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity. Int J Androl, 31(2), 201-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00858.x
  • Ng, S. F., Lin, R. C., Laybutt, D. R., Barres, R., Owens, J. A., & Morris, M. J. (2010). Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature, 467(7318), 963-966. doi: 10.1038/nature09491
  • Rosado, J. L., Ronquillo, D., Kordas, K., Rojas, O., Alatorre, J., Lopez, P., . . . Stoltzfus, R. J. (2007). Arsenic exposure and cognitive performance in Mexican schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect, 115(9), 1371-1375. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9961
  • Sargis, R. M., Johnson, D. N., Choudhury, R. A., & Brady, M. J. (2010). Environmental endocrine disruptors promote adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 cell line through glucocorticoid receptor activation. Obesity (Silver Spring), 18(7), 1283-1288. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.419
  • Sharpe, R. M., Skakkebaek E. N. (2003). Male reproductive disorders and the role of endocrine disruption: Advances in understanding and identification of areas for future research. ure and Applied Chemistry, 75(11-12), 2023-2038.
  • Skakkebaek, N. E., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., & Main, K. M. (2001). Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod, 16(5), 972-978.
  • Skinner, M. K. (2011). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. EMBO Rep, 12(7), 620-622. doi: 10.1038/embor.2011.125
  • Solecki, R., Kortenkamp, A., Bergman, Å., Chahoud, I., Degen, G. H., Dietrich, D. R. ve diğerleri. (2016). Scientific principles for the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals—a consensus statement. In Outcome of an international expert meeting organized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The statement is publicly available on the BfR webpage and has been submitted to the journal Environmental Health Perspectives for publication.
  • Tang-Peronard, J. L., Andersen, H. R., Jensen, T. K., & Heitmann, B. L. (2011). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity development in humans: a review. Obes Rev, 12(8), 622-636. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00871.x
  • Teilmann, G., Juul, A., Skakkebæk, N. E., & Toppari, J. (2002). Putative effects of endocrine disrupters on pubertal development in the human. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16(1), 105-121. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/beem.2002.0184
  • vom Saal, F. S., Akingbemi, B. T., Belcher, S. M., Birnbaum, L. S., Crain, D. A., Eriksen, M. ve diğerleri. (2007). Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Reprod Toxicol, 24(2), 131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005
  • Woodruff, T. J., Carlson, A., Schwartz, J. M., & Giudice, L. C. (2008). Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: executive summary. Fertil Steril, 89(2 Suppl), e1-e20. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.065
  • Zoeller, R. T. (2007). Environmental chemicals impacting the thyroid: targets and consequences. Thyroid, 17(9), 811-817. doi: 10.1089/thy.2007.0107

Endocrine Disruptors

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 1 - 14, 21.11.2016
https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.288495

Öz

Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances or mixtures that alter function(s) of the endocrine system and
consequently cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub)populations. These
substances may alter the production, release, transport, metabolism, binding, action, elimination and even their
effects on target cells. Endocrine disruptors usually present their functions through steroidal or peptide/protein
hormones. Gene metilations as a result of exposure endocrine disruptors in early stages life cause the basis of
developing adult diseases and these genetic changes pass down from generation to generation. In this review;
definition, classification, physiologic actions of endocrine disruptors are revealed with information on health,
and also the interaction relation between endocrine disruptors and reproductive health, thyroid functions, obesity,
diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and nutrition as are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Alonso-Magdalena, P., Quesada, I., & Nadal, A. (2011). Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7(6), 346-353. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.56
  • Andreas Kortenkamp, O. M., Michael Faust, Richard Evans, Rebecca McKinlay, Frances Orton and Erika Rosivatz. (2011). State Of The Art Assessment Of Endocrine Disrupters Final Report.
  • Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M., & Skinner, M. K. (2005). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 308(5727), 1466-1469. doi: 10.1126/science.1108190
  • Anway, M. D., & Skinner, M. K. (2008). Epigenetic programming of the germ line: effects of endocrine disruptors on the development of transgenerational disease. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 16(1), 23-25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60553-6
  • Barker, D. J. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr, 23(6 Suppl), 588S-595S.
  • Bertazzi, P. A., Consonni, D., Bachetti, S., Rubagotti, M., Baccarelli, A., Zocchetti, C. ve diğerleri. (2001). Health effects of dioxin exposure: a 20-year mortality study. Am J Epidemiol, 153(11), 1031-1044.
  • Boas, M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Skakkebaek, N. E., & Main, K. M. (2006). Environmental chemicals and thyroid function. Eur J Endocrinol, 154(5), 599-611. doi: 10.1530/eje.1.02128
  • Bolton, J. L., & Thatcher, G. R. J. (2007). Potential Mechanisms of Estrogen Quinone Carcinogenesis. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1), 93-101. doi: 10.1021/tx700191p
  • Booth, S., & Zeller, D. (2005). Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environ Health Perspect, 113(5), 521-526.
  • Brown, K. G., & Ross, G. L. (2002). Arsenic, Drinking Water, and Health: A Position Paper of the American Council on Science and Health. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36(2), 162-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2002.1573
  • Casals-Casas, C., & Desvergne, B. (2011). Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption. Annu Rev Physiol, 73, 135-162. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142200
  • Caserta, D., Maranghi, L., Mantovani, A., Marci, R., Maranghi, F., & Moscarini, M. (2008). Impact of endocrine disruptor chemicals in gynaecology. Hum Reprod Update, 14(1), 59-72. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmm025
  • Clarkson, T. W., Magos, L., & Myers, G. J. (2003). The toxicology of mercury--current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med, 349(18), 1731-1737. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022471
  • Çetinkaya, S. (2009). Endokrin Bozucular ve Ergenlik Üzerine Etkileri. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 36(1), 59-66.
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J. P., Giudice, L. C., Hauser, R., Prins, G. S., Soto, A. M. ve diğerleri. (2009). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev, 30(4), 293-342. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0002
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Palioura, E., Kandarakis, S. A., & Koutsilieris, M. (2010). The impact of endocrine disruptors on endocrine targets. Horm Metab Res, 42(8), 543-552. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1252034
  • Dirinck, E., Jorens, P. G., Covaci, A., Geens, T., Roosens, L., Neels, H. ve diğerleri. (2011). Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: possible obesogenic effect of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Obesity (Silver Spring), 19(4), 709-714. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.133
  • Eleni Palioura, Eleni Kandaraki, & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2011). Endocrine Disruptors and Endocrinopathies, Contemporary Aspects of Endocrinology. In D. E. Diamanti-Kandarakis (Ed.), Environmental Endocrinology: InTech. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/contemporary-aspects-of endocrinology/ environmental-endocrinology-endocrine-disruptors-and-endocrinopathies
  • Finkelman, R. B., Belkin, H. E., & Zheng, B. (1999). Health impacts of domestic coal use in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(7), 3427-3431.
  • Henriksen, G. L., Ketchum, N. S., Michalek, J. E., & Swaby, J. A. (1997). Serum dioxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology, 8(3), 252-258.
  • Heyland, A., & Moroz, L. L. (2005). Cross-kingdom hormonal signaling: an insight from thyroid hormone functions in marine larvae. J Exp Biol, 208(Pt 23), 4355-4361. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01877
  • Howdeshell, K. L. (2002). A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system. Environ Health Perspect, 110 Suppl 3, 337-348.
  • Hugo, E. R., Brandebourg, T. D., Woo, J. G., Loftus, J., Alexander, J. W., & Ben-Jonathan, N. (2008). Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environ Health Perspect, 116(12), 1642-1647. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11537
  • Janesick, A., & Blumberg, B. (2011). Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the developmental programming of adipogenesis and obesity. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 93(1), 34-50. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20197
  • Jenkins, S., Raghuraman, N., Eltoum, I., Carpenter, M., Russo, J., & Lamartiniere, C. A. (2009). Oral exposure to bisphenol a increases dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats. Environ Health Perspect, 117(6), 910-915. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11751
  • Keith, L. H. (1998). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70(12), 2319-2326.
  • Keith, S. W., Redden, D. T., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Boggiano, M. M., Hanlon, E. C., Benca, R. M. ve diğerleri. (2006). Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled. Int J Obes (Lond), 30(11), 1585-1594. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326
  • Kordas, K., Lonnerdal, B., & Stoltzfus, R. J. (2007). Interactions between nutrition and environmental exposures: effects on health outcomes in women and children. J Nutr, 137(12), 2794-2797.
  • Kortenkamp, A. (2007). Ten years of mixing cocktails: a review of combination effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ Health Perspect, 115 Suppl 1, 98-105. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9357
  • Lai, M. S., Hsueh, Y. M., Chen, C. J., Shyu, M. P., Chen, S. Y., Kuo, T. L. ve diğerleri. (1994). Ingested inorganic arsenic and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol, 139(5), 484-492.
  • Lang, I. A., Galloway, T. S., Scarlett, A., Henley, W. E., Depledge, M., Wallace, R. B., & Melzer, D. (2008). Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA, 300(11), 1303-1310. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.11.1303
  • Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C. ve diğerleri. (2005). Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect, 113(7), 894-899.
  • Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Clegg, D. J., & Hevener, A. L. (2013). The Role of Estrogens in Control of Energy Balance and Glucose Homeostasis. Endocr Rev. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1055
  • Meliker, J. R., Wahl, R. L., Cameron, L. L., & Nriagu, J. O. (2007). Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease in Michigan: a standardized mortality ratio analysis. Environ Health, 6, 4. doi: 10.1186/1476-069x-6-4
  • Moral, R., Wang, R., Russo, I. H., Mailo, D. A., Lamartiniere, C. A., & Russo, J. (2007). The plasticizer butyl benzyl phthalate induces genomic changes in rat mammary gland after neonatal/prepubertal exposure. BMC Genomics, 8, 453. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-453
  • Morgan, M., Deoraj, A., Quentin, F., & Roy, D. (2016). Environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, pii: S0303-7207(16)30411-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.003.
  • Newbold, R. R. (2010). Impact of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals on the development of obesity. Hormones (Athens), 9(3), 206-217.
  • Newbold, R. R., Padilla-Banks, E., Jefferson, W. N., & Heindel, J. J. (2008). Effects of endocrine disruptors on obesity. Int J Androl, 31(2), 201-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00858.x
  • Ng, S. F., Lin, R. C., Laybutt, D. R., Barres, R., Owens, J. A., & Morris, M. J. (2010). Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature, 467(7318), 963-966. doi: 10.1038/nature09491
  • Rosado, J. L., Ronquillo, D., Kordas, K., Rojas, O., Alatorre, J., Lopez, P., . . . Stoltzfus, R. J. (2007). Arsenic exposure and cognitive performance in Mexican schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect, 115(9), 1371-1375. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9961
  • Sargis, R. M., Johnson, D. N., Choudhury, R. A., & Brady, M. J. (2010). Environmental endocrine disruptors promote adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 cell line through glucocorticoid receptor activation. Obesity (Silver Spring), 18(7), 1283-1288. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.419
  • Sharpe, R. M., Skakkebaek E. N. (2003). Male reproductive disorders and the role of endocrine disruption: Advances in understanding and identification of areas for future research. ure and Applied Chemistry, 75(11-12), 2023-2038.
  • Skakkebaek, N. E., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., & Main, K. M. (2001). Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod, 16(5), 972-978.
  • Skinner, M. K. (2011). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. EMBO Rep, 12(7), 620-622. doi: 10.1038/embor.2011.125
  • Solecki, R., Kortenkamp, A., Bergman, Å., Chahoud, I., Degen, G. H., Dietrich, D. R. ve diğerleri. (2016). Scientific principles for the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals—a consensus statement. In Outcome of an international expert meeting organized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The statement is publicly available on the BfR webpage and has been submitted to the journal Environmental Health Perspectives for publication.
  • Tang-Peronard, J. L., Andersen, H. R., Jensen, T. K., & Heitmann, B. L. (2011). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity development in humans: a review. Obes Rev, 12(8), 622-636. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00871.x
  • Teilmann, G., Juul, A., Skakkebæk, N. E., & Toppari, J. (2002). Putative effects of endocrine disrupters on pubertal development in the human. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16(1), 105-121. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/beem.2002.0184
  • vom Saal, F. S., Akingbemi, B. T., Belcher, S. M., Birnbaum, L. S., Crain, D. A., Eriksen, M. ve diğerleri. (2007). Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Reprod Toxicol, 24(2), 131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005
  • Woodruff, T. J., Carlson, A., Schwartz, J. M., & Giudice, L. C. (2008). Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: executive summary. Fertil Steril, 89(2 Suppl), e1-e20. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.065
  • Zoeller, R. T. (2007). Environmental chemicals impacting the thyroid: targets and consequences. Thyroid, 17(9), 811-817. doi: 10.1089/thy.2007.0107
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Aksan Bu kişi benim

Aslıhan Özdemir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Kasım 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aksan, A., & Özdemir, A. (2016). Endocrine Disruptors. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 3(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.288495