BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Armed Conflicts and Sexual Violence Against Women: An Inevitable Accompaniment?

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 28, 1 - 20, 01.12.2014

Öz

Violence against women – rape and all kinds of sexual assault – during armed conflicts is a practice which was known but ignored by human rights discourse and humanitarian law for many years. When states and ideals legitimize killing and other acts of violence, rape is seen as an unfortunate by-product. Therefore, it is common to think about sexual violence against women in armed conflicts as “coincidental”. However, normalizing rape and sexual assault contains the risk of permitting sexual violence and legitimizing its use as a weapon of war. This article will analyse the development and mechanisms of International Humanitarian Law, which is also known for the law of war, with a feminist perspective. It will be argued that International Humanitarian Law lacks effective measures to counter sexual violence

Kaynakça

  • Askin, K. D. (2003). “Prosecuting Wartime Rape and Other Gender Related Crimes under International Law: Extraordinary Advances, Enduring Obstacles.” Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21(2): 288-349
  • Brownmiller, S. (1984). Cinsel Zorbalık: Irza Tecavüz Olgusunun Bir Tarihçesi. Çev. Suğra Öncü. İstanbul: Cep Kitapları
  • Bunch, C. (1990). “Women’s Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights”. Human Rights Quarterly. Vol. 12: 486-498
  • Charlesworth, H., C. Chinkin, S. Wright (1991). “Feminist Approaches to International Law”. American Journal of International Law. Vol. 85 No. 4: 613-645
  • Charlesworth, H. ve C. Chinkin (1993). “Gender of Jus Cogens”. Human Rights Quarterly. Vol.15: 63-76
  • Charlesworth, H. (1994). “What are ‘Women’s International Human Rights?” Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives. Ed. Rebecca J. Cook. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ss. 58-84.
  • Charlesworth, H.. (1995), “Human Rights as Men‟s Rights”, Women’s Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives, (Ed.) Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, Routledge, New York, ss. 103-113
  • Cole, A. (2011). “International Criminal Law and Sexual Violence: An Overview.” Rethinking Rape Law. Clare McGlynn ve Vanessa E. Munro (ed.), Routledge.
  • Engle, K. (2005), “Feminism and its (Dis) Contents: Criminalizing Wartime Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 98
  • Enloe, C. (1990). Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Farwell, N. (2004). “War Rape: New Conceptualizations and Responses”. Affilia. 19(4): 389-403
  • Gaer, F. (1989). "Human Rights at the UN: Women's Rights are Human Rights," In Brief, No. 14.
  • Hawkins, C. (2012), “Women’s Human Rights: The Global Intersection of Gender Equality, Sexual and Reproductive Justice, and Health Care”, Journal of Research on Women and Gender, Vol. 4: 159-184.
  • İnal, T. (2011). “Savaş Hukukunda Tecavüz ve Yağmayı Yasakla(ma)yan Rejimler: Lahey Sözleşmeleri (1899, 1907)”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 8, Sayı 29 ss. 27-47.
  • Inal, T. (2013). Looting and Rape in Wartime: Law and Change in International Relations. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Manjoo, R. and McRaith, C. (2011). Gender – Based Violence and Justice in Conflict and Post – Conflict Areas. Cornell International Law Journal 44 (1), pp. 11-31
  • McDougall, G. (1998). Contemporary forms of slavery: Systematic rape, sexual slavery and slavery like practices during armed conflict (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13). Geneva, Switzerland: UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.
  • Schneider, E. M. (1991). "The Violence of Privacy," Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 23: 975- 84.
  • Schneider, M. D. (2007) “About Women, War and Darfur: The Continuing Quest for Gender Violence Justice”, North Dakota Law Review, Vol.83, 2007
  • Spees, P. (2003). Women’s Advocacy in the Creation of the International Criminal Court: Changing the Landscapes of Justice and Power. Signs, 28 (4), pp. 1233-1254.
  • Tickner, A. J. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York, Columbia

Silahlı Çatışmalar ve Kadınlara Yönelik Cinsel Şiddet: Önlenemez Bir İkili Mi?

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 28, 1 - 20, 01.12.2014

Öz

Silahlı çatışmalarda kadınlara yönelik şiddet – tecavüz ve cinsel saldırının her türü – insan hakları
söyleminin ve insancıl hukukun bilinen fakat görmezden gelinen bir boyutu olmuştur. Devletler ve
uğruna savaşılan düşünceler öldürmeyi ve diğer şiddet türlerini meşrulaştırınca, tecavüz savaşın
talihsiz bir yan ürünü olarak görülmektedir. Bu sebeple silahlı çatışmalarda kadınlara yönelik
cinsel şiddeti “rastlantısal” olarak görmek yaygındır. Ancak, tecavüzü ve cinsel saldırıyı
normalleştirmek cinsel şiddete yol açmakta ve onun bir savaş silahı olarak kullanılmasını
meşrulaştırmaktadır. Bu makale, savaş hukuku olarak da bilinen Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk’un
gelişimini ve işleyişini feminist bir bakış açısından ele alacaktır. Makale, Uluslararası İnsancıl
Hukuk’un cinsel şiddetle başa çıkacak yeterli önlemleri olmadığını öne sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Askin, K. D. (2003). “Prosecuting Wartime Rape and Other Gender Related Crimes under International Law: Extraordinary Advances, Enduring Obstacles.” Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21(2): 288-349
  • Brownmiller, S. (1984). Cinsel Zorbalık: Irza Tecavüz Olgusunun Bir Tarihçesi. Çev. Suğra Öncü. İstanbul: Cep Kitapları
  • Bunch, C. (1990). “Women’s Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights”. Human Rights Quarterly. Vol. 12: 486-498
  • Charlesworth, H., C. Chinkin, S. Wright (1991). “Feminist Approaches to International Law”. American Journal of International Law. Vol. 85 No. 4: 613-645
  • Charlesworth, H. ve C. Chinkin (1993). “Gender of Jus Cogens”. Human Rights Quarterly. Vol.15: 63-76
  • Charlesworth, H. (1994). “What are ‘Women’s International Human Rights?” Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives. Ed. Rebecca J. Cook. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ss. 58-84.
  • Charlesworth, H.. (1995), “Human Rights as Men‟s Rights”, Women’s Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives, (Ed.) Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, Routledge, New York, ss. 103-113
  • Cole, A. (2011). “International Criminal Law and Sexual Violence: An Overview.” Rethinking Rape Law. Clare McGlynn ve Vanessa E. Munro (ed.), Routledge.
  • Engle, K. (2005), “Feminism and its (Dis) Contents: Criminalizing Wartime Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 98
  • Enloe, C. (1990). Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Berkeley, University of California Press.
  • Farwell, N. (2004). “War Rape: New Conceptualizations and Responses”. Affilia. 19(4): 389-403
  • Gaer, F. (1989). "Human Rights at the UN: Women's Rights are Human Rights," In Brief, No. 14.
  • Hawkins, C. (2012), “Women’s Human Rights: The Global Intersection of Gender Equality, Sexual and Reproductive Justice, and Health Care”, Journal of Research on Women and Gender, Vol. 4: 159-184.
  • İnal, T. (2011). “Savaş Hukukunda Tecavüz ve Yağmayı Yasakla(ma)yan Rejimler: Lahey Sözleşmeleri (1899, 1907)”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 8, Sayı 29 ss. 27-47.
  • Inal, T. (2013). Looting and Rape in Wartime: Law and Change in International Relations. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Manjoo, R. and McRaith, C. (2011). Gender – Based Violence and Justice in Conflict and Post – Conflict Areas. Cornell International Law Journal 44 (1), pp. 11-31
  • McDougall, G. (1998). Contemporary forms of slavery: Systematic rape, sexual slavery and slavery like practices during armed conflict (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13). Geneva, Switzerland: UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.
  • Schneider, E. M. (1991). "The Violence of Privacy," Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 23: 975- 84.
  • Schneider, M. D. (2007) “About Women, War and Darfur: The Continuing Quest for Gender Violence Justice”, North Dakota Law Review, Vol.83, 2007
  • Spees, P. (2003). Women’s Advocacy in the Creation of the International Criminal Court: Changing the Landscapes of Justice and Power. Signs, 28 (4), pp. 1233-1254.
  • Tickner, A. J. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York, Columbia
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA47BC45AN
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Gökalp Kutlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökalp Kutlu, A. (2014). Silahlı Çatışmalar ve Kadınlara Yönelik Cinsel Şiddet: Önlenemez Bir İkili Mi?. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(28), 1-20.

**