Almanya ve Birleşik Krallık’ın Uluslararası Eğitimde Lokal Yaklaşımlarının Karşılaştırılması: Tarihsel / Sosyolojik Görünümler

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 2533 - 2555, 30.12.2018

Gökhan Bozbaş Ruhi Can Alkın

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.480704

Öz

Küreselleşmenin en etkili
olduğu alanlardan biri de kuşkusuz yüksek öğrenimdir. Her yıl yüz binlerce
öğrenci üniversite eğitimini sürdürmek için bulunduğu ülkeden çıkıp diğer
ülkelere seyahat etmekte ve eğitimini farklı bir ülkede sürdürmektedir. Böyle
bir eğilim, küresel olarak yüksek öğretim alanında bazı özel uygulamalar
tarafından beslenmekte ve aynı zamanda teşvik edilmektedir. Bu küresel ilginin
yanı sıra, her ülkenin aynı kaygı ve formlarda bir eğitim politikası
yürüttüğünü iddia etmek çok da geçerli bir sonuç ortaya koymayacaktır. Bu
çalışmada, uluslararası öğrenci politikalarının yerel unsurlardan hangi ölçüde
etkilenebileceği ve bu unsurların ülkelere özgü uluslararası öğrenci görünümlerine
etkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu mesele Almanya ve Birleşik Krallık
örneğinde değerlendirilecekir. Bu iki ülkenin yaşadığı iki farklı siyasi tarih,
bu konunun açık bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi için fırsat sunmaktadır. Sonuç
olarak, sosyal bilimlerde tartışılan “yerelliğin” ve küreselleşmeyle ilgili
geleneksel / tarihsel reflekslerin durumu, Almanya ve Birleşik Krallık'ta
meydana gelen özgün yönler incelendikten sonra eğitim süreci aracılığıyla
yeniden gözden geçirilmiş olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, Küyerelleşme, Yükseköğrenim, Uluslararası Öğrenciler

Comparing Germany and the UK’s Local Approaches on International Education: Historical / Sociological Aspects

Öz

One of the
areas where globalization is very influential is undoubtedly higher education.
Every year, hundreds of thousands of students travel to other countries by
leaving their home countries in order to maintain their university education in
these foreign universities. Such a trend is both fed by and foster some
specific implementations in the area of higher education globally. Besides this
global interest, we cannot it will not put a valid consequence to claim that
each country carries out a policy of education in similar concerns and forms.
In this study, we will try to show how far international student policies can
accommodate local elements and how could these local elements illustrate the
unique perspectives regarding the reflections of international students in a
specific country. This issue will be evaluated in the cases of Germany and the
U.K. Two different political history that these two countries have experienced
give us opportunities for a clear understanding of this issue. Finally, the
status of ‘locality’ and traditional/historical reflexes in globalization,
which is discussed in the social sciences, will again be re-visited by means of
the process of education after investigating unique aspects occurred in Germany
and the UK.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Globalization, Glocalization, Higher Education, International Students

Kaynakça

• Aksan, G. and Alkın, R. C. (2014). A Critical reading on the discourse of global citizenship in social science. L. Mwanri and J. Wal-denmaier (Eds.) Complex migration of global citizens (pp. 1-12). Oxford: Interdisciplinary Press.
• Bell, D. (1963). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. New York: Basic Books.
• Bhandari, R. and Blumenthal, P. (2011). Global student mobility and the twenty-first century silk road: national trends and new directions. R. Bhandari and P. Blumenthal (Eds). International students and global mobility in higher education (pp. 1-24). New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Bode, C. & Davidson, M. (2011). International student mobility: A European perspective from Germany and the United Kingdom. R. Bhandari and P. Blumenthal (Eds). International students and global mobility in higher education (pp. 69-72). New York: Pal-grave MacMillan.
• Busemeyer, M. R. (2014). Skills and inequality: Partisan politics and the political economy of education reforms in western welfare states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Castells, M. (2000). The information age-economy, society and culture: The rise of network society vol.1, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
• Catan, L. (2004). Becoming adult: Changing youth transitions in the 21st century. Brighton: Trust for the Study of Adolescence.
• Diabaté, S. (2012). Partnerschaftszufriedenheit von Deutschen und Türkischen migranten: der einfluss soziologischer und sozialpsychologischer determinanten auf partnerschaften. Verlag: Springer.
• Drucker, P. T. (1993). Post-capitalist society. New York: Harper Business.
• EURYDICE (1998). Key topics in education, financial support for students in higher education in Europe, trends and debates. Bd. I. Luxemburg: European Commission.
• Foskett, N. (2011). Markets, government, funding and the marketisation of UK higher education. M. Molesworth, R. Scullion and E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketisation of higher education and the students as consumers (pp. 25-38). Oxon: Routledge.
• Francois, E. J. (2015). Building global education with a local perspective-an introduction to glocal higher education. New York: Palgrave Mac-Millan.
• Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux.
• Gencer, M. (2002). Bildungspolitik, modernisierung und kulturelle Interaktion: deutsch-türkische Beziehungen (1908-1918) (Vol. 8). LIT Ver-lag Münster.
• Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8 (1), 5-31.
• Knight, J. (2015). Internationalization: A decade of changes and challenges. International Higher Education, 50, 6-7.
• McLuhan, M. and Powers, B. R. (1992). The global village: Transformations in world life and media in the 21st century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• OECD (2018) Education at a glance – OECD indicators, Annual Report. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/eag-2018-en.pdf?expires=1541511722&id=id&accname=guest&check-sum=ADCA7E4EBEC92BCF4067D6B0ABEB51F4
• Opielka, M. (2005). Bildungsreform und Sozialreform. In Bildungsreform als Sozialreform (pp. 127-155). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
• Reisman, A. and Capar, İ. (2004). The Nazis’ gifts to Turkish higher education and inadvertently to us all: Modernization of Turkish higher education (1933-1945) and its impact on present science and culture (December 9, 2004). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/-abstract=624525 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.624525
• Robertson, R. (1994). Globalisation or glocalisation?, Journal of International Communication, 1 (1), 33-52.
• Soria, K. M., and Troisi, J. N. (2014). Internationalization at home alternatives to study abroad: Implications for students’ development of global, international, and intercultural competencies. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18 (3), 261-280.
• Teltemann, J. (2014). Achievement vs. equality—What determines PISA performance? K. Martens, P. Knodel and M. Windzio (Eds.). Internationalization of education policy (pp. 37-66). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• http://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/3065/1/The%20marketisation%20of%20Higher%20education.pdf
• http://www.ncl.ac.uk/numed/
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12013303/University-students-in-England-pay-the-highest-tuition-fees-in-the-world.html
• http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/news/Pages/International-students-now-worth-25-billion-to-UK-economy---new-research.aspx
• https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11VvKhipbmIH_rBhyPuqBRH0ojsXBDKtZ1pmFvBzf9w/gviz/tq?gid=768454741&range=A1%3AA4%2CC1%3AC4%2CF1%3AF4%2CI1%3AI4%2CL1%3AL4%2CO1%3AO4%2CR1%3AR4%2CU1%3AU4%2CX1%3AX4%2CAA1%3AAA4%2CAD1%3AAD4&tqx=out%3Ahtml%3B
• https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/Research-Snapshots/Documents/China_outbound%20and%20inbound-%20tertiary%20students.pdf
• https://www.daad.de/der-daad/analysen-und-studien/de/39322-studienabbruch-auslaendischer-studierender/
• https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-confirms-funding-for-eu-students-for-2018-to-2019
• https://www.hesa.ac.uk/news/12-01-2017/sfr242-student-enrolments-and-qualifications
• https://www.hw.ac.uk/malaysia.htm
• https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/campuses/malaysiacampus.aspx
• https://www.reading.edu.my/
• https://www.southampton.ac.uk/my/index.page
• https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/university_drop_out_rates_amongs_22