Düşük etkili kentleşme uygulaması: Biyotutmanın hidrolojik performansının deneysel modellerle araştırılması

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 9, 1041 - 1048, 29.12.2017

Sezar Gülbaz Cevza Melek Kazezyılmaz-alhan

Öz

Su
kaynaklarının ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel açıdan en verimli şekilde
kullanılması, canlı hayatın sürdürülebilmesi için kaçınılmazdır. Özellikle
kentleşme ile birlikte betonlaşma ve buna paralel olarak topraktaki geçirimsiz
yüzey artmakta, toprakta meydana gelen sızma azalmakta ve yağış sonucu yüzeyde
toplanan fazla su hızlı bir şekilde akışa geçerek taşkına neden olmaktadır.
Kentleşme ile beraber toprağa sızamayan su, doğal arıtım olan topraktan mahrum
kalmakta ve yüzeyde biriken kirliliği doğrudan su kaynaklarına taşımaktadır. Bu
durum su kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkilemekte ve su kirliliğine neden
olmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması, su kaynaklarının
korunması ve kentleşmenin çevre ve su kaynakları üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin
azaltılması için yeni hidrolojik yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma
kapsamında, kentleşme sonucu arazi kullanımında meydana gelen değişimler ile
artan yüzeysel akış ve su kirliliğini önlemek için Düşük Etkili Kentleşme (DEK)
tipi En İyi Yönetim Uygulamaları (EİYU) incelenmiştir. Yüksek yüzeysel akış ve
yayılı kirlilik kaynaklarının olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için kullanılan bir
yağmur suyu yönetimi uygulaması ve DEK çeşidi olan “biyotutma” araştırılmıştır.
Bu amaçla kurulmuş olan bir deney düzeneği ile biyotutmanın hidrolojik
verimliliği ve performansı gözlemlenmiştir. Yapılan deney sonuçları değerlendirilerek
biyotutmanın pik debinin azalması üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Biyotutma
kolonlarında kullanılan malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Elde
edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde malzeme tipi ve özelliklerinin biyotutma
kolonlarında suyun tutulmasında etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Kum içeriğinin fazla
olması ile kolonlardaki çıkış debisinin arttığı ve ince taneli malzemelerin
artması ile azaldığı gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

En iyi yönetim uygulamaları, Düşük etkili kentleşme, Biyotutma, Taşkın

Low impact development implementation: Investigation on the hydrologic performance of bioretention via experimental models

Öz

Efficient
use of water is vital for economic, social and environmental sustainability of
water resources. Especially, urbanization and thus high imperviousness results
in a decrease in infiltration and percolation. Consequently, surface runoff
generated over the surface increases tremendously and results in floods.
Surface runoff also washes off the pollutants that are built up on the surface
during dry days which results in poor water quality. Therefore, new methods in
hydrology are necessary for environmental sustainability, protection of water
resources, and mitigation of impacts of urbanization on environment and water
resources. In this study, Low Impact Development (LID) Best Management
Practices (BMP) are investigated in order to prevent high surface runoff and
water pollution due to land use change caused by urbanization. Bioretention,
which is a LID type of storm water management practice, is investigated to
mitigate impacts of high surface runoff and nonpoint source pollution. For this
purpose, an experimental set-up is developed to observe the hydrologic
efficiency and performance of bioretention. Performance of bioretention on peak
flow decrease is observed by evaluating experimental results. The mechanical
properties of materials used in bioretention columns are investigated. It is
observed that the material type and properties are effective in retaining water
in bioretention. As the sand content increases, the outflow at the exit of the
column also increases and if the fine grained material increases, the outflow
at the exit of the column decreases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Best management practices, Low impact development, Bioretention, Flood

Kaynakça

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