Messiah Faith in Orthodox Judaism and The Effects of Religious Pioneers on Zionism

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 28 - 41, 29.03.2019

Şule İsmihan Türem

Öz

The main frame of our work is made of some main subjects
such as effects of the new understanding of Messiah Faith improved by Hasidim
and Misnagdim Movements, the religious pioneers of Zionism and the
ideologicalization and politicization of Messiah faith. The Jews waiting The
Messiah were called Messianists. They started thinking different about The
Zionist Movement. They were divided into two. While The Religious Zionists as
Orthodox Jews (Dati) were coming together in the roof of Mizrachi. The Ultra
Orthodox (Haredi) As called Anti-Zionist Messianists collected in Agudat
Israel. They have formed their own policies. Today, 22% of the demography of Israel
describe themselves as Orthodox and Ultra Orthodox jewry. Even if they get few
votes, they can attend The Coalition Governments, due to the electoral system
in the country. Thus they find some opurtunities to apply their existing
policies. Our Aim is to demonstrate the Zionist movement and the Israel state
not only secular based, in the same time have Messianic effects. Because of this,
we will present social and political influences of Messiah faith, the religious
pioneers, the views of the Messianists towards the Zionist movement, their
direct and indirect effects of the Jews’ immigration to Palestine.    

Anahtar Kelimeler

Messiah Belief, Religion Zionism, Mizrachi, Agudat Israel

ORTODOKS YAHUDİLİKTEKİ MESİH İNANCI VE DİNİ ÖNDERLERİN SİYONİZM’E ETKİLERİ

Öz

Ortodoks Yahudiliğin içinden çıkan
Hasidim ve Mitnagedim hareketleri tarafından Mesih inancına getirilen farklı
yorumların toplum üzerine etkileri, XIX. yüzyılda Mitnagedim disiplininden olan
Siyonizm’in öncüsü kabul edilen rabbilerin yeni Mesihçi anlayışları ile Mesih
inancının ideolojikleşmesi ve siyasallaşması gibi konular çalışmamızın ana
çatısını oluşturmaktadır. Mesihçiler olarak nitelendireceğimiz gelecek kurtarıcı
Mesih’i bekleyen Yahudiler, Siyonist hareketin oluşmasıyla, Siyonistleri destekleme
konusunda aralarında fikir ayrılığı yaşamışlar ve ikiye ayrılmışlardır. Dini
Siyonistler, Ortodoks Yahudiler (Dati) olarak Mizrahi’nin, Ultra Ortodokslar
(Haredi) ise anti-Siyonist Mesihçiler olarak Agudat Israel’in çatısı altında
kendi politikalarını oluşturmuş ve anlayışları günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Bu gün
İsrail de %22’lik kesim kendisini Ortodoks ve Ultra Ortodoks olarak
tanımlamaktadır. Ülkedeki seçim sistemi nedeniyle az oy alsalar dahi koalisyon
hükümetlerinde yer alarak kendi düşünceleri doğrultusunda mevcut politikalarını
uygulama alanı bulabilmektedirler. Dolayısıyla amacımız, Ortodoks Yahudiliğin
önemli karakteristik özelliklerinden biri olan  Mesih inancının sosyal ve siyasal etkilerini Siyonizm’in
dini öncüleri, Mesihçilerin Siyonist harekete bakışları ve devletin kuruluşu
çerçevesinde ortaya koyarak Siyonist hareketin ve İsrail devletinin sadece laik
temelli olmadığı, Yahudilerin Filistin’e göç etmesinde Mesihçilerin doğrudan ya
da dolaylı desteklerinin bulunduğunu ve hükümet politikalarında önemli rol
oynadıklarını göstermeyi hedeflemekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mesih inancı, Dini Siyonizm, Mizrahi, Agudat Israel

Kaynakça

• ADAM, Baki (2009), “Sinagog”, DİA, C. 37, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, ss. 222-224.ADLER, Joseph (1997), Restoring The Jews to Their Homeland, Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc.ARANOFF, Myron J. (1984), “Gush Emunim: The Institutionalization of A Charismatic, Messianic, Religious – Political Revitalization Movement in Israel,” Religion and Politics – Political Anthropology, V. 3, Ed.: Myran J. Aranoff, New Brunswick: Transaction Books., New Brunswick.ARMSTRONG, Karen (2017), Tanrı Adına Savaş-Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam’da Köktendincilik, Çev. Murat Erdem, İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım.ARSLAN, Ali (2006), Avrupa’dan Türkiye’ye İkinci Yahudi Göçü, İstanbul: Truva Yayıncılık.ATKINS, Stephen E. (2004), “National Religious Party (Nrp) (Mafdal)”, Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups, Westport: Greenwood Press, Westport.ATTIAS, Jean Christophe- BENBASSA Esther (2002), Paylaşılamayan Kutsal Topraklar ve İsrail, Çev.Nihal Önol, İstanbul: İletişim Yay.AYDIN, Fuat (2015), “Dinlerde Kurtuluş Anlayışı (Teokratik Bir Giriş Denemesi), PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, C.1, S.1, ss. 71-101, s. 82.AZOUS, Paul (2006), In The Plains of The Wilderness, Jerusalem: Mazo Publishers.BACON, Gershon (2003), “Imitation, Rejection, Cooperation Agudat Yısrael and The Zionist Movement in Interwar Poland”, The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics, Ed. Zvi Gitelman, University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh.BESALEL, Yusuf (2001), “Aliya Laregel”, Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, C.1, İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basım ve Yayım A.Ş...........................(2001), “Bet Amikdaş”, Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, C.1, İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basım ve Yayım A.Ş.BEN ZVI, Yad (1999), “The Decision to Sanction the Fourth Stream: The Agudat Israel Educational Network”, Abiding Challeges Research Perspectives on Jewish Education, Ed. Israel Rich ve Michael Rosenck, London: Freud Publishing House and Bar Ilan University.BOKSER, Ben Zion (Ed. ve Çev.), (2006), The Essential Writtings of Abraham Isaac Kook, Teaneck: Ben Yehuda Press.BRASCH, Rudolph (1969), The Judaic Heritage: Its Teachings Philosophy and Symbols, New York: David Mckay Company.CAVALLETTI, Sofia (2012), The History of the Kingdom of God, Part 2:Lliturgy and Building of the Kingdom, Chicago: Liturgy Training Publications.DEİN, Simon (2011), Lubavitcher Messianism–What Really Happens When Prophecy Fails?, London: Continuum International Pub. Group.DEMİRCİ, Kürşat (2012) “Sabatayizmin Avrupa Yahudiliğine Etkileri”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XVI, Sayı:2, ss. 625-634.DİNUR, Benzion (1992), “The Messianic-Prophetic Role of The Baal Shem Tov”, Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, Ed. Marc Saperstein, New York: New York University Press.FEINSTEIN, Marnin (1965), American Zionism (1884-1904), New York: Herzl Press.FIRESTONE, Reuven (2012), Holy War in Judaism, New York: Oxford Univesity Press.FISHKOFF, Sue (2003), The Rebbe’s Arm: Inside The World of Chabad-Lubavitch, New York: Schocken Books.FISHMAN, Aryei (1992), Judaism and Modernization on The Religious Kibbutz, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.FREEDMAN, Samuel G. (2000), Jew vs.Jew–The Struggle For The Soul of American Jewry, New York: A Touchstone Book.HARMAN, Ömer Faruk (2013), “Yahudilik (İnanç Esasları), DİA, C. 43, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, ss. 201-207.HEILMAN, C. Samuel ve FRIEDMAN, Menachem (1990), The Haredim in Israel: Who are They and What do They Want?, New York: Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations The American Jewish Committee report.HERTZBERG, Arthur (Ed.) (1997), The Zionist Idea-A Historical Analysis and Reader, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society.INBARI, Motti (2009a), Jewish Fundamentalism and The Temple Mount, İbraniceden Çev. Vardi Shaul, Albany: State University of New York..........................(2009b), “When Prophecy Fails? The Theology of The Oslo Process - Rabbinical Responces to A Crisis of Faith,” Modern Judaism, Oxford University Press, https://academic.oup.com/mj/article-abstract/29/3/303/1002431?redirectedFrom=fulltext (Erişim Tarihi 11. 12. 2014).......................(2010), “Messianic Movements and Failed Prophecies in Israel, Five Case Studies”, Nova Religio-The Journal of Alternative And Emergent Religions 13. 4,University Of North Carolina.İLHAN, Sinan (2006), Fetihten Murabıtlar Dönemine Kadar Endülüste Yahudiler ( 711-1091), (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.KAUFMANN, Francine ve EISENBERG, Josy (1995), “Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Yahudilik”, Din Fenomeni, Çev.: Mehmet Aydın, Konya: Din Bilimleri Yay.KELLNER, Menachem (1992), “Mesianic Postures in Israel Today”, Essential Papers On Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, Ed. Mark Saperstein, New York: New York University Press.Kol Ha Tor The Voice of The Turtle Rabbi Hillel Mi Shklov https://www.israel613.com/books/KOL-HATOR. pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 31.03. 2018).KÜÇÜK, Abdurrahman, TÜMER, Günay ve KÜÇÜK, Alpaslan (2015), Dinler Tarihi, 6. Baskı, Ankara: Berikan Yayınları.LIEBMAN, Charles S. ve DON YEHIYA (1984), Eliezer, Religion and Politics in Israel, Jewish Political and Social Studies, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.LUGOVITCH, Howard N. (2010), Jews and Judaism in World History, London: Routledge.MAZIE, Steven V. (2006), Israel’s Higher Law- Religion and Liberal Democracy in The Jewish State, Lanham: Lexington Books.MILLER, Chaim (2014), Turning Judaism Outward: A Biography of The Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson The Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe, Brooklyn: Kol Menachem.MYERS, Jody Elizabeth (2003), Seeking Zion: Modernity and Messianic Activisim in The Writings of Tzevi Hirsch Kalischer, Portland: Litman Library of Jewish Civilization.ÖRS, Hayrullah (2000), Musa ve Yahudilik, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.PATAI, Raphael (1971), Encylopedia of Zionism and Israel, V. 1 ve V.2, New York: Herzl Press..........................(1988), The Messiah Text – jewish Legends of Three Thousand Years, Detroit: Wayne State University Press.RABINOVİCH, Itamar ve REINHARZ, Jehuda (Ed.), (2008), Israel in The Middle East, Waltham: Brandeis University Press.RABKIN, Yakov M. (2018), Yahudilerin Siyonizm Karşıtlığı, Çev. Şahika Tokel, İstanbul: İletişim Yay.RAVITZKY, Aviezer (1996), Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism, İbraniceden Çev. Michael Swirsky ve Jonathan Chipman, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.REINHARZ, Jehuda ve HALPERN, Ben (1998), Zionism and The Creation of A New Society, New York: Oxford University Press.RIVLIN, Paul (2011), The Israeli Economy From The Foundation on The State Through The 2st Century, New York: Cambridge University Press.ROSE, Jacqueline (2005), The Question of Zion, New Jersey: Princeton University.SALMON, Yosef (1998), “Zionism and Anti-Zionism in Traditional Judaism in Eastern Europe,” Zionism and Religion, Ed. Shmuel Almog -Jehuda Reinharz -Anita Shapira, Hannover: Brandeis University Press.SAND, Shlomo (2012), The Invention of The Land of Israel From Holy Land to Homeland, Çev. Geremy Forman, London: Versobook.SCHOLEM, G., Gershom (1973), Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah 1626-1676, Çev. R.J. Werblowsky, Princeton: Princeton University Press.SCHWARTZ, Dov (2009), Religious-Zionism History and Ideology, Çev. Batya Stein, Boston: Academic Studies Press.SHAFIR, Gershon (2005), “Zionism And Colonialism,” The Israel – Palestine Question, Ed.: Ilan Pappe, London: Routledge.SHAHAK, Israel ve MEZVINSKY, Norton (2004), İsrail’de Yahudi Fundamentalizmi, İstanbul: Anka Yay.SHAPIRO, Marc B. (2011), The Limits of Orthodox Theology- Maimonides Thirteen Principles Reappraised, Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.SHINDLER, Colin (2013), A History of Modern Israel, Second Edition, New York :Cambridge University Press.SICKER, Martin (2000), Pangs of The Messiah: The Troubled Birth of the Jewish State, Westport: Praeger.SOFER, Sasson (1998), Zionism and The Foundation of Israeli Diplomacy, Çev. Dorothea Shefet-Vansun, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.WAARDENBURG, Jacqes (2004), “Mesih”, Dia, C. 29, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.WERBLOWSKY, R. J. Zwi, (2003), “Yahudi Mesihçiliği”, Mesih’i Beklerken Mesihçi Ve Millenarist Hareketler, Ed. Ali Coşkun, İstanbul: Rağbet Yay.WISTRICH, Robert S. (2016), “Jewish Anti-Zionism: From Crituque To Delegitimization”, Anti-Judaism, Anti-Semitizm and Delegitimizing Israel, Ed. Robert S. Wistrich, Lincoln: Nebraska University Press.