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Psikolojik Acı

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 205 - 213, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.444006

Öz

Psikolojik acı; kayıp yaşama, travmatik olaylara maruz kalma, hayal kırıklığı, kişinin beklenmedik olumsuz durumlarla karşılaşması, temel ihtiyaçların karşılanmaması gibi durumlardan kaynaklanabilen zihinsel acı çekme sürecidir. Fiziksel ağrıyla birlikte bulunabilir ancak fiziksel ağrıdan bağımsız bir kavramdır. Sıklıkla depresif bozuklukla ilişkilendirilmiş olmasına rağmen diğer psikiyatrik durumlarda ayrıca klinik olarak hastalık olmamasına rağmen de görülebilmektedir. İntihar davranışının önemli bir öngörücüsü olduğu düşünülmektedir.Psikolojik acı şiddeti ve intihar riski arasında doğru orantılı bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Psikolojik acıya maruz kalan kişilerde beynin aktive olan bölgelerinin fiziksel ağrı yolaklarıyla örtüştüğü belirtilmektedir. Psikolojik acıyı değerlendirmek için çeşitli ölçekler bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu kavramla ilgili çalışmalar yeterli düzeyde değildir. İntihar davranışı ile ilişkisi göz önünde bulundurulursa ileride yeni çalışmalara konu olabilecek gibi görünmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K (2003) Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch Intern Med, 163:2433-2445.
  • Bakan D (1968) Disease, Pain and Sacrifice: Toward a Psychology of Suffering. Chicago, Beacon Press.
  • Baumeister RF (1990) Suicide as escape from self. Psychol Rev, 97:90–113.
  • Berlim MT, Mattevi BS, Pavanello DP, Caldieraro MA, Fleck MP, Wingate LR et al. (2003) Psychache and suicidality in adult mood disordered outpatients in Brazil. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33:242-248.
  • Bolger EA (1999) Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain. Psychother Res, 9:342–362.
  • Demirkol ME, Güleç H, Çakmak S, Namlı Z, Güleç M, Güçlü N et al. (2018) Psikolojik Acı Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenirliliği ve geçerliliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 19(Suppl 1):14-20.
  • Engel GL (1961) Is grief a disease? A challenge for medical research. Psychosom Med, 23:18-22.
  • Freud S (1955) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Mourning and Melancholia (Ed J Strachey):14. Hogarth Press, London.
  • Freud S (1959) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Inhibition, Symptoms and Anxiety ( Ed J Strachey):20. Hogarth Press, London.
  • Frankl VE (1963) Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. New York, Pocket Books.
  • Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE (2002) Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington DC, National Academies Press.
  • Heeringen CV, Abbeele DV, Vervaet M, Soenen L, Audenaert K (2010) The functional neuroanatomy of mental pain in depression. Psychiatry Res, 181:141–144.
  • Herman JL (1992) Trauma and Recovery. New York, Basic Books.
  • Janoff-Bulman R (1992) Shattered Assumptions: Toward a New Psychology of Trauma. New York, Free Press.
  • Joiner TE, Brown JS, Wingate LR (2005) The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annu Rev Psychol, 56:287-314.
  • Kovacs M, Beck AT, Weissman A (1975) The use of suicidal motives in the psychoterapy of attempted suicides. Am J Psychoter, 29:363-368.
  • Leenaars AA (1995) Clinical evaluation of suicide risk. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 49:61-68.
  • Leibenluft E, Gardner DL, Cowdry RW (1987) The inner experience of the borderline self-mutilator. J Pers Disord, 1:317-324.
  • Loeser JD (2000) Pain and suffering. Clin J Pain, 16(Suppl 2):S2-S6.
  • Mee S, Bunney BG, Reist C, Potkin SG, Bunney WE (2006) Psychological pain: a review of evidence. J Psychiatr Res, 40:680-690.
  • Mee S, Bunney BG, Bunney WE, Hetrick W, Potkin SG, Reis C (2011) Assessment of psychological pain in major depressive episodes. J Psychiatr Res, 45:1504-1510.
  • Osmond H, Mullaly R, Bisbee C (1984) The pain of depression compared with physical pain. Practitioner, 228:849-853.
  • Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Sirota P, Gilboa-Schechtman E (2003) Mental pain: a multidimensional operationalization and definition. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33:219-230.
  • Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Sirota P (2003) Mental pain and its relationship to suicidality and life meaning. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33:231-241.
  • Shneidman ES (1979) A bibliography of suicide notes: 1856- 1979. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 9:57-59.
  • Shneidman ES (1996) The Suicidal Mind. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Shneidman ES (1985) Definition of Suicide, 2nd ed. New York, Wiley.
  • Shneidman ES (1993) Suicide as psychache. J Nerv Ment Dis, 181:145–147.
  • Shneidman ES (1999) Conceptual contribution-the psychological pain assessment scale. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 29:287-294.
  • Soumani A, Damigos D, Oulis P, Masdrakis V, Ploumpidis D, Mavreas V et al. (2011) Mental pain and suicide risk: application of the Greek version of the mental pain and the tolerance of mental pain scale. Psychiatriki, 22:330-340.
  • Tossani E (2013) The concept of mental pain. Psychother Psychosom, 82:67-73.
  • Valente SM (1994) Messages of psychiatric patients who attempted or committed suicide. Clin Nurs Res, 3:316-333.
  • Verrocchio MC, Carrozzino D, Marchetti D, Andreasson K, Fulcheri M, Bech P (2016) Mental pain and suicide: a systematic review of the literature. Front Psychiatry, 7:108.

Psychological Pain

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 205 - 213, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.444006

Öz

Psychological pain is a mental suffering process that can be caused by losses, traumas, unexpected negative situations, and unmet basic needs. Although it can accompany physical pain, psychological pain is independent of physical pain. Psychological pain is generally related to depressive disorder but it can be present in other psychiatric disorders and even in situations not identified as a disorder. It is considered as an important predictor of suicide. There is a correlated relationship between psychological pain and suicide. Activated pain pathways in the brain are similar in psychological and physical pain. There are some scales to assess psychological pain but studies are insufficient about this issue. By taking into consideration its relationship with suicide, psychological pain needs to be assessed in new studies in the future.

Kaynakça

  • Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K (2003) Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch Intern Med, 163:2433-2445.
  • Bakan D (1968) Disease, Pain and Sacrifice: Toward a Psychology of Suffering. Chicago, Beacon Press.
  • Baumeister RF (1990) Suicide as escape from self. Psychol Rev, 97:90–113.
  • Berlim MT, Mattevi BS, Pavanello DP, Caldieraro MA, Fleck MP, Wingate LR et al. (2003) Psychache and suicidality in adult mood disordered outpatients in Brazil. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33:242-248.
  • Bolger EA (1999) Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain. Psychother Res, 9:342–362.
  • Demirkol ME, Güleç H, Çakmak S, Namlı Z, Güleç M, Güçlü N et al. (2018) Psikolojik Acı Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenirliliği ve geçerliliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 19(Suppl 1):14-20.
  • Engel GL (1961) Is grief a disease? A challenge for medical research. Psychosom Med, 23:18-22.
  • Freud S (1955) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Mourning and Melancholia (Ed J Strachey):14. Hogarth Press, London.
  • Freud S (1959) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Inhibition, Symptoms and Anxiety ( Ed J Strachey):20. Hogarth Press, London.
  • Frankl VE (1963) Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. New York, Pocket Books.
  • Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE (2002) Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington DC, National Academies Press.
  • Heeringen CV, Abbeele DV, Vervaet M, Soenen L, Audenaert K (2010) The functional neuroanatomy of mental pain in depression. Psychiatry Res, 181:141–144.
  • Herman JL (1992) Trauma and Recovery. New York, Basic Books.
  • Janoff-Bulman R (1992) Shattered Assumptions: Toward a New Psychology of Trauma. New York, Free Press.
  • Joiner TE, Brown JS, Wingate LR (2005) The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annu Rev Psychol, 56:287-314.
  • Kovacs M, Beck AT, Weissman A (1975) The use of suicidal motives in the psychoterapy of attempted suicides. Am J Psychoter, 29:363-368.
  • Leenaars AA (1995) Clinical evaluation of suicide risk. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 49:61-68.
  • Leibenluft E, Gardner DL, Cowdry RW (1987) The inner experience of the borderline self-mutilator. J Pers Disord, 1:317-324.
  • Loeser JD (2000) Pain and suffering. Clin J Pain, 16(Suppl 2):S2-S6.
  • Mee S, Bunney BG, Reist C, Potkin SG, Bunney WE (2006) Psychological pain: a review of evidence. J Psychiatr Res, 40:680-690.
  • Mee S, Bunney BG, Bunney WE, Hetrick W, Potkin SG, Reis C (2011) Assessment of psychological pain in major depressive episodes. J Psychiatr Res, 45:1504-1510.
  • Osmond H, Mullaly R, Bisbee C (1984) The pain of depression compared with physical pain. Practitioner, 228:849-853.
  • Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Sirota P, Gilboa-Schechtman E (2003) Mental pain: a multidimensional operationalization and definition. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33:219-230.
  • Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Sirota P (2003) Mental pain and its relationship to suicidality and life meaning. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 33:231-241.
  • Shneidman ES (1979) A bibliography of suicide notes: 1856- 1979. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 9:57-59.
  • Shneidman ES (1996) The Suicidal Mind. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Shneidman ES (1985) Definition of Suicide, 2nd ed. New York, Wiley.
  • Shneidman ES (1993) Suicide as psychache. J Nerv Ment Dis, 181:145–147.
  • Shneidman ES (1999) Conceptual contribution-the psychological pain assessment scale. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 29:287-294.
  • Soumani A, Damigos D, Oulis P, Masdrakis V, Ploumpidis D, Mavreas V et al. (2011) Mental pain and suicide risk: application of the Greek version of the mental pain and the tolerance of mental pain scale. Psychiatriki, 22:330-340.
  • Tossani E (2013) The concept of mental pain. Psychother Psychosom, 82:67-73.
  • Valente SM (1994) Messages of psychiatric patients who attempted or committed suicide. Clin Nurs Res, 3:316-333.
  • Verrocchio MC, Carrozzino D, Marchetti D, Andreasson K, Fulcheri M, Bech P (2016) Mental pain and suicide: a systematic review of the literature. Front Psychiatry, 7:108.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri, Klinik Psikoloji, Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Mehmet Emin Demirkol 0000-0003-3965-7360

Zeynep Namlı 0000-0001-8954-5901

Lut Tamam 0000-0002-9750-7531

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2019
Kabul Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Demirkol ME, Namlı Z, Tamam L. Psikolojik Acı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Haziran 2019;11(2):205-213. doi:10.18863/pgy.444006

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.