10 Haftalık Psikolojik Beceri Antrenman Programının Genç Futbolcuların Kaygı, Özgüven, Güdülenme, Dikkat ve Şut İsabet Oranı Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 131 - 146, 25.12.2018

Osman Urfa F. Hülya Aşçı

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.313892

Cited By: 4

Öz

Bu araştırmanın
amacı hedef belirleme, imgeleme, içsel konuşma, performans öncesi rutin,
konsantrasyon ve kendini izleme (self monitoring) teknikleri kullanılarak
planlanan 10 haftalık psikolojik beceri antrenman programının genç
futbolcuların kaygı, özgüven, güdülenme, dikkat ve şut isabet oranlarına olan
etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 2016-2017 yılında Süper Toto
Süper Ligde oynayan profesyonel bir futbol kulübünün U16 ve U17 erkek altyapı
futbol takım oyuncuları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya uygun örnekleme yöntemi
ile seçilen 30 oyuncu katılmış ve oyuncuların 15’i deney, 15’i kontrol grubu
olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında Sporda Kaygı Ölçeği 2 (SAS-2), Sporda
Güdülenme Ölçeği, Kendini Fiziksel Tanımlama Envanteri, D2 Dikkat Testi ve şut
parkuru kullanılmıştır. Ölçme araçları psikolojik beceri antrenman programı
başlamadan bir hafta önce öntest kapsamında, uygulama bittikten bir hafta sonra
ise sontest kapsamında uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen
verilerin analizinde deney ve kontrol gruplarının sontest puanlarını
karşılaştırmak için tek faktörlü Kovaryans Analizi (ANCOVA) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda psikolojik beceri
antrenmanına katılan genç futbolcuların özgüven ve dikkat düzeylerinde anlamlı
farklılık görülürken somatik kaygı, endişe, güdülenme ve şut isabet puanlarında
farklılık görülmemiştir. Sonuç olarak hedef belirleme, imgeleme, içsel konuşma,
performans öncesi rutin, konsantrasyon ve kendini izleme teknikleri
kullanılarak hazırlanan 10 haftalık psikolojik beceri antrenmanı genç
futbolcuların özgüven ve dikkat düzeylerini olumlu yönde etkilediği
söylenebilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik beceri antrenmanı, Kaygı, Güdülenme, Dikkat, Özgüven

Effect of 10 Weeks Psychological Skill Training on Anxiety, Motivation, Self-Confidence, Attention and Shot Performance of Youth Soccer Players

Öz

The purpose of
this study was to examine the impact of 10 weeks psychological skills training
program which included goal setting, imagery, self-talk, pre-performance
routine, concentration and self monitoring on the anxiety, motivation, self-esteem,
attention and shotting performance of youth football players. The sample of
this study consisted of soccer players from U16 and U17 team players of one
soccer club which competed at Turkish Super league during 2016-2017 season. 30
soccer players were seleceted by using convenient sampling and were assigned to
experiemental and control group equally. 
The Sport Anxiety Scale-2, The Sport Motivation Scale (Adolescent
version), Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (Self-esteem subscale), D2
Attention Test and shotting performance were used as a data collection
instruments. Data were collected from both experiemental and control group
before and after 10 week psycholoıgical skill training. Data were analysed by
using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The results of the study indicated that
the psychological skill training program had a significant influence on
self-esteem and attention but there was no significant differences in somatic
anxiety, worry, motivation and shooting performance bewteen experiemental and
control group. It can be concluded that the psychological skill training
program that consist of goal setting, imagery, self-talk, pre-performance
routine, concentration and self monitoring techniques influence youth soccer
players’  self-esteem and attention
levels positively. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psychological skill training, Anxiety, Motivation, Self-esteem, Attention

Kaynakça

• Akkarpat İ. (2014). Farklı Yaş Gruplarında Basketbolda İmgelemenin Serbest Atış Performansı, Özgüven ve Kaygı Üzerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Aktop A. (2008). Biyolojik Geribildirimle Zihinsel Antrenman Yönteminin Dart Performansına Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Aldemir YG, Biçer T, Kale EK. (2014b). Elit Futbolcularda İmgeleme Çalışmalarının Benlik Algısı Üzerine Etkisi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-15.
• Aldemir YG, Biçer T, Kale EK. (2014a). Futbolcularda imgeleme çalışmalarının problem çözme üzerine etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 37-45.
• Arlı M, Nazik MH. (2001). Bilimsel Araştırmaya Giriş. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi
• Beauchamp PH, Halliwell WR, Fournier JF ve Koestner R. (1996). Effects of cognitive-behavioral psychological skills training on the motivation, preparation, and putting performance of novice golfers. The Sport Psychologist, 10(2), 157-170.
• Blakeslee ML, Goff DM. (2007). The effects of a mental skills training package on equestrians. The Sport Psychologist, 21(3), 288-301.
• Blumenstein B, Orbach I. (2012). Psychological Skills in Sport: Training and Application. Nova Science Publisher's, Incorporated.
• Bois JE, Sarrazin PG, Southon J, Boiché JC. (2009). Psychological characteristics and their relation to performance in professional golfers. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 252-270.
• Brewer BW. (2009). Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, Sport Psychology. John Wiley and Sons.
• Büyüköztürk Ş. (1998). Kovaryans analizi: Varyans analizi ile karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 91-105.
• Büyüköztürk Ş. (2007). Data Analysis Handbook for Social Sciences. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
• Büyüköztürk Ş, Çakmak EK, Akgün ÖE, Şirin K, Demirel F. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. (26. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
• Clancy RB, Herring MP, MacIntyre TE, Campbell MJ. (2016). A review of competitive sport motivation research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 232-242.
• Çağlar E, Koruç Z. (2006). D2 dikkat testinin sporcularda güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Journal of Sport Sciences, 17(2), 58-80.
• Çetinkalp ZÇ, Aşçı FH, Altıntaş A. (2012). 2nd International Social Sciences in Physical Education and Sport Congress: Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği’ nin adolesan versiyonunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ankara, Gazi University.
• De Guast VDB, Golby J, Van Wersch A, d’Arripe-Longueville F. (2013). Psychological skills training of an elite wheelchair water-skiing athlete: A single-case study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 30(4), 351-372.
• Dosil J. (2006). The Sport Psychologist's Handbook: A Guide for Sport-specific Performance Enhancement. John Wiley and Sons.
• Eklund RC, Tenenbaum G. (2014). Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Sage Publications.
• Elçi G, Ağbuğa B, Ișık U, Öztop E. (2013). Investigate the effects of imagery practice to skills development for 9-13 years swimming athletes. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(3), 1-17.
• Garza DL, Feltz DL. (1998). Effects of selected mental practice on performance, self-efficacy, and competition confidence of figure skaters. The Sport Psychologist, 12(1), 1-15.
• Glynn BA, Gilbert JN, Lewis, DK. (2013). Psychological Skills Training and Self-efficacy: The UNIFORM Approach with College-Age Swim Exercisers. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 93-111.
• Gould D, Maynard I. (2009). Psychological preparation for the Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1393-1408.
• Hanrahan SJ. (1995). Psychological skills training for competitive wheelchair and amputee athletes. Australian Psychologist, 30(2), 96-101.
• Horn TS, Bloom P, Berglund KM, Packard S. (2011). Relationship between collegiate athletes’ psychological characteristics and their preferences for different types of coaching behavior. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 190-211.
• Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. (2004). Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist, 18(1), 44-59.
• Karadağ D, Aşçı FH. (2015). 3nd International Exercise and Sport Psychology Congress: Ergenlik çağındaki sporcularda spor kaygı ölçeği-2'nin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Istanbul: Marmara University.
• Klockare E. A (2014). Psychological Skills Training Program for Dancers: Evaluation of the Dancers’ Use of Psychological Skills Training Techniques and Possible Effects of the Program. Master’s Thesis. The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences.
• Kulak A, Kerkez Fİ, Aktaş Y. (2011). Zihinsel antrenman programının 10-12 yaş futbolcularda bazı motor özelliklere etkisi. Hacettepe J. of Sport Sciences, 22 (3), 104-114.
• Lauer L, Chung Y. (2010). Building self-confidence. (Lauer L, Gould D, Lubbers P, Kovacs M, Ed.) USTA Mental Skills and Drills Handbook. s.187-204. Monterey: Coaches Choice.
• Mahoney MJ, Chapman BP. (2004). Psychological Skills Training in Sport. (Spielberger C, Ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Volume 3. s.155-170. Academic Press.
• Mamassis G, Doganis G. (2004). The effects of a mental training program on juniors pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 118-137.
• Manzo LG, Mondin GW, Clark B, Schneider T. Confidence. (Taylor J, Wilson G, Ed.) Applying Sport Psychology: Four Perspectives. s.21-32. Human Kinetics.
• Marsh HW, Asci FH, Tomas IM. (2002). Multitrait-Multimethod Analyses of Two Physical Self-Concept Instruments: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 99-119.
• Marsh HW, Richards GE, Johnson S, Roche L, Tremayne P. (1994). Physical Self Description Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments. Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 270-305.
• Miçooğullari BO. (2013). Effects of 6 Weeks Psychological Skill Training on Team Cohesion, Self-Confidence and Anxiety: A Case of Youth Basketball Players. Doctoral Dissertation. Middle East Technical University. The Graduate School of Social Sciences.
• Moran A. (2004). Attention and Concentration Training in Sport. (Spielberger C, Ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Volume 1. s. 209-214. Academic Press.
• Morgan TK. (2006). A Season-Long Mental Skills Training Program for Collegiate Volleyball Players. Doctoral Dissertation. The University of Tennessee.
• Navaneethan B, Rajan RS. (2010). Effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on competitive anxiety of male inter-collegiate volleyball players. The Shield-Research Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, 4(3), 161-164.
• Noh YE, Morris T, Andersen MB. (2007). Psychological intervention programs for reduction of injury in ballet dancers. Research in Sports Medicine, 15(1), 13-32.
• Olusoga P, Maynard I, Butt J, Hays K. (2014). Coaching under pressure: mental skills training for sports coaches. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 31-44.
• Özçelik İY. (2012). Elit Bayan Hentbolcularda Zihinsel Antrenmanın Yarışma Kaygısı ve Maç Performansına Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Özdal M, Akcan F, Abakay U, Dağlıoğlu Ö. (2013). Video destekli zihinsel antrenman programının futbolda şut becerisi üzerine etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 40-46.
• Pelletier LG, Tuson KM, Fortier MS, Vallerand RJ, Briere NM, Blais MR. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.
• Perkos S. Theodorakis Y, Chroni S. (2002). Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 16(4), 368-383.
• Shambrook CJ, Bull SJ. (1996). The use of a single-case research design to investigate the efficacy of imagery training. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(1), 27-43.
• Sharp LA, Woodcock C, Holland MJ, Cumming J, Duda JL. (2013). A qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of a mental skills training program for youth athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 27(3), 219-232.
• Sheard M, Golby J. (2006). Effect of a psychological skills training program on swimming performance and positive psychological development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 149-169.
• Slimani M, Chéour F. (2016). Effects of cognitive training strategies on muscular force and psychological skills in healthy striking combat sports practitioners. Sport Sciences for Health, 12(2), 141-149.
• Smith AL, Ullrich-French S, Walker E, Hurley KS. (2006)Peer relationship profiles and motivation in youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(3), 362-382.
• Smith RE, Smoll FL, Cumming SP, Grossbard JR. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 479-501.
• Smith RE, Smoll FL, Schutz RW. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale. Anxiety Research, 2(4), 263-280.
• Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. (2006). Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(3), 254-270.
• Theodorakis Y, Chroni S, Laparidis K, Bebetsos V, Douma I. (2001). Self-talk in a basketball-shooting task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92(1), 309-315.
• Thomas PR, Fogarty GJ. (1997). Psychological skills training in golf: The role of individual differences in cognitive preferences. The Sport Psychologist, 11(1), 86-106.
• Toker, M.Z. (1988). Standardization of the Visual Attention Test d2 on a Turkish Sample. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Vealey R. (2007). Mental Skills Training in Sport. (Tenenbaum G, Eklund RC, Ed.) Handbook of Sport Psychology. s. 287-309. John Wiley and Sons.
• Vurgun N. (2010). Sporda İmgeleme Anketinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Sporda İmgelemenin Yarışma Kaygısı ile Sportif Güven Üzerindeki Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Weinberg R, Gould D. (2015). Spor ve Egzersiz Psikolojisinin Temelleri. (M Şahin, Z Koruç Çev.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Wolframm IA, Micklewright D. (2011). The effect of a mental training program on state anxiety and competitive dressage performance. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 6(5), 267-275.
• Yaycı L. (2013). D2 dikkat testinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 43-80.