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From 19th Century to Syrian Civil War: South America as a Syrian Migration Destination and the Case of Brazil

Yıl 2017, Özel Sayı-1 Ortadoğu ve Göç, 34 - 49, 30.11.2017
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.313047

Öz

Since
the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, many South American countries have
declared open door policies for the Syrians seeking refuge. Although the number
of people who have reached South America is
quite low, the attitude of South American countries has gained special international attention due to political, social
and historical reasons. In this respect, Brazil has a special status as the
main destination of immigration from the Levant to South America since the 19th
century. Brazil is already the home of a large Syrian diaspora. The country has
accepted 2,298 Syrian refugees since the beginning of the civil war according
to the official data and hosts more Syrians whose application process is
ongoing. Today Brazil is the main receiver of the Syrian refugees in South
America. This paper discusses the underlying reasons of recent open door policy
of South American states, thecurrent
situation of Syrian refugees in the region and the problems encountered at the
level of policy-making and policy
implementation phases with a special emphasis on the developments in Brazil

Kaynakça

  • A refugiada síria Hanan Daqqah. (2016, May 10). Retrieved September 11, 2016 from http://www.brasil.gov.br/cidadania-e-justica/2016/05/brasil-abriga-8-863-refugiados-de-79-nacionalidades/hanan.jpg/view
  • Abdenur, A.E. and Sochaczewski, M. (2016). “Brazil in the field of humanitarian aid: mapping out its role in the Syrian conflict” in Humanitarian Crises, Cooperation and the Role of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Médicos Sem Fronteiras, 67-101.
  • Acerca del Siria. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.migraciones.gov.ar/programasiria/?acercaprograma
  • ACNUR. (2014, December 2). “Cartagena+30: innovación y flexibilidad en las Américas y el Caribe”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/cartagena30/cartagena30-innovacion-y-flexibilidad-en-las-americas-y-el-caribe/
  • ACNUR. (2016, September 22). “En Cumbre de Líderes, Brasil reafirma compromiso con protección y dignidad de refugiados”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/noticias/noticia/en-cumbre-de-lideres-brasil-reafirma-compromiso-con-proteccion-y-dignidad-de-refugiados/
  • ACNUR. “Declaración y Plan de Acción de Brasil”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/cartagena30/declaracion-y-plan-de-accion-de-brasil/
  • ADUS. “Missão”, Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.adus.org.br/sobre-nos/historico/
  • ADUS. “Refugiados no Brasil”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from https://www.adus.org.br/refugiados-no-brasil/
  • After deporting 1,400 Colombians, Venezuela pledges to take 20,000 Syrian refugees. (2015, September 10). Retrieved 15 November, 2016 from http://qz.com/497494/after-deporting-1400-colombians-venezuela-pledges-to-take-20000-syrian-refugees/
  • ALBA joins efforts to halt aggression against Syria. Retrieved October 11, 2016 from http://guyana.embajada.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=179%3Aalba-realizara-esfuerzos-para-detener-agresion-contra-el-pueblo-de-siria&catid=3%3Anoticias-de-venezuela-en-el-mundo&Itemid=19&lang=en
  • Amorim, C. (2010). Brazilian Foreign Policy under President Lula (2003-2010): an overview. Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., 53, 214-240.
  • Amorim, C. (2013). Breves Narrativas Diplomáticas. São Paulo: Benvirá. 2013.
  • Amorim, C. (2016). “Humanitarian cooperation in Brazil: testimony and reflections” in Humanitarian Crises, Cooperation and the Role of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Médicos Sem Fronteiras, 103-112.
  • Ballofet, L. (2015, September 30). Latin America & the Arab World: One Hundred Years of Migration. Retrieved November 8, 2016 from https://lebanesestudies.news.chass.ncsu.edu/2015/09/30/latin-america-the-arab-world-one-hundred-years-of-migration/
  • Barbosa, R. (2017, April 25). Nova Lei de Migração enfatiza direitos humanos, mas críticos pedem veto. Gazeta do Povo. http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-publica/justica-e-direito/nova-lei-de-migracao-enfatiza-direitos-humanos-mas-criticos-pedem-veto-73gx8w8g94mjekn4rvtzb982c
  • Brazil Declaration, 3 December 2014, Brasilia. Retrieved 29 April, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2014/9865.pdf
  • Calegari M. & Baeninger, R. (2016). De Siria a Brasil. Revista Migraciones Forzadas, 51.
  • Leo C.C., Morand, M.B. & Feitosa, V. (2015). Building Communities of Practice for Urban Refugees: Brazil Roundtable Report. UNHCR.
  • Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, 19 - 22 November 1984, Cartagena, Colombia. Retrieved April 29, 2017 from https://www.oas.org/dil/1984_cartagena_declaration_on_refugees.pdf
  • Catillo, C.M. (2015). El proceso Cartagena: 30 años de innovación y solidaridad. RMF 49. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/47660/1/RMF_49_43.pdf
  • Centro de Referência e Atendimento para Imigrantes. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/direitos_humanos/migrantes/crai/
  • Chile acogerá un “número importante” de refugiados sirios. (2015, September 8). Retrieved November 15, 2016 from http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/internacionales/nota/chileacogeraunnumeroimportantederefugiadossirios-2096444/
  • Chile government says it will take in Syrian refugees. (2015, September 8). Retrieved November 14, 2016 from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-chile-idUSKCN0R82AM20150908
  • Sirios Refugiados en Chile. (2014, September 17). Retrieved November 19, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AemYkQlf8Uw, 17.09.2014
  • CONARE. (2016). Sistema de Refúgio Brasileiro: Desafios e Perspectivas. Retrieved November 09, 2016 from http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/scripts/doc.php?file=fileadmin/Documentos/portugues/Estatisticas/Sistema_de_Refugio_brasileiro_-_Refugio_em_numeros_-_05_05_2016
  • CONECTAS. (2017, April 18). New Immigration Law passed by Congress. Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.conectas.org/en/actions/foreign-policy/news/47198-new-immigration-law-passed-by-congress
  • En Brasil, una iglesia católica recibe a decenas de refugiados sirios. (2015, September 12). Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.diariolibre.com/mundo/latinoamerica/en-brasil-una-iglesia-catolica-recibe-a-decenas-de-refugiados-sirios-XX1231572
  • Em carta, mais de 100 entidades pedem a Temer sanção da Lei de Migração. (2017, April 27). Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.aloysionunes.com/em-carta-mais-de-100-entidades-pedem-a-temer-sancao-da-lei-de-migracao/
  • Estevez, D. (2015, September 9). Carlos Slim Wants U.N.-Run 'War Free Sanctuaries' For Refugees Fleeing Violence. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2015/09/09/carlos-slim-wants-u-n-run-war-free-sanctuaries-for-refugees-fleeing-violence/#47f7f6d0337b
  • Frej, W. (2015). Venezuela Plans To Take In 20,000 Syrian Refugees. Retrieved November 5, 2016 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/venezuela-maduro-syrian-refugees_us_55ef279ce4b03784e276bc8b, 09.08.2015,(18.11.2016).
  • From Syria to Brazil: Following a century-old route to a new life. (2016, 16 June). Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/brazil-syrians-welcome-here-1860804555, 16.062016
  • Fusaro K. & Godinho L.F. ( 2013, August 6). Hands Across the Water: Brazil's large Syrian community absorbs refugees. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2013/8/5201079e9/hands-across-water-brazils-large-syrian-community-absorbs-refugees.html?query=syrian refugees brazil
  • Gualeguaychú: El Centro Sirio Libanés recibirá a unos 40 refugiados sirios. (2015, September 21). Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.apfdigital.com.ar/despachos.asp?cod_des=258889&ID_Seccion=12&fecemi=21/09/2015
  • Proyecto Habesha. Retrieved November 13, 2016 from http://www.proyectohabesha.org/
  • Haffner, J.A.H. & Holand, C.A.R. (2012). Relações econômicas entre o Brasil e o Oriente Médio no governo Lula. Ciências & Letras, 51, 135-156.
  • Karam, J.T. (2007). Another Arabesque: Syrian–Lebanese Ethnicity in Neoliberal Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Lesser, J. (1999). Middle East Migration to Brazil: Constructing Latin Levant Ethnicity. Travessia – Revista de Literatura, 39, 57-72.
  • Lissardy, G. (2014, December 4). Cómo Brasil se volvió el mayor refugio para sirios en América Latina. Retrieved November 17, 2016 from http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/12/141202_brasil_refugio_sirios_alatina_en
  • Maduro N. (2015, September 8). Venezuela ofreció refugio a 20.000 sirios. Retrieved September 11, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22cA2amrvR4
  • Molina, F.R. (2016, 14 August). Argentina recibirá a 3.000 refugiados sirios. El Pais. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/07/05/argentina/1467741569_521070.html#?ref=rss&format=simple&link=link, 14.08.2016
  • Moreira, J.B. & Baeninger, R. (2010). La integración local de los refugiados en Brasil. Revista Migraciones Forzadas, 35.
  • MRE. (September 3, 2013). Declaração do Conselho de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da UNASUL sobre a situação na República Árabe da Síria. Nota 311.
  • MRE. (February 21, 2014a). Participação do Brasil na Conferência Internacional sobre a Síria (Genebra II) - Montreux, Suíça, 22 de janeiro. Nota 12.
  • MRE. (2014b). Representante Especial do Brasil é Acreditado junto à Liga dos Estados Árabes. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://diplomaciapublica.itamaraty.gov.br/63-representante-especial-do-brasil-e-acreditado-junto-a-liga-dos-estados-arabes
  • MRE. (2016a). Refugiados e CONARE. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/politica-externa/paz-e-seguranca-internacionais/153-refugiados-e-o-conare
  • MRE. (2016b). República Libanesa. Retrieved November 14, 2016 from http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5373&Itemid=478&cod_pais=LBN&tipo=ficha_pais.
  • New Generation Consulting (NGC). (November 2014). The Syrian-Lebanese Diasporas and the Syrian conflict (Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina). Beirut.
  • Open doors to Syrian refugees, says Senate. (2015, September 12). Retrieved November 13, 2016 from http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/open-doors-to-syrian-refugees-says-senate/
  • Refugiados sirios quieren irse de Uruguay. (2015, September 7). Retrieved November 19, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnkYYT5-7o
  • Rousseff, D. (2015, September 8). Rousseff: "A pesar de momentos de dificultad tenemos los brazos abiertos para los refugiados. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caoilo7ySYM
  • Tekin, S. (2015, May). The Levant Policy of Brazil: History, Solidarity and Curiosity. Paper presented at the IEPAS2015 Conference, Konya, Turkey.
  • Tharoor, I. (2016, May 5). The enduring success of Latin American politicians of Arab origin. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2016 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/16/the-enduring-success-of-latin-american-politicians-of-arab-origin/.
  • UN. (2015, September 28). Brasil es un país de acogida abierto a recibir refugiados, señala Dilma Rousseff. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.un.org/spanish/News/story.asp?NewsID=33426#.WDAfW2PJPIU
  • UNHCR. (2016a). Dados sobre refúgio no Brasil. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.acnur.org/portugues/recursos/estatisticas/dados-sobre-refugio-no-brasil/
  • UNHCR. (2016b). Brasil tem quase 9 mil refugiados de 79 nacionalidades. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.acnur.org/portugues/noticias/noticia/brasil-tem-quase-9-mil-refugiados-de-79-nacionalidades/
  • UNHCR. (2016c). Global Responsibility Sharing through Pathways for Admission of Syrian Refugees. Retrieved April 30, 2017 from http://www.refworld.org/docid/588b4ddf4.html
  • UNHCR. (2017a). Registered Syrian Refugees. Retrieved April 28, 2017 from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php

19. Yüzyıldan Suriye İç Savaşına: Suriyeliler için Göç Destinasyonu Olarak Güney Amerika ve Brezilya Örneği

Yıl 2017, Özel Sayı-1 Ortadoğu ve Göç, 34 - 49, 30.11.2017
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.313047

Öz



Suriye’deki
iç savaşın başladığı 2011 yılından bu yana pek çok Güney Amerika ülkesi, iltica
etmek isteyen Suriyelilere açık kapı politikası uygulayacaklarını ilan
etmişlerdir. Her ne kadar Güney Amerika’ya ulaşabilen kişi sayısı az olsa da
Güney Amerika ülkelerinin bu tutumu siyasal, sosyal ve tarihsel nedenlerle
uluslararası alanda dikkat çekmiştir. Bu açıdan Doğu Akdeniz’den Güney
Amerika’ya 19. yüzyılda yaşanan göç hareketinin ana destinasyonu olan Brezilya,
özel bir konuma sahiptir. Brezilya, halihazırda sayıları dört milyona ulaşan
kalabalık bir Suriyeli diaspora nüfusuna ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Ülke, iç
savaşın başlangıcından bu yana resmi verilere göre 2,298 Suriye vatandaşına
iltica hakkı tanımıştır ve başvuru işlemleri süren daha fazla sayıdaki
Suriyeliye ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Günümüzde Brezilya, Güney Amerika’da en
fazla sayıda Suriyeli mülteciye ev sahipliği yapan ülkedir. Bu çalışma, Güney
Amerika ülkelerinin yakın geçmişte uygulamaya başladıkları açık kapı
politikasının ortaya çıkışındaki nedenleri, bölgedeki Suriyeli mültecilerin
hali hazırdaki durumunu ve politika yapımı düzeyinde ve mültecilere yönelik
politikaların uygulaması sürecinde karşılaşılan zorlukları Brezilya’daki
gelişmelere özel atıfla incelemektedir.



Kaynakça

  • A refugiada síria Hanan Daqqah. (2016, May 10). Retrieved September 11, 2016 from http://www.brasil.gov.br/cidadania-e-justica/2016/05/brasil-abriga-8-863-refugiados-de-79-nacionalidades/hanan.jpg/view
  • Abdenur, A.E. and Sochaczewski, M. (2016). “Brazil in the field of humanitarian aid: mapping out its role in the Syrian conflict” in Humanitarian Crises, Cooperation and the Role of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Médicos Sem Fronteiras, 67-101.
  • Acerca del Siria. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.migraciones.gov.ar/programasiria/?acercaprograma
  • ACNUR. (2014, December 2). “Cartagena+30: innovación y flexibilidad en las Américas y el Caribe”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/cartagena30/cartagena30-innovacion-y-flexibilidad-en-las-americas-y-el-caribe/
  • ACNUR. (2016, September 22). “En Cumbre de Líderes, Brasil reafirma compromiso con protección y dignidad de refugiados”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/noticias/noticia/en-cumbre-de-lideres-brasil-reafirma-compromiso-con-proteccion-y-dignidad-de-refugiados/
  • ACNUR. “Declaración y Plan de Acción de Brasil”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/cartagena30/declaracion-y-plan-de-accion-de-brasil/
  • ADUS. “Missão”, Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.adus.org.br/sobre-nos/historico/
  • ADUS. “Refugiados no Brasil”, Retrieved April 29, 2017 from https://www.adus.org.br/refugiados-no-brasil/
  • After deporting 1,400 Colombians, Venezuela pledges to take 20,000 Syrian refugees. (2015, September 10). Retrieved 15 November, 2016 from http://qz.com/497494/after-deporting-1400-colombians-venezuela-pledges-to-take-20000-syrian-refugees/
  • ALBA joins efforts to halt aggression against Syria. Retrieved October 11, 2016 from http://guyana.embajada.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=179%3Aalba-realizara-esfuerzos-para-detener-agresion-contra-el-pueblo-de-siria&catid=3%3Anoticias-de-venezuela-en-el-mundo&Itemid=19&lang=en
  • Amorim, C. (2010). Brazilian Foreign Policy under President Lula (2003-2010): an overview. Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., 53, 214-240.
  • Amorim, C. (2013). Breves Narrativas Diplomáticas. São Paulo: Benvirá. 2013.
  • Amorim, C. (2016). “Humanitarian cooperation in Brazil: testimony and reflections” in Humanitarian Crises, Cooperation and the Role of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Médicos Sem Fronteiras, 103-112.
  • Ballofet, L. (2015, September 30). Latin America & the Arab World: One Hundred Years of Migration. Retrieved November 8, 2016 from https://lebanesestudies.news.chass.ncsu.edu/2015/09/30/latin-america-the-arab-world-one-hundred-years-of-migration/
  • Barbosa, R. (2017, April 25). Nova Lei de Migração enfatiza direitos humanos, mas críticos pedem veto. Gazeta do Povo. http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-publica/justica-e-direito/nova-lei-de-migracao-enfatiza-direitos-humanos-mas-criticos-pedem-veto-73gx8w8g94mjekn4rvtzb982c
  • Brazil Declaration, 3 December 2014, Brasilia. Retrieved 29 April, 2017 from http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/BDL/2014/9865.pdf
  • Calegari M. & Baeninger, R. (2016). De Siria a Brasil. Revista Migraciones Forzadas, 51.
  • Leo C.C., Morand, M.B. & Feitosa, V. (2015). Building Communities of Practice for Urban Refugees: Brazil Roundtable Report. UNHCR.
  • Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, 19 - 22 November 1984, Cartagena, Colombia. Retrieved April 29, 2017 from https://www.oas.org/dil/1984_cartagena_declaration_on_refugees.pdf
  • Catillo, C.M. (2015). El proceso Cartagena: 30 años de innovación y solidaridad. RMF 49. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/47660/1/RMF_49_43.pdf
  • Centro de Referência e Atendimento para Imigrantes. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/direitos_humanos/migrantes/crai/
  • Chile acogerá un “número importante” de refugiados sirios. (2015, September 8). Retrieved November 15, 2016 from http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/internacionales/nota/chileacogeraunnumeroimportantederefugiadossirios-2096444/
  • Chile government says it will take in Syrian refugees. (2015, September 8). Retrieved November 14, 2016 from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-chile-idUSKCN0R82AM20150908
  • Sirios Refugiados en Chile. (2014, September 17). Retrieved November 19, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AemYkQlf8Uw, 17.09.2014
  • CONARE. (2016). Sistema de Refúgio Brasileiro: Desafios e Perspectivas. Retrieved November 09, 2016 from http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/scripts/doc.php?file=fileadmin/Documentos/portugues/Estatisticas/Sistema_de_Refugio_brasileiro_-_Refugio_em_numeros_-_05_05_2016
  • CONECTAS. (2017, April 18). New Immigration Law passed by Congress. Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.conectas.org/en/actions/foreign-policy/news/47198-new-immigration-law-passed-by-congress
  • En Brasil, una iglesia católica recibe a decenas de refugiados sirios. (2015, September 12). Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.diariolibre.com/mundo/latinoamerica/en-brasil-una-iglesia-catolica-recibe-a-decenas-de-refugiados-sirios-XX1231572
  • Em carta, mais de 100 entidades pedem a Temer sanção da Lei de Migração. (2017, April 27). Retrieved April 29, 2017 from http://www.aloysionunes.com/em-carta-mais-de-100-entidades-pedem-a-temer-sancao-da-lei-de-migracao/
  • Estevez, D. (2015, September 9). Carlos Slim Wants U.N.-Run 'War Free Sanctuaries' For Refugees Fleeing Violence. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2015/09/09/carlos-slim-wants-u-n-run-war-free-sanctuaries-for-refugees-fleeing-violence/#47f7f6d0337b
  • Frej, W. (2015). Venezuela Plans To Take In 20,000 Syrian Refugees. Retrieved November 5, 2016 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/venezuela-maduro-syrian-refugees_us_55ef279ce4b03784e276bc8b, 09.08.2015,(18.11.2016).
  • From Syria to Brazil: Following a century-old route to a new life. (2016, 16 June). Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/brazil-syrians-welcome-here-1860804555, 16.062016
  • Fusaro K. & Godinho L.F. ( 2013, August 6). Hands Across the Water: Brazil's large Syrian community absorbs refugees. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2013/8/5201079e9/hands-across-water-brazils-large-syrian-community-absorbs-refugees.html?query=syrian refugees brazil
  • Gualeguaychú: El Centro Sirio Libanés recibirá a unos 40 refugiados sirios. (2015, September 21). Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.apfdigital.com.ar/despachos.asp?cod_des=258889&ID_Seccion=12&fecemi=21/09/2015
  • Proyecto Habesha. Retrieved November 13, 2016 from http://www.proyectohabesha.org/
  • Haffner, J.A.H. & Holand, C.A.R. (2012). Relações econômicas entre o Brasil e o Oriente Médio no governo Lula. Ciências & Letras, 51, 135-156.
  • Karam, J.T. (2007). Another Arabesque: Syrian–Lebanese Ethnicity in Neoliberal Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Lesser, J. (1999). Middle East Migration to Brazil: Constructing Latin Levant Ethnicity. Travessia – Revista de Literatura, 39, 57-72.
  • Lissardy, G. (2014, December 4). Cómo Brasil se volvió el mayor refugio para sirios en América Latina. Retrieved November 17, 2016 from http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/12/141202_brasil_refugio_sirios_alatina_en
  • Maduro N. (2015, September 8). Venezuela ofreció refugio a 20.000 sirios. Retrieved September 11, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22cA2amrvR4
  • Molina, F.R. (2016, 14 August). Argentina recibirá a 3.000 refugiados sirios. El Pais. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/07/05/argentina/1467741569_521070.html#?ref=rss&format=simple&link=link, 14.08.2016
  • Moreira, J.B. & Baeninger, R. (2010). La integración local de los refugiados en Brasil. Revista Migraciones Forzadas, 35.
  • MRE. (September 3, 2013). Declaração do Conselho de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da UNASUL sobre a situação na República Árabe da Síria. Nota 311.
  • MRE. (February 21, 2014a). Participação do Brasil na Conferência Internacional sobre a Síria (Genebra II) - Montreux, Suíça, 22 de janeiro. Nota 12.
  • MRE. (2014b). Representante Especial do Brasil é Acreditado junto à Liga dos Estados Árabes. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://diplomaciapublica.itamaraty.gov.br/63-representante-especial-do-brasil-e-acreditado-junto-a-liga-dos-estados-arabes
  • MRE. (2016a). Refugiados e CONARE. Retrieved November 18, 2016 from http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/politica-externa/paz-e-seguranca-internacionais/153-refugiados-e-o-conare
  • MRE. (2016b). República Libanesa. Retrieved November 14, 2016 from http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5373&Itemid=478&cod_pais=LBN&tipo=ficha_pais.
  • New Generation Consulting (NGC). (November 2014). The Syrian-Lebanese Diasporas and the Syrian conflict (Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina). Beirut.
  • Open doors to Syrian refugees, says Senate. (2015, September 12). Retrieved November 13, 2016 from http://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/open-doors-to-syrian-refugees-says-senate/
  • Refugiados sirios quieren irse de Uruguay. (2015, September 7). Retrieved November 19, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnkYYT5-7o
  • Rousseff, D. (2015, September 8). Rousseff: "A pesar de momentos de dificultad tenemos los brazos abiertos para los refugiados. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caoilo7ySYM
  • Tekin, S. (2015, May). The Levant Policy of Brazil: History, Solidarity and Curiosity. Paper presented at the IEPAS2015 Conference, Konya, Turkey.
  • Tharoor, I. (2016, May 5). The enduring success of Latin American politicians of Arab origin. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2016 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/16/the-enduring-success-of-latin-american-politicians-of-arab-origin/.
  • UN. (2015, September 28). Brasil es un país de acogida abierto a recibir refugiados, señala Dilma Rousseff. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.un.org/spanish/News/story.asp?NewsID=33426#.WDAfW2PJPIU
  • UNHCR. (2016a). Dados sobre refúgio no Brasil. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.acnur.org/portugues/recursos/estatisticas/dados-sobre-refugio-no-brasil/
  • UNHCR. (2016b). Brasil tem quase 9 mil refugiados de 79 nacionalidades. Retrieved November 19, 2016 from http://www.acnur.org/portugues/noticias/noticia/brasil-tem-quase-9-mil-refugiados-de-79-nacionalidades/
  • UNHCR. (2016c). Global Responsibility Sharing through Pathways for Admission of Syrian Refugees. Retrieved April 30, 2017 from http://www.refworld.org/docid/588b4ddf4.html
  • UNHCR. (2017a). Registered Syrian Refugees. Retrieved April 28, 2017 from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Segah Tekin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2017
Kabul Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Özel Sayı-1 Ortadoğu ve Göç

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin, S. (2017). 19. Yüzyıldan Suriye İç Savaşına: Suriyeliler için Göç Destinasyonu Olarak Güney Amerika ve Brezilya Örneği. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi34-49. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.313047

Creative Commons Lisansı

TOÇD'nde yayınlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.