Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak Barınma: BM ve Bölgesel Sistemlerdeki Yasal Mekanizmaların ve Standartların İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 74, 675 - 695, 17.04.2025

Safa Erşan

https://doi.org/10.57083/adaletdergisi.1676877

Öz

Barınma hakkı, uluslararası ve bölgesel insan hakları belgeleri kapsamında güvence altına alınmış olup, onurlu bir yaşam için kira güvenliğinin ve yaşanabilir koşulların sağlanmasını temin etmektedir. Bu güvencelere rağmen, piyasa dinamiklerine insan haklarından daha fazla öncelik veren ekonomi politikaları nedeniyle pek çok insan güvencesiz barınma ve uygun olmayan koşullardan muzdariptir. Uluslararası düzeyde, Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklar Uluslararası Sözleşmesi’nin 11. maddesi barınma hakkını güvence altına alırken, 4 ve 7 No'lu Genel Yorumlar bu korumayı daha ayrıntılı olarak ele almakta, Birleşmiş Milletler sözleşme organları ve özel prosedürleri ise bu hakkın denetimini gerçekleştirmektedir. Bölgesel düzeyde barınma hakkı, Avrupa'da Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ve Avrupa Sosyal Şartı aracılığıyla, Afrika'da Afrika İnsan ve Halkların Hakları Komisyonu tarafından hakların geniş yorumlanmasıyla, Amerikalılar arası sistemde ise daha çok yerli halkların hakları bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Her sistemin güçlü ve zayıf yanları vardır: Avrupa sistemi kapsamlı ve iyi temellendirilmiş olmasına rağmen tahliyeler konusunda yeterli güvence sağlayamamaktadır; Afrika sistemi ise açık hükümler içermeyen, yorumlayıcı bir yapıya sahiptir; Amerikalılar arası sistem ise konuyu daha çok yerli halkların hakları üzerinden ele aldığından geniş kapsamlı bir koruma sunamamaktadır. Bu farklı yaklaşımlar göz önüne alındığında, Birleşmiş Milletler sistemi, ekonomik gelişmeler ve modern dünyadaki eğilimleri dikkate alan ayrıntılı çerçevesiyle, barınma hakkının korunması için en güçlü model olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, uluslararası ve bölgesel sistemlerin barınma hakkını ele alış biçimlerini ve koruma mekanizmalarını karşılaştırmalı bir analizle inceleyerek, barınma hakkının korunmasına yönelik farklı yaklaşımlar hakkında kapsamlı bir anlayış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Barınma Hakkı, Kiracının Yasal Güvenliği, Konutun Yaşanabilirliği, Uluslararası ve Bölgesel İnsan Hakları Sistemleri ve Koruma Mekanizmaları

HOUSING AS A HUMAN RIGHT: ANALYSING LEGAL MECHANISMS AND STANDARDS AT THE UN AND REGIONAL SYSTEMS

Öz

The right to housing is secured under international and regional human rights instruments, ensuring security of tenure and liveable conditions for a dignified life. Despite these guarantees, many people suffer from insecure housing and inadequate conditions due to economic policies that prioritise market dynamics over human rights. At the international level, Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights guarantees the right to housing, while General Comments No. 4 and 7 provide further details. UN treaty bodies and special procedures oversee its enforcement. Regionally, the right to housing is addressed in Europe through the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the European Social Charter; in Africa through the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights with broad interpretations of rights, and in the Inter-American system, primarily in the context of indigenous peoples' rights. Each system has strengths and weaknesses: the European system, although comprehensive and well-founded, lacks sufficient safeguards against evictions; the African system is interpretative and lacks explicit provisions; the Inter-American system focuses on indigenous peoples' rights and thus offers limited protection. Considering these varied approaches, the United Nations system, with its detailed framework that takes into account economic developments and trends in the modern world, stands out as the strongest model for the protection of the right to housing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of different approaches to housing rights protection through a comparative analysis of international and regional systems and their protection mechanisms

Anahtar Kelimeler

Right to Housing, Legal Security of Tenure, Habitability of Housing, International and Regional Human Rights Systems and Protection Mechanisms

Kaynakça

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