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Nematicidal Activity of Various Aqueous Extracts against Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne chitwoodi)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 255 - 262, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1329956

Öz

In this study, the effects of twelve aqueous extracts on the hatching and mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne chitwoodi were evaluated under in vitro and growth chamber conditions in 2020-2021. The mortality of the J2s increased with the increasing exposure time and concentration for all extracts. Maximum mortality was observed in 50% of all aqueous extracts. Up to 100% maximum mortality was observed in 10% of extracts of Anethum graveolens (100%), Eruca sativa (100%), Ficus carica (100%), Juglans regia (100%), Melia azedarach (100%), Mentha piperita (100%), Vitex agnus-castus (98%), Asphodelus aestivus (96.4%), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (95.6%) after 24 hours and minimum mortality was found in 1% of extracts of Laurus nobilis (6.6%) after 6 hours. Moreover, maximum suppression of hatching was found at 64.2%, 61.0%, and 59.4% with extract of A. aestivus, Nerium oleander, and V. agnus-castus after 7 days, respectively.
The pot experiments showed that the gall index was the lowest in soils treated with Ficus carica, Nerium oleander, Laurus nobilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Zingiber officinale extracts. The chemical composition of five aqueous extracts was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the main components of five aqueous extracts were identified as eucalyptol, 2-methoxy-6,10-dimethyl-dodeca-2E,6Z,10Z-trienoic acid, 12-acetoxy-, dihydroedulan II and α-Zingiberene. The study confirms the potential of mainly L. nobilis, E. camaldulensis, F. carica, Z. officinale and N. oleander extracts for the formulation of new products for controlling M. chitwoodi

Kaynakça

  • Abbas S, Dawar S, Tariq M & Zaki JV (2009). Nematicidal activity of spices against Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(5): 2625-2632
  • Ahmed Z M, Dawar S, Tariq M & Zaki M J (2010). Effect of local tree seeds in the control of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood and growth promotion of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Acta Agrobotanica 63(1): 197-203.https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.022
  • Aissani N, Urgeghe P P, Oplos C, Saba M, Tocco G, Petretto G L, Eloh K, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Ntalli N & Caboni P (2015). Nematicidal activity of the volatilome of Eruca sativa on Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 63(27): 6120-6125
  • Alves J R, de Assis J N, Pádua C C A, Balbino H M, Lima L L, de Souza Gouveia A, Vital C E, Buonicontro D S, de Freitas LG, Leite J P V & de Oliveira Ramos H J (2020). Phytochemical potential of Ficus species for the control of the phytonematode Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Plant Protection Research 60(2): 193-206 https://doi.org/10.24425/jppr.2020.133314
  • Aviles-Gomez J, Cristóbal-Alejo J, Andrés M F, González-Coloma A, Carnevali G, Pérez-Brito D, Moo-Koh F A & Gamboa-Angulo M (2022). Nematicidal screening of aqueous extracts from plants of the Yucatan Peninsula and ecotoxicity. Plants 11(16): 2138 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162138
  • Aydınlı G & Mennan S (2014). Effect of some plant extracts on Meloidogyne arenaria Neal, 1889 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) and tomato. Turkish Journal of Entomology 38(3): 323-332 https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.55346
  • Aydınlı G, Şen F & Mennan S (2019). Potential of some plant extracts for the control of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature 22(3): 414-420 https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.476969 (In Turkish)
  • Caboni P, Saba M, Tocco G, Casu L, Murgia A, Maxia A, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U & Ntalli N (2013). Nematicidal activity of mint aqueous extracts against the Root-Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61(41): 9784-9788 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403684h
  • Chitwood D (2002). Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annual Review Phytopathology 40(1): 221-249 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.032602.130045
  • Cirlini M, Mena P, Tassotti M, Herrlinger K A, Nieman K M, Dall’Asta C & Dell Rio D (2016). Phenolic and volatile composition of a dry spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) extract. Molecules 21(1007): 1-15 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21081007
  • D’Addabbo T, Argentieri M P, Żuchowski J, Biazzi E, Tava A, Oleszek W & Avato P (2020). Activity of saponins from Medicago species against phytoparasitic nematodes. Plants 9(4): 1-19 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040443
  • Das S, Wadud A & Khokon A R (2021). Evaluation of the effect of different concentrations of organic amendments and botanical extracts on the mortality and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28: 3759-3767 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.041
  • Davis E L, Meyers D M, Dullum C J & Feitelson J S (1997). Nematicidal activity of fatty acid esters on soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes. Journal of Nematology 29(4S): 677-684
  • Devran Z, Mutlu N, Özarslandan A & Elekcioğlu İ H (2009). Identification and genetic diversity of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato production areas of Turkey. Nematropica 39(1): 75-83
  • Duschatzky C B, Martinez A N, Almeida N V & Bonivardo S L (2004). Nematicidal activity of the essential oils of several argentina plants against the root-knot nematode. Journal of Essential Oil Research 16(6): 626-628 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698812
  • Elbadri G A, Lee D W, Park J C, Yu H B & Choo H Y (2008). Evaluation of various plant extracts for their nematicidal efficacies against juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 11(2): 99-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2008.04.004
  • Elbadri G A, Lee A D W, Park J C & Choo H Y (2009). Nematicidal efficacy of herbal powders on Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) on potted watermelon. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 12(1): 37-39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2008.10.003
  • Evlice E & Bayram Ş (2019). Meloidogyne chitwoodi races in fields of central Anatolia, Turkey. Nematropica 49(2): 157-165
  • Faria J M S, Lima A S, Mendes M D, Leiria R, Geraldes D A, Figueiredo A C, Trindade H, Pedro L G, Barroso J G & Sanches J (2010). Eucalyptus from mata experimental do escaroupim (Portugal): evaluation of the essential oil composition from sixteen species. Acta Horticulture 925: 61-66 https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.925.7
  • Golec A F C (2019). In vitro study on the nematicidal effect of different plant extracts on Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellin 72(3): 8945-8952 https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76070
  • Hartman K M & Sasser J N (1985). Identification of Meloidogyne species on the basis of differential host test and perineal-pattern morphology. In: K R Barker & C C Carter, J N Sasser (Eds.), An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne Volume II Methodology. North Carolina State University Graphics, North Carolina, pp. 69-77
  • Hussey R S & Barker K R (1973). A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp. Plant Disease Reporter 57(12): 1025-1028
  • Kim Y H, Khan H U, Kim J H, Jeon Y H, Lee E J & Chang S P (2003). Efficacy of soil amendment with medicinal plant materials for the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato. The Plant Pathology Journal 19: 138-142 https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.2003.19.3.138
  • Laxmikant D (2019). In vitro nematicidal activity of Juglone against Meloidogyne incognita race 2 infesting pomegranates. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine 9(6): 164-169 https://doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.jlsb26
  • Liu F, Yang Z, Zheng X, Luo S, Zhang K & Guohong L (2011). Nematicidal coumarin from Ficus carica L.. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 14(1): 79-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2010.10.006
  • Marin-Bruzos M, Grayston S J, Forge T & Nelson L M (2021). Isolation and characterization of streptomycetes and pseudomonad strains with antagonistic activity against the plant parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and fungi associated with replant disease. Biological Control 158: 104599 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104599
  • Mava S, Husain K & Jantan I (2013). Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013(3): 974256 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/974256
  • Moosavi M R (2012). Nematicidal effect of some herbal powders and their aqueous extracts against Meloidogyne javanica. Nematropica 42(1): 48-56
  • Nicol J M, Turner S J, Coyne D L, den Nijs L, Hockland S & Tahna-Maafi Z (2011). Current nematode threats to world agriculture. In: J Jones, G Gheysen & C Fenoll (Eds.), Genomics and molecular genetics of plant-nematode interactions, Springer, Dordrecht, Germany, pp. 21-43
  • Nolling J W & Becker J O (1994). The challenge of research and extension to define and implement alternatives to methyl bromide. Journal of Nematology 26: 573-586
  • Ntalli N G, Ferrari F, Giannakou I & Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U (2010). Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 greek lamiaceae aromatic plants. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry 58(13): 7856-7863 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100797m
  • Ntalli N G, Ferrari F, Giannakou I & Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U (2011). Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of terpenes against Meloidogyne incognita and the nematicidal activity of EOs from seven plants indigenous to Greece. Pest Management Science 67(3): 341-351 https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2070
  • Oka Y, Ben-Daniel B & Cohen Y (2012). Nematicidal activity of the leaf powder and extracts of Myrtus communis to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Plant Pathology 61(6): 1012-1020 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02587.x
  • Perry R N, Moens M & Starr J L (2009). Root-Knot Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford, UK
  • Sharma A, Shuckla A, Attri K, Kuma M, Kumar P, Suttee A, Singh G, Barnwal R P & Singla N (2020). Global trends in pesticides: A looming threat and viable alternatives. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 201: 110812 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110812
  • Sithole N T, Kulkarni M G, Finnie J F & van Staden J (2021). Potential nematicidal properties of plant extracts against Meloidogyne incognita. South African Journal of Botany 139(2021): 409-417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.02.014
  • Yang G, Zhou B, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Lü S, Zou Q, Gao Y & Teng L (2016). Effects of tomato root exudates on Meloidogyne incognita. PlosOne 11(4): e0154675 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154675
  • Youssef M M A, El-Nagdi1 W M A & Dawood M G (2015). Population density of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplant as affected by medicinal plant aqueous extracts. Applied Science Reports 10(1): 8-11 https://doi.org/10.15192/pscp.asr.2015.10.1.811
  • Zareen A, Zaki M J & Javed N (2003). Nematicidal activity of ginger and its effect on the efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans for the control of root knot nematodes on tomato. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2(11): 858-860 https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2003.858.860
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 255 - 262, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1329956

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abbas S, Dawar S, Tariq M & Zaki JV (2009). Nematicidal activity of spices against Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(5): 2625-2632
  • Ahmed Z M, Dawar S, Tariq M & Zaki M J (2010). Effect of local tree seeds in the control of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood and growth promotion of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Acta Agrobotanica 63(1): 197-203.https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.022
  • Aissani N, Urgeghe P P, Oplos C, Saba M, Tocco G, Petretto G L, Eloh K, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Ntalli N & Caboni P (2015). Nematicidal activity of the volatilome of Eruca sativa on Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 63(27): 6120-6125
  • Alves J R, de Assis J N, Pádua C C A, Balbino H M, Lima L L, de Souza Gouveia A, Vital C E, Buonicontro D S, de Freitas LG, Leite J P V & de Oliveira Ramos H J (2020). Phytochemical potential of Ficus species for the control of the phytonematode Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Plant Protection Research 60(2): 193-206 https://doi.org/10.24425/jppr.2020.133314
  • Aviles-Gomez J, Cristóbal-Alejo J, Andrés M F, González-Coloma A, Carnevali G, Pérez-Brito D, Moo-Koh F A & Gamboa-Angulo M (2022). Nematicidal screening of aqueous extracts from plants of the Yucatan Peninsula and ecotoxicity. Plants 11(16): 2138 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162138
  • Aydınlı G & Mennan S (2014). Effect of some plant extracts on Meloidogyne arenaria Neal, 1889 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) and tomato. Turkish Journal of Entomology 38(3): 323-332 https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.55346
  • Aydınlı G, Şen F & Mennan S (2019). Potential of some plant extracts for the control of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature 22(3): 414-420 https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.476969 (In Turkish)
  • Caboni P, Saba M, Tocco G, Casu L, Murgia A, Maxia A, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U & Ntalli N (2013). Nematicidal activity of mint aqueous extracts against the Root-Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61(41): 9784-9788 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403684h
  • Chitwood D (2002). Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annual Review Phytopathology 40(1): 221-249 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.032602.130045
  • Cirlini M, Mena P, Tassotti M, Herrlinger K A, Nieman K M, Dall’Asta C & Dell Rio D (2016). Phenolic and volatile composition of a dry spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) extract. Molecules 21(1007): 1-15 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21081007
  • D’Addabbo T, Argentieri M P, Żuchowski J, Biazzi E, Tava A, Oleszek W & Avato P (2020). Activity of saponins from Medicago species against phytoparasitic nematodes. Plants 9(4): 1-19 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040443
  • Das S, Wadud A & Khokon A R (2021). Evaluation of the effect of different concentrations of organic amendments and botanical extracts on the mortality and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28: 3759-3767 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.041
  • Davis E L, Meyers D M, Dullum C J & Feitelson J S (1997). Nematicidal activity of fatty acid esters on soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes. Journal of Nematology 29(4S): 677-684
  • Devran Z, Mutlu N, Özarslandan A & Elekcioğlu İ H (2009). Identification and genetic diversity of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato production areas of Turkey. Nematropica 39(1): 75-83
  • Duschatzky C B, Martinez A N, Almeida N V & Bonivardo S L (2004). Nematicidal activity of the essential oils of several argentina plants against the root-knot nematode. Journal of Essential Oil Research 16(6): 626-628 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698812
  • Elbadri G A, Lee D W, Park J C, Yu H B & Choo H Y (2008). Evaluation of various plant extracts for their nematicidal efficacies against juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 11(2): 99-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2008.04.004
  • Elbadri G A, Lee A D W, Park J C & Choo H Y (2009). Nematicidal efficacy of herbal powders on Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) on potted watermelon. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 12(1): 37-39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2008.10.003
  • Evlice E & Bayram Ş (2019). Meloidogyne chitwoodi races in fields of central Anatolia, Turkey. Nematropica 49(2): 157-165
  • Faria J M S, Lima A S, Mendes M D, Leiria R, Geraldes D A, Figueiredo A C, Trindade H, Pedro L G, Barroso J G & Sanches J (2010). Eucalyptus from mata experimental do escaroupim (Portugal): evaluation of the essential oil composition from sixteen species. Acta Horticulture 925: 61-66 https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.925.7
  • Golec A F C (2019). In vitro study on the nematicidal effect of different plant extracts on Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellin 72(3): 8945-8952 https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76070
  • Hartman K M & Sasser J N (1985). Identification of Meloidogyne species on the basis of differential host test and perineal-pattern morphology. In: K R Barker & C C Carter, J N Sasser (Eds.), An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne Volume II Methodology. North Carolina State University Graphics, North Carolina, pp. 69-77
  • Hussey R S & Barker K R (1973). A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp. Plant Disease Reporter 57(12): 1025-1028
  • Kim Y H, Khan H U, Kim J H, Jeon Y H, Lee E J & Chang S P (2003). Efficacy of soil amendment with medicinal plant materials for the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato. The Plant Pathology Journal 19: 138-142 https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.2003.19.3.138
  • Laxmikant D (2019). In vitro nematicidal activity of Juglone against Meloidogyne incognita race 2 infesting pomegranates. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine 9(6): 164-169 https://doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.jlsb26
  • Liu F, Yang Z, Zheng X, Luo S, Zhang K & Guohong L (2011). Nematicidal coumarin from Ficus carica L.. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 14(1): 79-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2010.10.006
  • Marin-Bruzos M, Grayston S J, Forge T & Nelson L M (2021). Isolation and characterization of streptomycetes and pseudomonad strains with antagonistic activity against the plant parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and fungi associated with replant disease. Biological Control 158: 104599 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104599
  • Mava S, Husain K & Jantan I (2013). Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013(3): 974256 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/974256
  • Moosavi M R (2012). Nematicidal effect of some herbal powders and their aqueous extracts against Meloidogyne javanica. Nematropica 42(1): 48-56
  • Nicol J M, Turner S J, Coyne D L, den Nijs L, Hockland S & Tahna-Maafi Z (2011). Current nematode threats to world agriculture. In: J Jones, G Gheysen & C Fenoll (Eds.), Genomics and molecular genetics of plant-nematode interactions, Springer, Dordrecht, Germany, pp. 21-43
  • Nolling J W & Becker J O (1994). The challenge of research and extension to define and implement alternatives to methyl bromide. Journal of Nematology 26: 573-586
  • Ntalli N G, Ferrari F, Giannakou I & Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U (2010). Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 greek lamiaceae aromatic plants. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry 58(13): 7856-7863 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100797m
  • Ntalli N G, Ferrari F, Giannakou I & Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U (2011). Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of terpenes against Meloidogyne incognita and the nematicidal activity of EOs from seven plants indigenous to Greece. Pest Management Science 67(3): 341-351 https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2070
  • Oka Y, Ben-Daniel B & Cohen Y (2012). Nematicidal activity of the leaf powder and extracts of Myrtus communis to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Plant Pathology 61(6): 1012-1020 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02587.x
  • Perry R N, Moens M & Starr J L (2009). Root-Knot Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford, UK
  • Sharma A, Shuckla A, Attri K, Kuma M, Kumar P, Suttee A, Singh G, Barnwal R P & Singla N (2020). Global trends in pesticides: A looming threat and viable alternatives. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 201: 110812 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110812
  • Sithole N T, Kulkarni M G, Finnie J F & van Staden J (2021). Potential nematicidal properties of plant extracts against Meloidogyne incognita. South African Journal of Botany 139(2021): 409-417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.02.014
  • Yang G, Zhou B, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Lü S, Zou Q, Gao Y & Teng L (2016). Effects of tomato root exudates on Meloidogyne incognita. PlosOne 11(4): e0154675 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154675
  • Youssef M M A, El-Nagdi1 W M A & Dawood M G (2015). Population density of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplant as affected by medicinal plant aqueous extracts. Applied Science Reports 10(1): 8-11 https://doi.org/10.15192/pscp.asr.2015.10.1.811
  • Zareen A, Zaki M J & Javed N (2003). Nematicidal activity of ginger and its effect on the efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans for the control of root knot nematodes on tomato. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2(11): 858-860 https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2003.858.860
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Nematoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ece Börteçine Kasapoğlu Uludamar 0000-0003-0936-3759

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 22 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kasapoğlu Uludamar, E. B. (2024). Nematicidal Activity of Various Aqueous Extracts against Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne chitwoodi). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1329956

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