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The Religion-Health Connection: Evidence, Theory, and Future Directions

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 449 - 478, 27.09.2018

Öz

The volume and quality of research on what we term the religion-health connection have increased markedly in recent years. This interest in the complex relationships between religion and mental and physical health is being fueled by energetic and innovative research programs in several fields, including sociology, psychology, health behavior and health education, psychiatry, gerontology, and social epidemiology. This article has three main objectives: (1) to briefly review the medical and epidemiologic research on religious factors and both physical
health and mental health; (2) to identify the most promising explanatory mechanisms for religious effects on health, giving particular attention to the relationships between religious factors and the central constructs ofthe life stress paradigm, which guides most current social and behavioral research on health outcomes; and (3) to critique previous work on religion and health, pointing out limitations and promising new research directions.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Chopra D: Perfect Health: The Complete Mind/Body Guide. New York, Harmony Books, 1991. 2. Dossey L: Healing Words: The Power of Prayer and the Practice of Medicine. San Francisco, Harper, 1993. 3. Benson H: Timeless Healing: The Power and Biology of Belief. New York, Scribners, 1996 4. Wallis C: Faith and healing (and related articles). Time, June 24,1996, pp. 58-68. 5. Jarvis GK, Northcott HC: Religion and differences in morbidity and mortality. Soc Sci Med 25:813-824, 1987. 6. Levin JS, SchillerPL: Is there a religious factor in health? J Religion Health 26:9-36,1987. 7. Levin JS, Vanderpool HY. Is frequent religious attendance really conducive to beter health? Toward an epidemiology of religion. Soc Sci Med 24:589-600, 1987. 8. Levin IS, Vanderpool HY: Is religion therapeutically significant for hypertension? Soc Sci Med 29:69-78, 1989. 9. Troyer H: Review of cancer among four religious sects: Evidence that lifestyles are distinctive sets of risk factors. Soc Sci Med 26:1007-1017, 1988. 10. Levin JS, Chatters LM, Ellison CG, Taylor RJ: Religious involvement, health outco-mes, and public health practice. Current Issues Public Health 2:220-225, 1996. 11. Oxman TE, Freeman DH, Manheimer ED: Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosomatic Med 57:5-15, 1995. 12. Strawbridge WJ, Cohen RD, Shema SJ, Kaplan GA: Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. Am J Public Health 87:957-961, 1997. 13. Hummer R, Rogers R, Nam C, Ellison CG: Religious attendance and mortality in the US adult population. Demography, in press. 14. Idler EL, Kasl SV: Religion, disability, depression, and the timing of death. Am J Sociology 97:1052-1079, 1992. 15. Ellis AL: Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ, Lyle Stuart, 1992. 16. Branden N: The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem. New York, Bantam, 1994. 17. Stark R: Psychopathology and religious commitment. Rev Religious Res 12:165-176, 1970. 18. Bergin AE: Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 14:170-184, 1983. 19. Gartner JD, Larson DB, Allen GD: Religious commitment and mental health: A review of the empirical literature. J Psychology Theology 19:6-25, 199 1. 20. Koenig HG: Aging and God: Spiritual Pathways to Mental Health in Midlife and Later Years. New York, Haworth, 1994. 21. Larson DB, Sherill KA, Lyons JS, Craigie FC, Thielman SB, Greenwold MA, Larson SS: Associations between dimensions of religious commitment. and mental health re-ported in the American Journal of Psychiatry and the Archives of General Psychi-atry: 1978-1989. Am J Psychiatry 149:557-559, 1992. 22. Levin JS, Markides KS, Ray LA: Religious attendance and psychological well-being in Mexican Americans: A panel analysis of three- generations data. The Gerontologist 36:454-463, 1996. 23. Ellison CG, Levin IS, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM: Religious Involvement and Psychologi-cal Distress in a National Panel Study of African Americans. Paper presented at the joint meetings of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion and the Religious Research Association, San Diego, November 8-10, 1997. 24. Witter RA, Stock WA, Okun MA, Haring MJ: Religion and subjective well-being in adulthood: A quantitative synthesis. Rev Religious Res 26:332-342, 1985. 25. Levin IS: Religious research in gerontology, 1980-1994: A systematic review. J Religious Gerontology 10(3):3-31, 1997. 26. Pollner M: Divine relations, social relations, and well-being. J Health Soc Behav 30:92 104, 1989. 27. Levin JS, Chatters LM, Taylor RJ: Religious effects on health status and life satisfac-tion among black Americans. J Gerontology: Soc Sci 50B:SI54-SI63, 1995. 28. Ellison CG: Religious involvement and subjective well-being. J Health Soc Behav 32:80-99, 1991. 29. Thomas ME, Holmes, BJ: Determinants of satisfaction for blacks and whites. Socio-logical Q 33:459-472, 1992. 30. Levin JS: How religion influences morbidity and health: Reflections on natural history, salutogenesis and host resistance. Soc Sci Med 43:849-864, 1996. 31. Idler EL: Religious involvement and the health of the elderly: Some hypotheses and an initial test. Social Forces 66:226-238, 1987. 32. McIntosh D, Spilka B: Religion and physical health: The role of personal faith and control beliefs. Res Soc Scientific Study Religion 2:167-194, 1990. 33. Ellison CG: Religion, the life stress paradigm, and the study of depression, in Levin JS (ed.): Religion in Aging and Health: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Frontiers. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994, pp. 78-121, 34. Cochran JK, Beeghley L, Bock EW: Religiosity and alcohol behavior: An exploration of reference group theory. Sociological Forum 3:256-276, 1988. 35. Koenig HG, George LK, Meador KG, Blazer DG, Ford SM: Religious practices and alcoholism in a Southern adult population. Hospital Community Psychiatry 45:225-231, 1994. 36. Gardner JW, Sanborn JS, Slattery ML: Behavioral factors explaining the low risk for cervical cancer in Utah Mormon women. Epidemiology 6:187-189, 1995. 37. Mechanic D: Promoting health. Society, January-February, 1990, pp. 16-22. 38. Ellis L: Religiosity and criminality: Evidence and explanations of complex relati-onships. Sociological Perspectives 28:501-520, 1985. 39. Stark R: Religion as context: Hellfire and delinquency one more time. Sociology of Religion 57:163-173, 1996. 40. Heaton TB, Pratt EL: The effects of religious homogamy on marital satisfaction and stability. J Fam Issues 11: 191-207, 1990. 41. Lehrer EL, Chiswick CU: Religion as a determinant of marital stability. Demography 30:385-404, 1993, 42. Grasmick HG, Bursik RJ, Cochran JK: Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's: Religio-sity and taxpayers' inclinations to cheat. Sociological Q 32:251-266, 1991. 43. Cohen S, Wills TA: Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychologi-cal Bull 98:310-357, 1985. 44. Quick JD, Nelson DL, Matuszek PA, Whittington JL, Quick JC: Social support, secure attachments, and health, in Cooper CL (ed.): Handbook of Stress, Medicine, and He-alth. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1996. 45. Williams DR, Larson DB, Buckler RE, Heckmann RC, Pyle CM: Religion and psycho-logical distress in a community sample. Soc Sci Med 32:1257-1262, 199 1. 46. Ellison CG, George LK: Religious involvement, social ties, and social support in a Southeastern community. J Scientific Study Religion 33:46-61, 1994. 47. Bradley DE: Religious involvement and social resources: Evidence from the data set "Americans Changing Lives." J Scientific Study Religion 34:259-267, 1995. 48. Chaves M, Higgins LH: Comparing the community involvement of black and white congregations. J Scientific Study Religion 31:425-440, 1992. 49. Caldwell CH, Greene AD, Billingsley A: The black church as a family support sys-tem: Instrumental and expressive functions. National J Sociology 6:21-440, 1992. 50. Eng E, Hatch J, Callan A: Institutionalizing social support through the church and into the community. Health Educ Q 12:81-92,1985. 51. Kumanyika SK, Charleston JB: Lose weight and win: A church-based weight loss program for blood pressure control among black women. Patient Educ Counseling 19:19-32, 1992. 52. Thomas SB, Quinn SC, Billingsley A, Caldwell C: The characteristics of Northern black churches with community health outreach programs. Am J Public Health 84:575-579,1994. 53. Veroff J, Kulka RA, Douvan E: Mental Health in America: Patterns of Help-Seeking From 1957 to 1976. New York, Basic Books, 198 1. 54. Chalfant HP, Heller PL, Roberts A, Briones D, Aguirre-Hochbaum S, Farr W: The clergy as a resource for those encountering psychological distress. Rev Religious Res 31:305-313, 1990. 55. Kimble MA: Pastoral care, in Kimble MA, McFadden SH, Ellor JW, Seeber JJ (eds.): Aging, Spirituality and Religion: A Handbook. Minneapolis, Fortress, 1995, pp. 131-147. 56. Maton KI: Patterns and psychological correlates of material support within a religi-ous setting: The bidirectional support hypothesis. Am J Community Psychology 15:185-207, 1987. 57. Taylor RJ, Chatters LM: Church members as a source of informal social support. Rev Religious Res 30:193-202, 1988. 58. Maton KI: Community settings as buffers of life stress? Highly supportive churches, mutual help groups, and senior centers. Am J Community Psychology 17:203-232, 1989. 59. Wuthnow R: Sharing the Journey: Support Groups and America's New Quest for Community. New York, Free Press, 1994. 60. Jacobson DE: The cultural context of social support and social networks. MedAnth-ropology Q 1:42-67, 1987. 61. Mirowsky J, Ross C: Social patterns of distress. A Rev Sociology 12:23-45, 1986. 62. Lin N, Ensel WM: Life stress and health: Stressors and resources. Am Sociological Rev 54:382-399, 1989. 63. Watson PJ, Morris RJ, Hood RW: Sin and self-functioning, part 1: Grace, guilt, and self consciousness. J Psychology Theology 16:254-269, 1988. 64. Krause N: Religiosity and self-esteem among older adults. J Gerontology: Psycholo-gical Sci 50:P236-P246, 1995. 65. Krause N, Tran TV: Stress and religious involvement among older blacks. J Geronto-logy: Soc Sci 44:4-13, 1989. 66. Ellison CG: Religious involvement and self-perception among black Americans. Social Forces 71:1027-1055, 1993. 67. Poloma MM, Gallup G: Varieties of Prayer: A Survey Report. Philadelphia, Trinity Press International, 1991. 68. Pargamen71 KI, Silverman W, Johnson S, Echemendia R, Snyder S: The psychoso-cial climate of religious congregations. Am J Community Psychology 11:351-383, 1983, 69. IdIer EL: Religion, health, and non-physical senses of self. Social Forces 74:683-704,1995. 70. Lazarus RS, Launier R: Stress-related transactions between person and environ-ment, in Pervin L, Lewis M (eds.): Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. New York, Plenum, 1978, pp. 287-327. 71. Pargamen71 KI: The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York, Guilford, 1997. 72. Ellison CG, Taylor RJ: Turning to prayer: Social and situational antecedents of religious Coping among African Americans. Rev Religious Res 38:111-131, 1996. 73. Mattlin JA, Wethington E, Kessler RC: Situational determinants of coping and coping effectiveness. J Health Soc Behav 31:103-122, 1990. 74. Foley DP: Eleven interpretations of personal suffering. J Religion Health 27:321-328,1988. 75. Pargamen71 KI, Kennell J, Hathaway W, Grevengoed N, Newman J, Jones W: Reli-gion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of religious coping. J Scientific Study Religion 27:90-104,1988. 76. Pargamen71 KI, Ensing DS, Falgout K, Olsen H, Reilly B, Van Haitsma K, Warren]?.- God help me: (I) Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to signifi-cant negative life events. Am J Community Psychology 18:793-824, 1990. 77. Kaplan BH, Monroe-Blum H, Blazer DG: Religion, health, and forgiveness: Traditi-ons and challenges, in Levin JS (ed.): Religion in Aging and Health: Theoretical Fo-undations and Methodological Frontiers. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994, pp. 52-77. 78. Ader R, Felten DL, Cohen N (eds.): Psychoneuroimmunology (2nd ed.). San Diego, Academic Press, 1991. 79. Rossi EL: The Psychobiology of Mind-Body Healing: New Concepts in Therapeutic Hypnosis (Rev. ed.). New York, Norton, 1993. 80. Griffith EH, Young J, Smith D: An analysis of the therapeutic elements in a black church service. Hospital Community Psychiatry 35:464-469, 1984. 81. Gritzmacher SA, Bolton B, Dana RH: Psychological characteristics of Pentecostals: A literature review and psychodynamic synthesis. J Psychology Theology 16:233-245, 1988. 82. Levin JS, Wickramasekera 1, Hirshberg C: Is religiousness a correlate of absorption? Implications for psychophysiology, coping, and morbidity. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, in press. 83. Taylor SE: Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind. New York, Basic Books, 1989. 84. Sethi S, Seligman MEP: The hope of fundamentalists. Psychological Sci 5:58-59, 1994. 85. Koenig HG: Religion and hope for the disabled elder, in Levin JS (ed.): Religion in Aging and Health: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Frontiers. Thou-sand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994, pp. 18-51, 86. Hay LL: Heal Your Body: The Mental Causes for Physical Illness and the Metaphysi-cal Way to Overcome Them (Rev. ed.). Carson, CA, Hay House, 1984. 87. Benor DJ: Healing Research: Holistic Energy Medicine and Spirituality: Vol. 1. Research in Healing. Munich, Germany, Helix, 1992. 88. Byrd RC: Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population. Southern Med J 81:826-829, 1988. 89. Levin JS: How prayer heals: A theoretical model. Alternative Therapies Health Med 2:66-73, 1996. 90. Levin JS: Religion and health: Is there an association, is it valid, and is it causal? Soc Sci Med 38:1475-1482, 1994. 91. Krause N: Measuring religiosity in later life. Res Aging 15:170-197, 1993. 92. Williams DR: The measurement of religion in epiderniologic studies: Problems and prospects, in Levin JS (ed.): Religion in Aging and Health: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Frontiers. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994, pp. 125-148. 93. Levin JS, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM: A multidimensional measure of religious involve-ment for African Americans. Sociological Q 36:157-173, 1995. 94. Idler EL, Ellison CG, George LK, Krause N, Levin JS, Ory M, Pargamen71 KI, Powell L, Williams DR, Underwood-Gordon L: National Institute on Aging/Fetzer Institute Working Group Brief Measure of Religiousness and Spirituality: Conceptual Deve-lopment. Unpublished manuscript, 1997. 95. Pargamen71 KI, Ishler K, Dubow EF, Stanik P, Rouiller R, Crowe P, Cullman EP, Albert M, Royster BJ: Methods of religious coping with the Gulf War: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. J Scientific Study Religion 3 3:347-361, 1994. 96. Kaplan BH: A note on religious beliefs and coronary heart disease. J South Carolina Med Assoc 15(suppl. 5):60-64, 1976. 97. Fumham A: The Protestant work ethic and Type A behaviour: A pilot study. Psyc-hological Reports 66:323-328, 1990. 98. Sorenson AM, Grindstaff CF, Turner RJ: Religious involvement among unmarried adolescent mothers: A source of emotional support? Sociology Religion 56:71-81, 1995. 99. Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Cohen RD, Roberts RE, Kaplan GA: Religiosity buffers effects of some stressors on depression but exacerbates others. J Gerontology: So-cial Sciences 53B:S I 18-S 126, 1998. 100. McNeilly MD, Anderson NB, Bodo D, Musick MA, Efland J, Baughman J, Toth P, Williams RB: Culturally Sensitive Instruments to Measure Perceptions of Racism, Stress, and Social Support. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontolo-gical Society of America, Washington, DC, November 1996. 101. Krause N: Negative interactions and satisfaction with social support among older adults. J Gerontology: Psychological Sci 50:P59-P73, 1995. 102. Rook KS: Positive and negative social exchanges: Weighing their effects in later life. J Gerontology: Soc Sci 52:S 167-S 169, 1997. 103. Krause N, Ellison CG, Wulff KM: Church-based emotional support, negative interac-tion, and psychological well-being: Findings from a national survey of Presbyteri-ans. J Scientific Study Religion 37(4), forthcoming. 104. Ellison CG: Race, religious involvement, and depressive symptomatology in a Southeastern US community. Soc Sci Med 40:1561-1572, 1995. 105. Musick MA: Religion and subjective health among black and white elders. J Health Soc Behav 37:221-237, 1996. 106. Krause N: Stressors in highly valued roles, religious coping, and mortality. Psycho-logy Aging 13:242-255, 1998. 107. Antonovsky A: Unraveling the Mystery of Health. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1987. 108. Jacobson DE: Types and timing of social support. J Health Soc Behav 27:250-264, 1986. 109. Idler EL, Kasl SV: Religion among disabled and nondisabled persons 11: Attendan-ce at religious services as a predictor of the course of disability. J Gerontology: Soc Sci 52B:S306-S316, 1997

DİN-SAĞLIK İLİŞKİSİ: KANIT, TEORİ VE GELECEĞE YÖNELİK ÖNERİLER

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 449 - 478, 27.09.2018

Öz

Bizim din-sağlık ilişkisi şeklinde tanımladığımız konu üzerine yapılan çalışmaların sayısı ve niteliği son yıllarda belirgin bir şekilde artmaktadır. Din ile ruh sağlığı ve fiziksel sağlık arasındaki kompleks ilişkilere yönelen bu ilgi, sosyoloji, psikoloji, sağlık davranışı, sağlık eğitimi, psikiyatri, gerontoloji (yaşlılık bilimi) ve epidemiyoloji gibi bir çok alandaki etkin ve yenilikçi araştırma programları tarafından körüklenmektedir. Bu makalenin üç temel amacı vardır: (1) dini faktörler ile hem ruh sağlığı hem de fiziksel sağlık konuları üzerine yapılan tıbbi ve epidemiyolojik çalışmaları kısaca gözden geçirmek; (2) sağlık göstergeleri konusunda yapılan güncel sosyal ve davranışsal araştırmalara yol gösteren (bir konu olarak) yaşam stresi paradigmasının merkezi yapıları ve dini faktörler arasındaki ilişkilere özel bir dikkat vermek suretiyle, dinin sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini en elverişli şekilde açıklayan mekanizmaları tanımlamak; (3) din ve sağlık üzerinde yapılan daha önceki çalışmaların sınırlılıklarına ve ümit verici yeni araştırma yönelimlerine işaret ederek bir eleştiri sunmak.


Kaynakça

  • 1. Chopra D: Perfect Health: The Complete Mind/Body Guide. New York, Harmony Books, 1991. 2. Dossey L: Healing Words: The Power of Prayer and the Practice of Medicine. San Francisco, Harper, 1993. 3. Benson H: Timeless Healing: The Power and Biology of Belief. New York, Scribners, 1996 4. Wallis C: Faith and healing (and related articles). Time, June 24,1996, pp. 58-68. 5. Jarvis GK, Northcott HC: Religion and differences in morbidity and mortality. Soc Sci Med 25:813-824, 1987. 6. Levin JS, SchillerPL: Is there a religious factor in health? J Religion Health 26:9-36,1987. 7. Levin JS, Vanderpool HY. Is frequent religious attendance really conducive to beter health? Toward an epidemiology of religion. Soc Sci Med 24:589-600, 1987. 8. Levin IS, Vanderpool HY: Is religion therapeutically significant for hypertension? Soc Sci Med 29:69-78, 1989. 9. Troyer H: Review of cancer among four religious sects: Evidence that lifestyles are distinctive sets of risk factors. Soc Sci Med 26:1007-1017, 1988. 10. Levin JS, Chatters LM, Ellison CG, Taylor RJ: Religious involvement, health outco-mes, and public health practice. Current Issues Public Health 2:220-225, 1996. 11. Oxman TE, Freeman DH, Manheimer ED: Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosomatic Med 57:5-15, 1995. 12. Strawbridge WJ, Cohen RD, Shema SJ, Kaplan GA: Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. Am J Public Health 87:957-961, 1997. 13. Hummer R, Rogers R, Nam C, Ellison CG: Religious attendance and mortality in the US adult population. Demography, in press. 14. Idler EL, Kasl SV: Religion, disability, depression, and the timing of death. Am J Sociology 97:1052-1079, 1992. 15. Ellis AL: Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ, Lyle Stuart, 1992. 16. Branden N: The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem. New York, Bantam, 1994. 17. Stark R: Psychopathology and religious commitment. Rev Religious Res 12:165-176, 1970. 18. Bergin AE: Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 14:170-184, 1983. 19. Gartner JD, Larson DB, Allen GD: Religious commitment and mental health: A review of the empirical literature. J Psychology Theology 19:6-25, 199 1. 20. Koenig HG: Aging and God: Spiritual Pathways to Mental Health in Midlife and Later Years. New York, Haworth, 1994. 21. Larson DB, Sherill KA, Lyons JS, Craigie FC, Thielman SB, Greenwold MA, Larson SS: Associations between dimensions of religious commitment. and mental health re-ported in the American Journal of Psychiatry and the Archives of General Psychi-atry: 1978-1989. Am J Psychiatry 149:557-559, 1992. 22. Levin JS, Markides KS, Ray LA: Religious attendance and psychological well-being in Mexican Americans: A panel analysis of three- generations data. The Gerontologist 36:454-463, 1996. 23. Ellison CG, Levin IS, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM: Religious Involvement and Psychologi-cal Distress in a National Panel Study of African Americans. Paper presented at the joint meetings of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion and the Religious Research Association, San Diego, November 8-10, 1997. 24. Witter RA, Stock WA, Okun MA, Haring MJ: Religion and subjective well-being in adulthood: A quantitative synthesis. Rev Religious Res 26:332-342, 1985. 25. Levin IS: Religious research in gerontology, 1980-1994: A systematic review. J Religious Gerontology 10(3):3-31, 1997. 26. Pollner M: Divine relations, social relations, and well-being. J Health Soc Behav 30:92 104, 1989. 27. Levin JS, Chatters LM, Taylor RJ: Religious effects on health status and life satisfac-tion among black Americans. J Gerontology: Soc Sci 50B:SI54-SI63, 1995. 28. Ellison CG: Religious involvement and subjective well-being. J Health Soc Behav 32:80-99, 1991. 29. Thomas ME, Holmes, BJ: Determinants of satisfaction for blacks and whites. Socio-logical Q 33:459-472, 1992. 30. Levin JS: How religion influences morbidity and health: Reflections on natural history, salutogenesis and host resistance. Soc Sci Med 43:849-864, 1996. 31. Idler EL: Religious involvement and the health of the elderly: Some hypotheses and an initial test. Social Forces 66:226-238, 1987. 32. McIntosh D, Spilka B: Religion and physical health: The role of personal faith and control beliefs. Res Soc Scientific Study Religion 2:167-194, 1990. 33. Ellison CG: Religion, the life stress paradigm, and the study of depression, in Levin JS (ed.): Religion in Aging and Health: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Frontiers. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994, pp. 78-121, 34. Cochran JK, Beeghley L, Bock EW: Religiosity and alcohol behavior: An exploration of reference group theory. Sociological Forum 3:256-276, 1988. 35. Koenig HG, George LK, Meador KG, Blazer DG, Ford SM: Religious practices and alcoholism in a Southern adult population. Hospital Community Psychiatry 45:225-231, 1994. 36. Gardner JW, Sanborn JS, Slattery ML: Behavioral factors explaining the low risk for cervical cancer in Utah Mormon women. Epidemiology 6:187-189, 1995. 37. Mechanic D: Promoting health. Society, January-February, 1990, pp. 16-22. 38. Ellis L: Religiosity and criminality: Evidence and explanations of complex relati-onships. Sociological Perspectives 28:501-520, 1985. 39. Stark R: Religion as context: Hellfire and delinquency one more time. Sociology of Religion 57:163-173, 1996. 40. Heaton TB, Pratt EL: The effects of religious homogamy on marital satisfaction and stability. J Fam Issues 11: 191-207, 1990. 41. Lehrer EL, Chiswick CU: Religion as a determinant of marital stability. Demography 30:385-404, 1993, 42. Grasmick HG, Bursik RJ, Cochran JK: Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's: Religio-sity and taxpayers' inclinations to cheat. Sociological Q 32:251-266, 1991. 43. Cohen S, Wills TA: Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychologi-cal Bull 98:310-357, 1985. 44. Quick JD, Nelson DL, Matuszek PA, Whittington JL, Quick JC: Social support, secure attachments, and health, in Cooper CL (ed.): Handbook of Stress, Medicine, and He-alth. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1996. 45. Williams DR, Larson DB, Buckler RE, Heckmann RC, Pyle CM: Religion and psycho-logical distress in a community sample. Soc Sci Med 32:1257-1262, 199 1. 46. Ellison CG, George LK: Religious involvement, social ties, and social support in a Southeastern community. J Scientific Study Religion 33:46-61, 1994. 47. Bradley DE: Religious involvement and social resources: Evidence from the data set "Americans Changing Lives." J Scientific Study Religion 34:259-267, 1995. 48. Chaves M, Higgins LH: Comparing the community involvement of black and white congregations. J Scientific Study Religion 31:425-440, 1992. 49. Caldwell CH, Greene AD, Billingsley A: The black church as a family support sys-tem: Instrumental and expressive functions. National J Sociology 6:21-440, 1992. 50. Eng E, Hatch J, Callan A: Institutionalizing social support through the church and into the community. Health Educ Q 12:81-92,1985. 51. Kumanyika SK, Charleston JB: Lose weight and win: A church-based weight loss program for blood pressure control among black women. Patient Educ Counseling 19:19-32, 1992. 52. Thomas SB, Quinn SC, Billingsley A, Caldwell C: The characteristics of Northern black churches with community health outreach programs. Am J Public Health 84:575-579,1994. 53. Veroff J, Kulka RA, Douvan E: Mental Health in America: Patterns of Help-Seeking From 1957 to 1976. New York, Basic Books, 198 1. 54. Chalfant HP, Heller PL, Roberts A, Briones D, Aguirre-Hochbaum S, Farr W: The clergy as a resource for those encountering psychological distress. Rev Religious Res 31:305-313, 1990. 55. Kimble MA: Pastoral care, in Kimble MA, McFadden SH, Ellor JW, Seeber JJ (eds.): Aging, Spirituality and Religion: A Handbook. Minneapolis, Fortress, 1995, pp. 131-147. 56. Maton KI: Patterns and psychological correlates of material support within a religi-ous setting: The bidirectional support hypothesis. Am J Community Psychology 15:185-207, 1987. 57. Taylor RJ, Chatters LM: Church members as a source of informal social support. Rev Religious Res 30:193-202, 1988. 58. Maton KI: Community settings as buffers of life stress? Highly supportive churches, mutual help groups, and senior centers. Am J Community Psychology 17:203-232, 1989. 59. Wuthnow R: Sharing the Journey: Support Groups and America's New Quest for Community. New York, Free Press, 1994. 60. Jacobson DE: The cultural context of social support and social networks. MedAnth-ropology Q 1:42-67, 1987. 61. Mirowsky J, Ross C: Social patterns of distress. A Rev Sociology 12:23-45, 1986. 62. Lin N, Ensel WM: Life stress and health: Stressors and resources. Am Sociological Rev 54:382-399, 1989. 63. Watson PJ, Morris RJ, Hood RW: Sin and self-functioning, part 1: Grace, guilt, and self consciousness. J Psychology Theology 16:254-269, 1988. 64. Krause N: Religiosity and self-esteem among older adults. J Gerontology: Psycholo-gical Sci 50:P236-P246, 1995. 65. Krause N, Tran TV: Stress and religious involvement among older blacks. J Geronto-logy: Soc Sci 44:4-13, 1989. 66. Ellison CG: Religious involvement and self-perception among black Americans. Social Forces 71:1027-1055, 1993. 67. Poloma MM, Gallup G: Varieties of Prayer: A Survey Report. Philadelphia, Trinity Press International, 1991. 68. Pargamen71 KI, Silverman W, Johnson S, Echemendia R, Snyder S: The psychoso-cial climate of religious congregations. Am J Community Psychology 11:351-383, 1983, 69. IdIer EL: Religion, health, and non-physical senses of self. Social Forces 74:683-704,1995. 70. Lazarus RS, Launier R: Stress-related transactions between person and environ-ment, in Pervin L, Lewis M (eds.): Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. New York, Plenum, 1978, pp. 287-327. 71. Pargamen71 KI: The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York, Guilford, 1997. 72. Ellison CG, Taylor RJ: Turning to prayer: Social and situational antecedents of religious Coping among African Americans. Rev Religious Res 38:111-131, 1996. 73. Mattlin JA, Wethington E, Kessler RC: Situational determinants of coping and coping effectiveness. J Health Soc Behav 31:103-122, 1990. 74. Foley DP: Eleven interpretations of personal suffering. J Religion Health 27:321-328,1988. 75. 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Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Çeviriler
Yazarlar

Fatma Balci Arvas

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Arvas, Fatma Balci. “DİN-SAĞLIK İLİŞKİSİ: KANIT, TEORİ VE GELECEĞE YÖNELİK ÖNERİLER”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 18/2 (Eylül 2018), 449-478.