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A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF POSITIVE REINFORCERS AND EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE IN MAINTAINING GAMBLING BEHAVIOR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 251 - 274, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1378685

Öz

Although gambling behavior is less addressed in studies than addictive objects such as drugs and alcohol, similar effects can be observed on individuals and this behavior can become a pathological problem. At this point, many psychological, biological and social positive or negative factors can cause individuals' gambling behavior to turn into addiction, while also causing the individual to see gambling as a solution to their problems. This research aims to understand and describe the experiential avoidance and positive reinforcement processes that affect gambling behavior. In the study using qualitative research method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 participants who had exhibited gambling behavior at least once. The data obtained from the participants were examined with descriptive analysis management and explained under two themes: "Gambling Behavior as a Tool of Experiential Avoidance" and "Positive Reinforcers to Continue Gambling". As a result of the research, it has been revealed that positive reinforcers are effective on the individual's behavior in the early days of gambling, and as the gambling behavior becomes more permanent, positive reinforcers are replaced by negative reinforcers, and reinforcers are effective in causing individuals to engage in gambling behavior by exhibiting avoidance behavior when they are in a negative emotional state.

Kaynakça

  • APA [American Psychiatric Association]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
  • Ariyabuddhiphongs, V. (2011). Lottery gambling: A review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27 (1), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9194-0.
  • Binde, P. (2013). Why people gamble: A model with five motivational dimensions. International Gambling Studies, 13 (1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.712150.
  • Black, D. W., Moyer, T. & Schlosser, S. (2003). Quality of life and family history in pathological gambling. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191 (2), 124-126. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1097/00005053-200302000-00011.
  • Blaszczynski, A. & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97 (5), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x.
  • Brand, M., Young, K. S. & Laier, C. (2014). Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8 (1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375.
  • Bujarski, S., Jentsch, J., Roche, D., Ramchandani, V., Miotto, K. & Ray, L. (2018). Differences in the subjective and motivational properties of alcohol across alcohol use severity: Application of a novel translational human laboratory paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacol, 9 (43), 1891-1899. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0086-9.
  • Calado, F, Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Prevalence of adolescents problem gampling: A systematic review of recent research. Journal of Gampling Studies, 33 (2), 397-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9627-5.
  • Cavion, L., Wong, C. & Zangeneh, M. (2008). Gambling: A sociological perspective. M. Zangeneh., A. Blaszczynski, N. E Turner (eds.), In the pursuit of winning: Problem gambling theory, research and treatment (s. 95-117). Boston, MA, USA: Springer.
  • Chawla, N. & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinic Psychology, 63 (9), 871-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20400.
  • Coventry, K. R. & Norman, A. C. (1998). Arousal, erroneous verbalizations and the illusion of control during a computer-generated gambling task. British Journal of Psychology, 89 (4), 629-645. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02707.x.
  • Daddaoua, N., Lopes, M. & Gottlieb, J. (2016). Intrinsically motivated oculomotor exploration guided by uncertainty reduction and conditioned reinforcement ın non-human primates. Scientific Reports, 1 (6). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20202.
  • Dowling, N., Smith, D. & Thomas, T. (2009). The family functioning of female pathological gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8 (1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9126-0.
  • Elmas, H. G., Cesur, G. & Oral, E. T. (2017). Alexithymia and pathological gambling: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 28 (1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5080/u13779.
  • Engwall, D., Hunter, R & Steinberg, M. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52 (6), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.3200/jach.52.6.245-256.
  • Fong, T. W. (2005). The biopsychosocial consequences of pathological gambling. Psychiatry, 2 (3), 22-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004711.
  • Geniş, B. & Aksu, H. (2020). İntihar girişimi ile acil servise başvuran kumar bağımlılığı olgusu. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 21 (1), 92-98. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/985976.
  • Glimne, D. (2023). Gambling. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/gambling (Erişim Tarihi:07.12.2023).
  • Griffiths, M. (1999). Gambling technologies: Prospects for problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15 (3), 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023053630588.
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2006). A Case Study of Binge Problem Gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4 (1), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-006-9035-7.
  • Gruber, M. & Ranganath, C. (2019). How Curiosity Enhances Hippocampus-dependent Memory: the Prediction, Appraisal, Curiosity, And Exploration (Pace) Framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12 (23), 1014-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.10.003.
  • Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (1998). Adolescent gambling behavior: A prevalence study and examination of the correlates associated with excessive gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14 (4), 319-345. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023068925328.
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B. & Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma (2. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hayer, T. & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Gambling. Gullotta T. P., Plant, R.W., Evans, M. A. (eds.), In Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems, Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment (s. 539-558), Boston, MA, USA: Springer.
  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35 (4), 639-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.006
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process And Practice Of Mindful Change (2st ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
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  • Hing, N., Vitartas, P., & Lamont, M. (2014). Promotion of gambling and live betting odds during televised sport: Influences on gambling participation and problem gambling. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3 (3), 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1643.8087.
  • Hofmann, S. G. & Hay A. C. (2018). Rethinking avoidance: Toward a balanced approach to avoidance in treating anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55 (1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.004.
  • Johansson, A., Grant, J., Kim, S., Odlaug, B. & Gotestam K. (2009). Risk factors for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25 (1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-008-9088-6.
  • Jonsson, J., Abbott, M. W., Sjöberg, A. & Carlbring, P. (2017) Measuring Gambling Reinforcers, Over Consumption and Fallacies: The Psychometric Properties and Predictive Validity of the Jonsson-Abbott Scale. Front. Psychol, 8 (1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01807.
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KUMAR OYNAMA DAVRANIŞINI SÜRDÜRMEDEKİ POZİTİF PEKİŞTİREÇLER VE YAŞANTISAL KAÇINMANIN ROLÜNE DAİR NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 251 - 274, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1378685

Öz

Kumar oynama davranışı, çalışmalarda madde ve alkol gibi bağımlılık yapıcı nesnelere göre daha az ele alınmakla birlikte bireyler üzerinde benzer etkiler gözlemlenebilmekte ve bu davranış patolojik bir sorun haline gelebilmektedir. Bu noktada psikolojik, biyolojik ve sosyal açıdan olumlu ya da olumsuz birçok faktör bireylerin kumar oynama davranışının bağımlılığa dönüşmesine aracı olurken bireyin kumar oynamayı sorunlarına karşı bir çözüm yolu olarak görmesine de sebep olabilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, kumar oynama davranışı üzerinde etkili olan yaşantısal kaçınma ve pozitif pekiştirme süreçlerinin anlaşılması ve betimlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanıldığı çalışmada, en az bir kez kumar oynama davranışı sergilenmiş 13 katılımcı ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılardan elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yönetimi ile incelenerek “Yaşantısal Kaçınmanın Bir Aracı Olarak Kumar Oynama Davranışı” ve “Kumar Oynamayı Sürdürmede Pozitif Pekiştireçler” olmak üzere iki tema altında açıklanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, kumarın ilk zamanlarında pozitif pekiştireçlerin bireyin davranışları üzerinde etkili olduğu, kumar oynama davranışının süreklilik kazanmasıyla birlikte pozitif pekiştireçlerin yerini negatif pekiştireçlere bıraktığı ve pekiştireçlerin bireylerin olumsuz duygu durumu içerisindeyken kaçınma davranışı sergileyerek kumar oynama davranışına yönelmesinde etkili olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Araştırma için herhangi bir destek alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • APA [American Psychiatric Association]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
  • Ariyabuddhiphongs, V. (2011). Lottery gambling: A review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27 (1), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9194-0.
  • Binde, P. (2013). Why people gamble: A model with five motivational dimensions. International Gambling Studies, 13 (1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.712150.
  • Black, D. W., Moyer, T. & Schlosser, S. (2003). Quality of life and family history in pathological gambling. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191 (2), 124-126. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1097/00005053-200302000-00011.
  • Blaszczynski, A. & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97 (5), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x.
  • Brand, M., Young, K. S. & Laier, C. (2014). Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8 (1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375.
  • Bujarski, S., Jentsch, J., Roche, D., Ramchandani, V., Miotto, K. & Ray, L. (2018). Differences in the subjective and motivational properties of alcohol across alcohol use severity: Application of a novel translational human laboratory paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacol, 9 (43), 1891-1899. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0086-9.
  • Calado, F, Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Prevalence of adolescents problem gampling: A systematic review of recent research. Journal of Gampling Studies, 33 (2), 397-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9627-5.
  • Cavion, L., Wong, C. & Zangeneh, M. (2008). Gambling: A sociological perspective. M. Zangeneh., A. Blaszczynski, N. E Turner (eds.), In the pursuit of winning: Problem gambling theory, research and treatment (s. 95-117). Boston, MA, USA: Springer.
  • Chawla, N. & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinic Psychology, 63 (9), 871-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20400.
  • Coventry, K. R. & Norman, A. C. (1998). Arousal, erroneous verbalizations and the illusion of control during a computer-generated gambling task. British Journal of Psychology, 89 (4), 629-645. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02707.x.
  • Daddaoua, N., Lopes, M. & Gottlieb, J. (2016). Intrinsically motivated oculomotor exploration guided by uncertainty reduction and conditioned reinforcement ın non-human primates. Scientific Reports, 1 (6). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20202.
  • Dowling, N., Smith, D. & Thomas, T. (2009). The family functioning of female pathological gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8 (1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9126-0.
  • Elmas, H. G., Cesur, G. & Oral, E. T. (2017). Alexithymia and pathological gambling: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 28 (1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5080/u13779.
  • Engwall, D., Hunter, R & Steinberg, M. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52 (6), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.3200/jach.52.6.245-256.
  • Fong, T. W. (2005). The biopsychosocial consequences of pathological gambling. Psychiatry, 2 (3), 22-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004711.
  • Geniş, B. & Aksu, H. (2020). İntihar girişimi ile acil servise başvuran kumar bağımlılığı olgusu. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 21 (1), 92-98. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/985976.
  • Glimne, D. (2023). Gambling. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/gambling (Erişim Tarihi:07.12.2023).
  • Griffiths, M. (1999). Gambling technologies: Prospects for problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15 (3), 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023053630588.
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2006). A Case Study of Binge Problem Gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4 (1), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-006-9035-7.
  • Gruber, M. & Ranganath, C. (2019). How Curiosity Enhances Hippocampus-dependent Memory: the Prediction, Appraisal, Curiosity, And Exploration (Pace) Framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12 (23), 1014-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.10.003.
  • Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J. L. (1998). Adolescent gambling behavior: A prevalence study and examination of the correlates associated with excessive gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14 (4), 319-345. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023068925328.
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B. & Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma (2. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hayer, T. & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Gambling. Gullotta T. P., Plant, R.W., Evans, M. A. (eds.), In Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems, Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment (s. 539-558), Boston, MA, USA: Springer.
  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35 (4), 639-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.006
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process And Practice Of Mindful Change (2st ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. W., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M. & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152.
  • Hing, N., Vitartas, P., & Lamont, M. (2014). Promotion of gambling and live betting odds during televised sport: Influences on gambling participation and problem gambling. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3 (3), 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1643.8087.
  • Hofmann, S. G. & Hay A. C. (2018). Rethinking avoidance: Toward a balanced approach to avoidance in treating anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55 (1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.004.
  • Johansson, A., Grant, J., Kim, S., Odlaug, B. & Gotestam K. (2009). Risk factors for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25 (1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-008-9088-6.
  • Jonsson, J., Abbott, M. W., Sjöberg, A. & Carlbring, P. (2017) Measuring Gambling Reinforcers, Over Consumption and Fallacies: The Psychometric Properties and Predictive Validity of the Jonsson-Abbott Scale. Front. Psychol, 8 (1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01807.
  • Karaaziz, M., Çakıcı, M. & Özbahadır, T. (2019). Kıbrıs ve Türkiye doğumlu kumar bağımlıları ile kumar oynama nedenlerinin karşılaştırılması. Anatolian Journal of Pschiatry, 20 (1), 72-75. http://doi.org/10.5455/apd.302644863.
  • Kingston, J., Clarke, S. & Remington, B. (2010). Experiential avoidance and problem behavior: A mediational analysis. Behavior Modification, 34 (2), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445510362575.
  • Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F. & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2 (2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.2.2013.002.
  • Lam, D. (2007). An exploratory study of gambling motivations and their impact on the purchase frequencies of various gambling products. Psychology & Marketing, 24 (9), 815-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20185.
  • Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). What do we know about relapse in pathological gambling? Clinical Psychology Review, 26 (2), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.008.
  • Lee, Z. W. Y., Cheung, C. M. K. & Chan, T. H. K. (2014). Explaining the Development of the Excessive Use of Massively Multiplayer Online Games: A Positive-Negative Reinforcement Perspective. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 47 (1), 668-677. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.89.
  • Martin, R., Usdan, S., Cremeens, J. & Vail-Smith, K. (2014). Disordered gambling and co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders among college students: An examination of problem drinking, anxiety and Depression. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30 (2), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9367-8.
  • McCormack, A. & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). What differentiates professional poker players from recreational poker players? A qualitative interview study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11 (3), 243-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9312-y.
  • McMillen, J. (1996). Understanding gambling: History, concepts and theories. Allcock, C. (Ed.), Casino gaming and the community (s. 5-39). Brisbane, Australia: National Association for Gambling Studies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203993507.
  • Meyer, G., Hayer, T. & Griffiths, M. (Eds.). (2009). Problem gambling in Europe: Challenges, prevention, and interventions. New York, NY, USA: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Morasco, B. J., Pietrzak, R. H., Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. & Petry, N. M. (2006). Health problems and medical utilization associated with gambling disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68 (6), 976-984. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000238466.76172.cd.
  • Moreira, D., Azeredo, A. & Dias, P. (2023). Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal Of Gambling Studies, 39 (2), 483-511. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10899-023-10195-1.
  • Neophytou, K., Theodorou, M., Artemi, T. F., Theodorou, C. & Panayiotou, G. (2023). Gambling to escape: A systematic review of the relationship between avoidant emotion regulation/coping strategies and gambling severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 27 (1), 126-142. https://d0192efdd77670f7012d3fece2c7c0fc720c897f.vetisonline.com/10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.01.004.
  • Nower, L., & Blaszczynski, A. (2006). Impulsivity and pathological gambling: a descriptive model. International Gambling Studies, 6 (1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790600644192.
  • Oei, T. P. S., & Gordon, L. M. (2008). Psychosocial factors related to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of Gamblers Anonymous. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24 (1), 91–105. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10899-007-9071-7.
  • Öztürk, M., Ögel, K., Evren, C. & Bilici, R. (Ed.). (2021). Bağımlılık: Tanı, Tedavi, Önleme. İstanbul: Yeşilay Yayınları.
  • Riley, B. (2014). Experiential avoidance mediates the association between thought suppression and mindfulness with problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30 (1), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9342-9.
  • Sinha, R., Fuse, T., Aubin, L. & O'Malley, S. (2000). Psychological Stress, Drug-related Cues and Cocaine Craving. Psychopharmacology, 2 (152), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000499.
  • Strosahl, K., Robinson, P. A. & Gustavvson, T. (2017). Radikal değişimler için kısa müdahaleler. Altındal, Y. S. (çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayınları.
  • Sztainert, T., Wohl, M., McManus, J. & Stead, J. (2013). On Being Attracted To the Possibility Of A Win: Reward Sensitivity (Via Gambling Motives) Undermines Treatment Seeking Among Pathological Gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 4 (30), 901-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9394-5.
  • Thomas, A. C. & Moore, S. M. (2003). The interactive effects of avoidance coping and dysphoric mood on problem gambling for female and male gamblers. Electronic Journal of Gambling Issues, 8 (1), 10-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2003.8.16.
  • Turner, D. W. (2010). Qualitative ınterview design: A practical guide for novice ınvestigators. The Qualitative Report, 15 (1), 754-760. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2010.1178.
  • Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Ladouceur, R. & Tremblay, R. (2001). Gambling, delinquency, and drug use during adolescence: Mutual influences and common risk factors. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17 (3), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012201221601.
  • Vögele, C. (2015). Behavioral medicine. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 1 (1), 463-469.
  • Walker, M. B. (1992). The psychology of gambling. Pergamon Press.
  • Weatherly, J., Aoyama, K., Terrell, H. & Berry, J. (2014). Comparing the Japanese version of the gambling functional assessment -Revised to an american sample. Journal of Gambling Issues, 29 (29), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2014.29.4.
  • Weatherly, J., Miller, J. & Terrell, H. (2011). Testing the construct validity of the gambling functional assessment–revised. Behavior Modification, 6 (35), 553-569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445511416635.
  • WHO [World Health Organization]. (2023). Gambling disorder. International Classification of Diseases-11. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%253a%252f%252fid.who.int%252ficd%252fentity%252f1041487064 (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2023).
  • Wiebe, J., Single, E. & Falkowski-Ham, A. (2003). Exploring the evolution of problem gambling: A one year follow-up study. Ontario: Responsible Gambling Council.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (12. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer), Sosyal ve Kişilik Psikolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İlker Aktürk 0000-0001-9626-3275

Hakan Karaman 0000-0002-5729-6012

Ömer Miraç Yaman 0000-0001-9989-8575

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aktürk, İ., Karaman, H., & Yaman, Ö. M. (2024). KUMAR OYNAMA DAVRANIŞINI SÜRDÜRMEDEKİ POZİTİF PEKİŞTİREÇLER VE YAŞANTISAL KAÇINMANIN ROLÜNE DAİR NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 251-274. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1378685