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HOFSTEDE`NİN BOYUTLARI KAPSAMINDA KÜLTÜR VE TERORİZMİN SOSYOLOJİK BAĞINTISI

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 296 - 320, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1379193

Öz

Bu çalışma, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel açıklamaları sentezleyen ve dolayısıyla siyasi ve dini radikalleşme, aşırılık ve terörizme birey temin etme konularına yönelik çalışmada yararlı olduğunu kanıtlayan Bourdieu terminolojisinin kavramsal çerçevesi açısından terörle bağlantılı kültürel faktörleri göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu analiz, ülkelerin terörizmle ilgili kültürel eğilimlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada, çoğu bilim insanı tarafından bir paradigma ve önemli bir figür olarak kabul edilen Hofstede'nin kültür ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, Hofstede'nin kültürel boyutlarının (yaygın olarak bilinen ulusal kültür modeli) Küresel Terörizm Endeksi puanları üzerindeki etkilerini çoklu doğrusal regresyon modeliyle göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Teröristler diğerlerini ötekileştirerek anlatılarını hayata geçirmek için elebaşları ve hikâyeleri ile kendi söylemlerini oluşturmaktadırlar. Bulgular, güç mesafesinin terörizmi artırıcı, uzun vadeli yönelimin ise hafifletici bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Öte yandan bireyciliğe karşı kolektivizm, kadınlığa karşı erkeksilik, belirsizlikten kaçınma ve hoşgörüye karşı kısıtlama boyutunda anlamlı bir sonuç elde edilememiştir. Fakat sosyal medya kullanımının kolektivizm ile bireycilik arasında merkezileştirici ve bağlayıcı bir etkisinin olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, M. (2006). Why terrorism does not work. International Security, 31 (2), 42-78.
  • Acar, A. (2013). Culture and social media usage: Analysis of Japanese Twitter users. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 4 (1), 21-32.
  • Agnew, R. (2010). A general strain theory of terrorism, Theoretical Criminology, 14 (2), 131-153.
  • Altheide, D. L. (2010). Fear, terrorism, and popular culture. Reframing 9/11: Film, Popular Culture and the “War on Terror” Edt. (Birkenstein, J., Froula, A. & Randell, K.), Bloomsbury Publishing, 11-22.
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Strangers at our door. John Wiley & Sons, London.
  • Blomberg, S. B., Engel, R. C., & Sawyer, R. (2010). On the duration and sustainability of transnational terrorist organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54 (2), 303-330.
  • Blomberg, S. B., Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2011). Terrorist group survival: Ideology, tactics, and base of operations. Public Choice, 149, 441-463.
  • Borum, R. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. University of South Florida, Tampa Dept of Mental Health Law and Policy.
  • Bourdieu, P (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P (1984). Distinction. A social critique of the judgment of taste, London, Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). ‘The forms of capital’ in J.G. Richardson (ed) Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education, New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 241-258.
  • Bourdieu, P (1990). The Logic of Practice, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2004). Structures and the habitus. Material culture: Critical concepts in the social sciences, 1 (part 1), 116-77.
  • Braun, R., & Genkin, M. (2014). Cultural resonance and the diffusion of suicide bombings: The role of collectivism, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58 (7), 1258-1284.
  • Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Feldman, M. W. (1973). Cultural versus biological inheritance: phenotypic transmission from parents to children. (A theory of the effect of parental phenotypes on children's phenotypes). American Journal of Human Genetics, 25 (6), 618.
  • Cooke, R. A., & Rousseau, D. M. (1988). Behavioral norms and expectations: A quantitative approach to the assessment of organizational culture, Group & Organization Studies, 13 (3), 245-273.
  • David, J. O. (2013). The root causes of terrorism: an appraisal of the socio-economic determinants of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Davis, R. D. (2009). Community value above individualism: A common cultural element in modern suicide bombers. Air Command and Staff Coll Maxwell Afb Al, https://apps.dtic.mil/ sti/pdfs/ADA539970.pdf (Accessed February 16, 2022).
  • De Mooij, M. (1998). Masculinity and Femininity and Consumer Behavior, In Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures, G. Hofstede, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Do Rosario, M. A. (2018). The Character of Terrorism: A Cultural Perspective (Doctoral dissertation), Oklahoma State University.
  • Drake, C. J. M. (1998). The Role of Ideology in Terrorists’ Target Selection, Terrorism and Political Violence, 10 (2), 53-85. doi:10.1080/09546559808427457.
  • Erlenbusch, V. (2015). Terrorism and revolutionary violence: The emergence of terrorism in the French Revolution, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 8 (2), 193-210.
  • Fernandez, D. R., Carlson, D. S., Stepina, L. P., & Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede's country classification 25 years later, The Journal of Social Psychology, 137 (1), 43-54.
  • Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2023). Common myths of terrorism. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37 (2), 271-301.
  • Gerlach, P., & Eriksson, K. (2021). Measuring cultural dimensions: External validity and internal consistency of Hofstede's VSM 2013 Scales, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-9, Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662604.
  • Gommans, F. E. Y. (2019). Belgium as a victim or a culprit? A comparative analysis of framing the 2016 Brussels bombings in Flemish and Dutch newspapers (Doctoral dissertation), https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/7718/Gommans,%20Freya%204788575-Bachelor's%20thesis.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed February 16, 2022).
  • Gottschalk, M., & Gottschalk, S. (2004). Authoritarianism and pathological hatred: A social psychological profile of the Middle Eastern terrorist. The American Sociologist, 35 (2), 38-59.
  • Grönlund, H., Holmes, K., Kang, C., Cnaan, R. A., Handy, F., Brudney, J. L., & Zrinščak, S. (2011). Cultural values and volunteering: A cross-cultural comparison of students’ motivation to volunteer in 13 countries, Journal of Academic Ethics, 9 (2), 87-106.
  • GTI (2022). https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GTI-2022-web-09062022.pdf (Accessed August 15, 2022).
  • Hair, J.F., William C.B., Barry J.B., & Rolph, E.A. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Helmus, T. C. (2009). Why and how some people become terrorists. Social Science For Counterterrorism, 74 (06-C), 71.
  • HIC, Hofstede-Insights Centre (2022). Country Comparison, https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/, (Accessed February 18, 2022).
  • Hofstede, G. (1994a). The business of international business is culture”, International Business Review, 3 (1), 1-14.
  • Hofstede, G. (1994b). Management scientists are human, Management Science, 40 (1), 4-13.
  • Hofstede, G. (2003). What is culture? A reply to Baskerville, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28 (7-8), 811-813.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (Rev. 3rd ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2 (1), 1-26.
  • IEP. Institute for Economics & Peace (2022). Global Peace Index 2021, https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/GPI-2021-web.pdf, (Accessed February 20, 2022).
  • Inkeles, A. & Levinson, D. J. (1969). National character: The study of modal personality and sociocultural systems. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology IV (pp. 418-506). New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Jackson, R. (2007). Language, Policy and the Construction of a Torture Culture in the War on Terrorism, Review of International Studies, 33 (3), 353-371.
  • Janis, I. L. (1968). Group Identification under Conditions of Extreme Danger. Group Dynamics, New York, Free Press, 80-90.
  • Javidan, M., House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Hanges, P. J., & Sully de Luque, M. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: a comparative review of GLOBE's and Hofstede's approaches, Journal of International Business Studies, 37 (6), 897-914.
  • Kluch, S. P., & Vaux, A. (2017). Culture and terrorism: The role of cultural factors in worldwide terrorism (1970–2013), Terrorism and Political Violence, 29 (2), 323-341.
  • Kruglansky, W. A., & Webber, D. (2014). The psychology of radicalization, https://www.zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2014_9_843.pdf (Accessed August 12, 2022).
  • Kumar, U., Mukherjee, S., & Parkash, V. (2012). Sociocultural aspects of terrorism, Countering terrorism: Psychosocial strategies, 47-73.
  • Law, R. D. (2016). Terrorism: A history. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lawal, O. A. (2002). Social-psychological considerations in the emergence and growth of terrorism. The psychology of terrorism: Programs and practices in response and prevention, 1, 23-31.
  • Lemu, M.N. (2016). Notes on Religion and Countering Violent Extremism, Countering Daesh Propaganda: Action-Oriented Research for Practical Policy Outcomes, The Carter Center. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_resolution/countering-isis/counteringdaeshpropaganda-feb2016.pdf (Accessed February 22, 2022).
  • Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials, Pew internet & American life project, An initiative of the Pew Research Cente, http://samaritanbehavioralhealth.net/files/social-media-young-adults.pdf, (Accessed March 01, 2022).
  • Lewis, J. (2005). Language wars: The role of media and culture in global terror and political violence. London, Pluto Press.
  • Maheswaran, D., & Agrawal, N. (2004). Motivational and cultural variations in mortality salience effects: Contemplations on terror management theory and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14 (3), 213-218.
  • Malinowski, B. (1936). Culture as a Determinant of Behavior. The Scientific Monthly, 43 (5), 440-449.
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SOCIOLOGICAL NEXUS BETWEEN CULTURE AND TERRORISM IN TERMS OF HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 296 - 320, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1379193

Öz

This study aims to indicate the cultural factors nexus terrorism in terms of Bourdieusian terminology’s conceptual framework, which synthesizes social, economic, and cultural explanations and thus proves useful for studying political and religious radicalization, extremism, and recruitment to terrorism. This analysis can be used to comparatively assess the countries’ cultural tendencies relevant to terrorism. In this study, Hofstede's culture scale, which is regarded as a paradigm and towering figure by most scholars was used. The research endeavors to illustrate the effects of Hofstede's cultural dimensions (widely known model of national culture) on Global Terrorism Index scores via a multiple linear regression model. Terrorists marginalized others and created their discourse to commit rhetoric narrated by fairy tales and protagonists. The findings expressed that whereas the power distance has an increasing effect on terrorism (while increasing terrorism), the long-term orientation has a mitigating effect (reduces terrorism). On the other hand, no significant results were obtained from the dimension of individualism versus collectivism, femininity versus masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty, and indulgence versus restraint. However; we evaluate that social media usage has a centralizing and affiliating effect between collectivism and individualism.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, M. (2006). Why terrorism does not work. International Security, 31 (2), 42-78.
  • Acar, A. (2013). Culture and social media usage: Analysis of Japanese Twitter users. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 4 (1), 21-32.
  • Agnew, R. (2010). A general strain theory of terrorism, Theoretical Criminology, 14 (2), 131-153.
  • Altheide, D. L. (2010). Fear, terrorism, and popular culture. Reframing 9/11: Film, Popular Culture and the “War on Terror” Edt. (Birkenstein, J., Froula, A. & Randell, K.), Bloomsbury Publishing, 11-22.
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Strangers at our door. John Wiley & Sons, London.
  • Blomberg, S. B., Engel, R. C., & Sawyer, R. (2010). On the duration and sustainability of transnational terrorist organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54 (2), 303-330.
  • Blomberg, S. B., Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2011). Terrorist group survival: Ideology, tactics, and base of operations. Public Choice, 149, 441-463.
  • Borum, R. (2007). Psychology of Terrorism. University of South Florida, Tampa Dept of Mental Health Law and Policy.
  • Bourdieu, P (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P (1984). Distinction. A social critique of the judgment of taste, London, Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). ‘The forms of capital’ in J.G. Richardson (ed) Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education, New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 241-258.
  • Bourdieu, P (1990). The Logic of Practice, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2004). Structures and the habitus. Material culture: Critical concepts in the social sciences, 1 (part 1), 116-77.
  • Braun, R., & Genkin, M. (2014). Cultural resonance and the diffusion of suicide bombings: The role of collectivism, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58 (7), 1258-1284.
  • Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Feldman, M. W. (1973). Cultural versus biological inheritance: phenotypic transmission from parents to children. (A theory of the effect of parental phenotypes on children's phenotypes). American Journal of Human Genetics, 25 (6), 618.
  • Cooke, R. A., & Rousseau, D. M. (1988). Behavioral norms and expectations: A quantitative approach to the assessment of organizational culture, Group & Organization Studies, 13 (3), 245-273.
  • David, J. O. (2013). The root causes of terrorism: an appraisal of the socio-economic determinants of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Davis, R. D. (2009). Community value above individualism: A common cultural element in modern suicide bombers. Air Command and Staff Coll Maxwell Afb Al, https://apps.dtic.mil/ sti/pdfs/ADA539970.pdf (Accessed February 16, 2022).
  • De Mooij, M. (1998). Masculinity and Femininity and Consumer Behavior, In Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures, G. Hofstede, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Do Rosario, M. A. (2018). The Character of Terrorism: A Cultural Perspective (Doctoral dissertation), Oklahoma State University.
  • Drake, C. J. M. (1998). The Role of Ideology in Terrorists’ Target Selection, Terrorism and Political Violence, 10 (2), 53-85. doi:10.1080/09546559808427457.
  • Erlenbusch, V. (2015). Terrorism and revolutionary violence: The emergence of terrorism in the French Revolution, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 8 (2), 193-210.
  • Fernandez, D. R., Carlson, D. S., Stepina, L. P., & Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede's country classification 25 years later, The Journal of Social Psychology, 137 (1), 43-54.
  • Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2023). Common myths of terrorism. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37 (2), 271-301.
  • Gerlach, P., & Eriksson, K. (2021). Measuring cultural dimensions: External validity and internal consistency of Hofstede's VSM 2013 Scales, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-9, Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662604.
  • Gommans, F. E. Y. (2019). Belgium as a victim or a culprit? A comparative analysis of framing the 2016 Brussels bombings in Flemish and Dutch newspapers (Doctoral dissertation), https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/7718/Gommans,%20Freya%204788575-Bachelor's%20thesis.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed February 16, 2022).
  • Gottschalk, M., & Gottschalk, S. (2004). Authoritarianism and pathological hatred: A social psychological profile of the Middle Eastern terrorist. The American Sociologist, 35 (2), 38-59.
  • Grönlund, H., Holmes, K., Kang, C., Cnaan, R. A., Handy, F., Brudney, J. L., & Zrinščak, S. (2011). Cultural values and volunteering: A cross-cultural comparison of students’ motivation to volunteer in 13 countries, Journal of Academic Ethics, 9 (2), 87-106.
  • GTI (2022). https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/GTI-2022-web-09062022.pdf (Accessed August 15, 2022).
  • Hair, J.F., William C.B., Barry J.B., & Rolph, E.A. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Helmus, T. C. (2009). Why and how some people become terrorists. Social Science For Counterterrorism, 74 (06-C), 71.
  • HIC, Hofstede-Insights Centre (2022). Country Comparison, https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/, (Accessed February 18, 2022).
  • Hofstede, G. (1994a). The business of international business is culture”, International Business Review, 3 (1), 1-14.
  • Hofstede, G. (1994b). Management scientists are human, Management Science, 40 (1), 4-13.
  • Hofstede, G. (2003). What is culture? A reply to Baskerville, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28 (7-8), 811-813.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (Rev. 3rd ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2 (1), 1-26.
  • IEP. Institute for Economics & Peace (2022). Global Peace Index 2021, https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/GPI-2021-web.pdf, (Accessed February 20, 2022).
  • Inkeles, A. & Levinson, D. J. (1969). National character: The study of modal personality and sociocultural systems. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology IV (pp. 418-506). New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Jackson, R. (2007). Language, Policy and the Construction of a Torture Culture in the War on Terrorism, Review of International Studies, 33 (3), 353-371.
  • Janis, I. L. (1968). Group Identification under Conditions of Extreme Danger. Group Dynamics, New York, Free Press, 80-90.
  • Javidan, M., House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Hanges, P. J., & Sully de Luque, M. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: a comparative review of GLOBE's and Hofstede's approaches, Journal of International Business Studies, 37 (6), 897-914.
  • Kluch, S. P., & Vaux, A. (2017). Culture and terrorism: The role of cultural factors in worldwide terrorism (1970–2013), Terrorism and Political Violence, 29 (2), 323-341.
  • Kruglansky, W. A., & Webber, D. (2014). The psychology of radicalization, https://www.zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2014_9_843.pdf (Accessed August 12, 2022).
  • Kumar, U., Mukherjee, S., & Parkash, V. (2012). Sociocultural aspects of terrorism, Countering terrorism: Psychosocial strategies, 47-73.
  • Law, R. D. (2016). Terrorism: A history. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lawal, O. A. (2002). Social-psychological considerations in the emergence and growth of terrorism. The psychology of terrorism: Programs and practices in response and prevention, 1, 23-31.
  • Lemu, M.N. (2016). Notes on Religion and Countering Violent Extremism, Countering Daesh Propaganda: Action-Oriented Research for Practical Policy Outcomes, The Carter Center. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_resolution/countering-isis/counteringdaeshpropaganda-feb2016.pdf (Accessed February 22, 2022).
  • Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials, Pew internet & American life project, An initiative of the Pew Research Cente, http://samaritanbehavioralhealth.net/files/social-media-young-adults.pdf, (Accessed March 01, 2022).
  • Lewis, J. (2005). Language wars: The role of media and culture in global terror and political violence. London, Pluto Press.
  • Maheswaran, D., & Agrawal, N. (2004). Motivational and cultural variations in mortality salience effects: Contemplations on terror management theory and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14 (3), 213-218.
  • Malinowski, B. (1936). Culture as a Determinant of Behavior. The Scientific Monthly, 43 (5), 440-449.
  • Mamdani, M. (2002). Good Muslim, bad Muslim: A political perspective on culture and terrorism, American Anthropologist, 104 (3), 766-775.
  • McBride, M. K. (2011). The Logic of Terrorism: Existential Anxiety, the Search for Meaning, and Terrorist Ideologies, Terrorism and Political Violence, 23 (4), 561-566.
  • Milla, M. N., Hudiyana, J., Cahyono, W., & Muluk, H. (2020). Is the role of ideologists central in terrorist networks? A social network analysis of Indonesian terrorist groups, Frontiers in Psychology, 333 (11), 1-11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00333.
  • Mutua, M. (2002). Terrorism and Human Rights: Power, Culture, and Subordination, Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, 8, 1-14.
  • Mythen, G., & Walklate, S. (2006). Communicating the terrorist risk: Harnessing a culture of fear?, Crime, Media, Culture, 2 (2), 123-142.
  • Newton, M. E. (2018). Gender Diversity around the World: The Role of Country Legal Regulations and Culture. Economics Undergraduate Honors Theses, https://scholarworks.uark.edu/econuht/26, (Accessed February 22, 2022).
  • Noricks, D. M. (2009). The root causes of terrorism. Social Science for Counterterrorism, 74 (06-C), 11.
  • Owen, D. (2008). Hubris syndrome. Clinical Medicine, 8 (4), 428-432.
  • Owen, D., & Davidson, J. (2009). Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years, Brain, 132 (5), 1396-1406.
  • Pacanowsky, M. E., & O'Donnell‐Trujillo, N. (1982). Communication and organizational cultures, Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 46 (2), 115-130.
  • Parsons, T. & Shils, E. A. (1951). Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
  • Peter, C., Poulston, J., & Losekoot, E. (2014). Terrorism, rugby, and hospitality: She׳ ll be right, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3 (4), 253-261.
  • Peterka-Benton, D., & Benton, B. (2014). Effects of cultural collectivism on terrorism favorability, Journal of Applied Security Research, 9 (1), 17-40.
  • Qirko, H. N. (2009). Altruism in suicide terror organizations. Zygon, 44 (2), 289-322.
  • Ramakhrisna, K. (2013). A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Radicalisation into Violent Extremism. Searcct’s Selectıon Of Artıcles, 1, 1.
  • Rapoport, D. C. (2013). The four waves of modern terrorism: David C. Rapoport. In Terrorism Studies (63-82). Routledge.
  • Razzaq, N.Z. (2018). The Cultural Challenge in Countering Violent Extremism and Counterterrorism, Homeland Security Cultures: Enhancing Values While Fostering Resilience Edt. (Siedschlag, A. and Jerkovic A.), London, Rowman &Littlefield International Ltd.
  • Sandberg, S. (2008). Black drug dealers in a white welfare state, Cannabis dealing and street capital in Norway, British Journal of Criminology, 48 (5), 604-619.
  • Sandberg, S. & Pedersen, W. (2009). Street Capital: Black Cannabis Dealers in a White Welfare State, Bristol, Policy Press.
  • Sassen, S. (Ed.). (2013). Deciphering the global: its scales, spaces and subjects. New York, Routledge.
  • Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture, American Psychologist, 45 (2), 109-119. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.109.
  • Schein, E. H. (1991). What is culture. Newbury Park, C, Sage, 243-253.
  • Shammas, V. L. & Sandberg, S. (2016). Habitus, capital, and conflict: Bringing Bourdieu to criminology, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 16 (2), 195–213.
  • Sheldon, P., Herzfeldt, E., & Rauschnabel, P. A. (2020). Culture and social media: the relationship between cultural values and hashtagging styles, Behaviour & Information Technology, 39 (7), 758-770.
  • Shmueli, G. (2010). To explain or to predict?, Statistical Science, 25 (3), 289-310.
  • Silke, A. (2008). Holy Warriors: Exploring the Psychological Processes of Jihadi Radicalization, European Journal of Criminology, 5 (1), 99–123.
  • Somaraju, A., & Dallas, V. M. U. (2010). Applying Cultural Models to Hierarchies in Terrorist. file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Applying%20Cultural %20Models%20to%20Terrorist%20Organizations.pdf (Accessed July 8, 2023).
  • Tilly, C. (2004). Terror, terrorism, terrorists, Sociological Theory, 22 (1), 5-13.
  • Weinberg, L., & Eubank, W. L. (1994). Cultural differences in the behavior of terrorists, Terrorism and Political Violence, 6 (1), 1-18.
  • Wiedenhaefer, R. M., Dastoor, B. R., Balloun, J., & Sosa-Fey, J. (2007). Ethno-psychological characteristics and terror-producing countries: Linking uncertainty avoidance to terrorist acts in the 1970s, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (9), 801-823.
  • Wiktotwicz, Q. (2004). Joining the Cause: Al-Muhajiroun and Radical Islam, Memphis, Tenn.: Rhodes College, Department of International Studies, http://www.cis.yale.edu/polisci/info/conferences/Islamic%20 Radicalism/papers/wiktorowicz-paper.pdf (Accessed August 14, 2022).
  • Wu, M. (2006). Hofstede's cultural dimensions 30 years later: A study of Taiwan and the United States, Intercultural Communication Studies, 15 (1), 33-42.
  • Yamen, A., Al Qudah, A., Badawi, A., & Bani-Mustafa, A. (2019). The impact of national culture on financial crime, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22 (2), 373-387.
  • Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE, Journal Of International Consumer Marketing, 23 (3-4), 193-210.
  • Young, J. K., & Dugan, L. (2010). Why do terrorist groups endure? Paper presented at the International Studies Association Meetings, New Orleans, LA.
  • Zelin, A.Y. (2016). Filtering Meta-Narratives: From Global to Local, Countering Daesh Propaganda: Action-Oriented Research for Practical Policy Outcomes, The Carter Center. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_resolution/countering-isis/counteringdaeshpropaganda-feb2016.pdf (Accessed February 22, 2022).
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Oğuzhan Pehlivan 0000-0002-6779-4699

Yunus Gökmen 0000-0002-6107-0577

Yavuz Ercil 0000-0003-2016-7329

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Pehlivan, O., Gökmen, Y., & Ercil, Y. (2024). SOCIOLOGICAL NEXUS BETWEEN CULTURE AND TERRORISM IN TERMS OF HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 296-320. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1379193