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CHINA'S LATIN AMERICA POLICY IN THE XI JINPING ERA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 321 - 339, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1384963

Öz

In this study, China's Latin America policy during the Xi Jinping period is evaluated through the conceptualization of "China-LAC relations", including the Caribbean and Central America region. As a general approach the study, instead of discussing China’s relationship with the countries in the region one by one, it is focused on China's general approach and priorities. It is accepted that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has a decisive role in foreign policy making and establishments in China. In this respect, collective leadership (in CCP) is also considered an understanding that refers to the few important people who lead the CCP and the country. Therefore, issues such as factions within the CCP were ignored and analyzes were made on leadership. The course of Sino-LAC relations, despite not having strong historical ties, can be described as a leap forward in the 1990s, especially in the 2000s. The development of a holistic and comprehensive approach to LAC took place during the Xi period. Programs and rhetoric frequently used in Chinese foreign policy have also been adapted to relations with the LAC. Whether it's the harmonious world policy or the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), all of them quickly settled at the center of China-LAC relations. The relevant part of this study is handled in two dimensions in terms of strategic scope and commercial-economic scope. An interconnection is established between China's activity and rise in the LAC region and China-US relations. The nature of both relationships has the capacity to affect each other deeply. It is expected that this study will contribute to Turkish literature in the field.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, C. R. (2014). China and Taiwan in Central America: Engaging Foreign Publics in Diplomacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Benedikter, R. (2014). “China: The Road Ahead”, Roland Benedikter, Verena Nowotny (ed.), China’s Road Ahead: Problems, Questions, Perspectives, New York: Springer, 2014.
  • Benedikter, R. & Nowotny V. (2014). “The 2012–2013 Generational Power Transfer and Its Perspectives: The Rule of Law or Democracy?”, Roland Benedikter ve Verena Nowotny (ed.). China’s Road Ahead: Problems, Questions, Perspectives, New York: Springer.
  • Bräutigam, D. (2003). Close Encounters: Chinese Business Networks As Industrial Catalysts in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Affairs, 102.
  • Brown, K. (2018). The World According To Xi: Everything You Need to Know About the New China. London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Brown, R. G. (1976). Chinese Politics and American Policy: A New Look at the Triangle, Foreign Policy, 23.
  • Cheng, J. Y. (2017). Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
  • Cheng, J. Y.S (2006). Latin America in China's Contemporary Foreign Policy. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 36 (4).
  • Chong, T. T & Li, X. (2019). Understanding China-US Trade War: Causes, Economic Impact, and the Worst-Case Scenario. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Working Paper, 71.
  • Choo, J. (2009). China's Relations with Latin America: Issues, Policy, Strategies, and Implications. Journal of International and Area Studies, 16 (2).
  • Chou, I. (1955). Communist China's Foreign Policy. The American Scholar, 24 (2).
  • Christensen, S. F. & Becard, D. S. R. (2016). China-Latin America Relations: Main Themes, Main Problems. JCIR, Special Issue.
  • Deng, Y. (1998). The Chinese Conception of National Interests in International Relations. The China Quarterly, 154.
  • Dian, M. & Menegazzi, S. (2018). New Regional Initiatives in China’s Foreign Policy: The Incoming Pluralism of Global Governance. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dittmer, L. (2007). Assessing American Asia Policy. Asian Survey, 47 (4).
  • Eder, T. S. (2014). China-Russia Relations in Central Asia: Energy Policy, Beijing’s New Assertiveness and 21st Century Geopolitics. Wien: Springer.
  • Economy, E. (2018), The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ellis, R. E. (2014). Latin America’s Foreign Policy as the Region Engages China. Security and Defense Studies Review, 15.
  • Feng, Y., Gao, Z. & Jiang W. (2018). What Attracts China’s Contracts to Latin America and the Caribbean? An Empirical Study of the Determinants of Chinese Contracts. Economic and Political Studies, 6 (1).
  • Fernandes, S. (2006). Trade Treaties and US Hegemony in the Americas. Economic and Political Weekly, 41 (20). FMPRC (2023). https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/1179_674909/201802/t20180202_9868930.shtml.
  • Friedman, E. (2008). An End to Europe’s “One China” Policy?, Peter C. Y. Chow (ed.), The “One China” Dilemma. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garcia B.C., Chen, M. & Goodman, D.S.G. (2011) Beyondasymmetry: cooperation, conflict and globalisation in Mexico-China relations. The Pacific Review, 24 (4), 421-438.
  • Hakim, P. (2011). The United States and Latin America: The Neighbourhood has Changed. The International Spectator, 46 (4).
  • Hao, Y. & Hou, Y. (2009). Chinese Foreign Policy Making: A Comparative Perspective, Public Administration Review, 69.
  • Harris, R. L. & Arias A. A. (2016). China’s South–South Cooperation with Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Developing Societies, 32 (4).
  • Holslag, J. (2008). Commerce and Prudence: Revising China’s Evolving Africa Policy. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 8.
  • Kaplan, S. B. (2016). Banking Unconditionally: the Political Economy of Chinese Finance in Latin America, Review of International Political Economy, 23 (4).
  • Kaplan, S. B. (2016). Banking Unconditionally: the Political Economy of Chinese Finance in Latin America, Review of International Political Economy, 23 (4).
  • Kapustina L., Lipková L., Silin Y. & Drevalev A. (2020). US-China Trade War: Causes and Outcomes”, SHS Web of Conferences, 73.
  • Levy, K. & Rose C. (2019). Are China and Japan Rivals in Latin America? A Rivalry Perception Analysis. The Pacific Review, 32 (5).
  • Li, H. (2007). China's growing interest in Latin America and its implications. Journal of Strategic Studies, 30 (4-5).
  • Liqun, Z. (2010). China’s Foreign Policy Debates. Chaillot Papers.
  • Liu, A. P. L. (2009). Rebirth and Secularization of the Central Party School in China, The China Journal, 62.
  • Maele, D. L. V. (2017). Xi Jinping and The Sino – Latin American Relations in The 21st Century: Facing The Beginning of A New Phase?, JCIR, 5 (1).
  • Mann, M. (2013). The End of Capitalism?. Análise Social, 48 (209).
  • Men, H. & Tsang, S. (2016). Genesis of a Pivotal Decade, Steve Tsang ve Honghua Men (ed.), China in the Xi Jinping Era. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Narins, T. P. (2018). Chinese Trade in Latin America Compared to the European Union and the United States: The Case of Technology-Intensive Exports, The Professional Geographer, 70 (2)
  • O'Leary, G. (1979). Chinese Foreign Policy under Attack: Has China Abandoned Revolution?. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, (1).
  • Pieke F. N. (2009). The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today’s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saich, T. (2004). Governance and politics of China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sally, R. (2006). China's Trade Policies in Wider Asian Perspective, Yang Yao, Linda Yueh (ed.), Globalisation and Economic Growth in China. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
  • Sanchez, P. M. (2002). The End of Hegemony? Panama and the United States, International Journal on World Peace, 19 (3).
  • Santibañes, F. (2009). An End to U.S. Hegemony? The Strategic Implications of China's Growing Presence in Latin America. Comparative Strategy, 28 (1).
  • Sung, Y. (2005). The Emergence of Greater China: The Economic Integration of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Vadell, J. A (2019). China in Latin America: South-South Cooperation with Chinese Characteristics. Latin American Perspectives, 46 (2).
  • Wang, H. (2000). Multilateralism in Chinese Foreign Policy: The Limits of Socialization. Asian Survey, 40 (3).
  • Wise, C. & Ching, V. C. (2018). Conceptualizing China–Latin America Relations in the Twenty-first Century: the Boom, the Bust, and the Aftermath. The Pacific Review, 31 (5).
  • Yu, G. T (1977). China and the Third World, Asian Survey, 17 (11).
  • Zhang, K. & Xie, X. (2019). “Call me Comrade not Mister”: Vicente Rovetta and the Spread of Maoism in Latin America’s Global Sixties, The Sixties, 12 (2).
  • 中华人民共和国外交部 (2023). 毛泽东主席关于三个世界的理论和一条线战略, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/wjs_674919/2159_674923/t8972.shtml
  • 夏 炽(2023). 习近平对和平外交政策的新发展. 改革开放刊.https://www.ixueshu.com/document/814a23b6b51168d4bb36ceacffc1dc9a318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 崔 守军 (2023).中国和拉美关系转型的特征, 动因与挑战.中国人民大学学报 . http://www.cssn.cn/gjgxx/gj_lmjj/201910/t20191031_5024195.shtml
  • 左 晓园 (2023).加强中拉文化外交 塑造中拉命运共同体. 中国社会科学网 http://cn.chinadiplomacy.org.cn/2021-05/19/content_77508989.shtml. )
  • 常 晖 (2023). 面对中拉经贸合作,欧盟为何忧心忡忡, 东方财经杂志官方澎湃号. https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_22731555.
  • 张 凡 (2019). 中拉关系的问题领域及其阶段性特征——再议中国在拉美的软实力构建. 拉丁美洲研究. 第3期.
  • 张 可 (2012). 和谐世界理论研究. 经济视角刊. 第四期, 第125-126页. https://www.ixueshu.com/document/2824c82399116b7642d0b24f1b0ca67c318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 张 峰 (2012). 中国列外轮刍议. 世界经济与政治. 第三期、87页https://www.ixueshu.com/document/3750cf6b88dc8b121d69c2936d67752c318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 沙 丁 & 杨 典求 (1983). 中国与拉丁美洲关系的历史演变. 历史教学, 第七期, 第三十页. https://www.ixueshu.com/document/cf576742b2e4e935c95988ac1ddb4671318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 海 尔 (2023. 一带一路的真实含义. 小康杂志. 三百零五期, https://www.ixueshu.com/download/99b122264be0bceef1ead50ead989a0c318947a18e7f9386.html.
  • 王 毅(2013).中国外交最鲜明特点是主动进取. http://news.takungpao.com/2014lh/article/2014-03/2334615.html.
  • 苏 格 (2017). 中国外交的伟大历史进程. 国际问题研究. 第五期, (Su Ge, “Çin Diplomasisinin Tarihsel Gelişimi”), http://www.ciis.org.cn/gyzz/2017-09/28/content_40031950.htm.
  • 谌 园庭 (2019). 中拉关系 70 年回顾与前瞻:从无足轻重到不可或缺. 拉丁美洲研究, 第41卷, 第6期.
  • 赵 重阳 & 谌 园庭 (2017). 进入 “构建发展” 阶段的中拉关系. 拉丁美洲研究. 第 5期.
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Xİ JİNPİNG DÖNEMİ ÇİN’İN LATİN AMERİKA POLİTİKASI

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 321 - 339, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1384963

Öz

Bu çalışmada Xi Jinping dönemi Çin’in Latin Amerika politikası Karayipler ve Orta Amerika bölgesini de kapsayacak şekilde “Çin-LAC ilişkileri” kavramsallaştırması üzerinden değerlendirilmektedir. Genel yaklaşım olarak bölgedeki ülkelerle tek tek ilişkisini tartışmak yerine Çin’in genel yaklaşımı ve öncelikleri üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır. Çin’de dış politika yapımında Çin Komünist Partisi’nin (ÇKP) belirleyici bir rolü olduğu kabul edilir. Bu bakımdan kolektif liderlik de ÇKP’yi yöneten az sayıdaki önemli kişiye işaret eden bir anlayış olarak kabul edilir. Bu yüzden ÇKP içindeki fraksiyonlar gibi konular göz ardı edilip liderlik üzerinden analizler yapılmıştır. Çin-LAC ilişkilerinin seyri, güçlü tarihsel bağları olmasa da 1990’lar özellikle de 2000’li yıllarda, bir sıçrama olarak nitelendirilebilir. Bütüncül ve kapsamlı bir yaklaşım geliştirilmesi ise Xi döneminde gerçekleşmiştir. Çin dış politikasında sıkça kullanılan program ve retorikler LAC ile ilişkilere de uyarlanmıştır. Gerek harmonik dünya politikası gerekse de Kuşak ve Yol İnisiyatifi (BRI) olsun kısa sürede Çin-LAC ilişkilerinin merkezine yerleşmiştir. Bu çalışmanın konuya ilişkin kısmı stratejik kapsam ve ticari-ekonomik kapsam bakımından iki boyutta ele alınmıştır. Çin’in LAC bölgesindeki etkinliği ve yükselişi ile Çin-ABD ilişkileri arasında bir bağlantı kurulmaktadır. Her iki ilişkinin niteliği birbirini derinden etkileme kapasitesine sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın alana ilişkin Türkçe literatüre katkı sunması umulmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışmada, hiç bir şekilde etik ihlali yoktur, literatür üzerinden araştırma ve analizler yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, C. R. (2014). China and Taiwan in Central America: Engaging Foreign Publics in Diplomacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Benedikter, R. (2014). “China: The Road Ahead”, Roland Benedikter, Verena Nowotny (ed.), China’s Road Ahead: Problems, Questions, Perspectives, New York: Springer, 2014.
  • Benedikter, R. & Nowotny V. (2014). “The 2012–2013 Generational Power Transfer and Its Perspectives: The Rule of Law or Democracy?”, Roland Benedikter ve Verena Nowotny (ed.). China’s Road Ahead: Problems, Questions, Perspectives, New York: Springer.
  • Bräutigam, D. (2003). Close Encounters: Chinese Business Networks As Industrial Catalysts in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Affairs, 102.
  • Brown, K. (2018). The World According To Xi: Everything You Need to Know About the New China. London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Brown, R. G. (1976). Chinese Politics and American Policy: A New Look at the Triangle, Foreign Policy, 23.
  • Cheng, J. Y. (2017). Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
  • Cheng, J. Y.S (2006). Latin America in China's Contemporary Foreign Policy. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 36 (4).
  • Chong, T. T & Li, X. (2019). Understanding China-US Trade War: Causes, Economic Impact, and the Worst-Case Scenario. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Working Paper, 71.
  • Choo, J. (2009). China's Relations with Latin America: Issues, Policy, Strategies, and Implications. Journal of International and Area Studies, 16 (2).
  • Chou, I. (1955). Communist China's Foreign Policy. The American Scholar, 24 (2).
  • Christensen, S. F. & Becard, D. S. R. (2016). China-Latin America Relations: Main Themes, Main Problems. JCIR, Special Issue.
  • Deng, Y. (1998). The Chinese Conception of National Interests in International Relations. The China Quarterly, 154.
  • Dian, M. & Menegazzi, S. (2018). New Regional Initiatives in China’s Foreign Policy: The Incoming Pluralism of Global Governance. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dittmer, L. (2007). Assessing American Asia Policy. Asian Survey, 47 (4).
  • Eder, T. S. (2014). China-Russia Relations in Central Asia: Energy Policy, Beijing’s New Assertiveness and 21st Century Geopolitics. Wien: Springer.
  • Economy, E. (2018), The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ellis, R. E. (2014). Latin America’s Foreign Policy as the Region Engages China. Security and Defense Studies Review, 15.
  • Feng, Y., Gao, Z. & Jiang W. (2018). What Attracts China’s Contracts to Latin America and the Caribbean? An Empirical Study of the Determinants of Chinese Contracts. Economic and Political Studies, 6 (1).
  • Fernandes, S. (2006). Trade Treaties and US Hegemony in the Americas. Economic and Political Weekly, 41 (20). FMPRC (2023). https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/1179_674909/201802/t20180202_9868930.shtml.
  • Friedman, E. (2008). An End to Europe’s “One China” Policy?, Peter C. Y. Chow (ed.), The “One China” Dilemma. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garcia B.C., Chen, M. & Goodman, D.S.G. (2011) Beyondasymmetry: cooperation, conflict and globalisation in Mexico-China relations. The Pacific Review, 24 (4), 421-438.
  • Hakim, P. (2011). The United States and Latin America: The Neighbourhood has Changed. The International Spectator, 46 (4).
  • Hao, Y. & Hou, Y. (2009). Chinese Foreign Policy Making: A Comparative Perspective, Public Administration Review, 69.
  • Harris, R. L. & Arias A. A. (2016). China’s South–South Cooperation with Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Developing Societies, 32 (4).
  • Holslag, J. (2008). Commerce and Prudence: Revising China’s Evolving Africa Policy. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 8.
  • Kaplan, S. B. (2016). Banking Unconditionally: the Political Economy of Chinese Finance in Latin America, Review of International Political Economy, 23 (4).
  • Kaplan, S. B. (2016). Banking Unconditionally: the Political Economy of Chinese Finance in Latin America, Review of International Political Economy, 23 (4).
  • Kapustina L., Lipková L., Silin Y. & Drevalev A. (2020). US-China Trade War: Causes and Outcomes”, SHS Web of Conferences, 73.
  • Levy, K. & Rose C. (2019). Are China and Japan Rivals in Latin America? A Rivalry Perception Analysis. The Pacific Review, 32 (5).
  • Li, H. (2007). China's growing interest in Latin America and its implications. Journal of Strategic Studies, 30 (4-5).
  • Liqun, Z. (2010). China’s Foreign Policy Debates. Chaillot Papers.
  • Liu, A. P. L. (2009). Rebirth and Secularization of the Central Party School in China, The China Journal, 62.
  • Maele, D. L. V. (2017). Xi Jinping and The Sino – Latin American Relations in The 21st Century: Facing The Beginning of A New Phase?, JCIR, 5 (1).
  • Mann, M. (2013). The End of Capitalism?. Análise Social, 48 (209).
  • Men, H. & Tsang, S. (2016). Genesis of a Pivotal Decade, Steve Tsang ve Honghua Men (ed.), China in the Xi Jinping Era. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Narins, T. P. (2018). Chinese Trade in Latin America Compared to the European Union and the United States: The Case of Technology-Intensive Exports, The Professional Geographer, 70 (2)
  • O'Leary, G. (1979). Chinese Foreign Policy under Attack: Has China Abandoned Revolution?. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, (1).
  • Pieke F. N. (2009). The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today’s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saich, T. (2004). Governance and politics of China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sally, R. (2006). China's Trade Policies in Wider Asian Perspective, Yang Yao, Linda Yueh (ed.), Globalisation and Economic Growth in China. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
  • Sanchez, P. M. (2002). The End of Hegemony? Panama and the United States, International Journal on World Peace, 19 (3).
  • Santibañes, F. (2009). An End to U.S. Hegemony? The Strategic Implications of China's Growing Presence in Latin America. Comparative Strategy, 28 (1).
  • Sung, Y. (2005). The Emergence of Greater China: The Economic Integration of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Vadell, J. A (2019). China in Latin America: South-South Cooperation with Chinese Characteristics. Latin American Perspectives, 46 (2).
  • Wang, H. (2000). Multilateralism in Chinese Foreign Policy: The Limits of Socialization. Asian Survey, 40 (3).
  • Wise, C. & Ching, V. C. (2018). Conceptualizing China–Latin America Relations in the Twenty-first Century: the Boom, the Bust, and the Aftermath. The Pacific Review, 31 (5).
  • Yu, G. T (1977). China and the Third World, Asian Survey, 17 (11).
  • Zhang, K. & Xie, X. (2019). “Call me Comrade not Mister”: Vicente Rovetta and the Spread of Maoism in Latin America’s Global Sixties, The Sixties, 12 (2).
  • 中华人民共和国外交部 (2023). 毛泽东主席关于三个世界的理论和一条线战略, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/wjs_674919/2159_674923/t8972.shtml
  • 夏 炽(2023). 习近平对和平外交政策的新发展. 改革开放刊.https://www.ixueshu.com/document/814a23b6b51168d4bb36ceacffc1dc9a318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 崔 守军 (2023).中国和拉美关系转型的特征, 动因与挑战.中国人民大学学报 . http://www.cssn.cn/gjgxx/gj_lmjj/201910/t20191031_5024195.shtml
  • 左 晓园 (2023).加强中拉文化外交 塑造中拉命运共同体. 中国社会科学网 http://cn.chinadiplomacy.org.cn/2021-05/19/content_77508989.shtml. )
  • 常 晖 (2023). 面对中拉经贸合作,欧盟为何忧心忡忡, 东方财经杂志官方澎湃号. https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_22731555.
  • 张 凡 (2019). 中拉关系的问题领域及其阶段性特征——再议中国在拉美的软实力构建. 拉丁美洲研究. 第3期.
  • 张 可 (2012). 和谐世界理论研究. 经济视角刊. 第四期, 第125-126页. https://www.ixueshu.com/document/2824c82399116b7642d0b24f1b0ca67c318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 张 峰 (2012). 中国列外轮刍议. 世界经济与政治. 第三期、87页https://www.ixueshu.com/document/3750cf6b88dc8b121d69c2936d67752c318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 沙 丁 & 杨 典求 (1983). 中国与拉丁美洲关系的历史演变. 历史教学, 第七期, 第三十页. https://www.ixueshu.com/document/cf576742b2e4e935c95988ac1ddb4671318947a18e7f9386.html
  • 海 尔 (2023. 一带一路的真实含义. 小康杂志. 三百零五期, https://www.ixueshu.com/download/99b122264be0bceef1ead50ead989a0c318947a18e7f9386.html.
  • 王 毅(2013).中国外交最鲜明特点是主动进取. http://news.takungpao.com/2014lh/article/2014-03/2334615.html.
  • 苏 格 (2017). 中国外交的伟大历史进程. 国际问题研究. 第五期, (Su Ge, “Çin Diplomasisinin Tarihsel Gelişimi”), http://www.ciis.org.cn/gyzz/2017-09/28/content_40031950.htm.
  • 谌 园庭 (2019). 中拉关系 70 年回顾与前瞻:从无足轻重到不可或缺. 拉丁美洲研究, 第41卷, 第6期.
  • 赵 重阳 & 谌 园庭 (2017). 进入 “构建发展” 阶段的中拉关系. 拉丁美洲研究. 第 5期.
  • 辛 尚 (2023). “和平共处的五项原则诞生末”. 时事报告大学生版、第一百零八页https://www.ixueshu.com/document/1a0a1ff99ddccf84eb1faaf1c1b968c5318947a18e7f9386.html.
  • 阎 博 (2008). 新世纪中国和拉丁美洲关系演进中的美国因素探析. 暨南大学硕士学位论文, 第六页.
  • 郑 亚丽 & 拜 喆喆 (2023). 洪都拉斯总统将访华 拉美国家为何纷纷“向东看”. https://tianmunews.com/news.html?id=2491381&from_channel=5d8b4d25cf8dfd0001a4143c&top_id=2491383.
  • Xinhua Haber Ajansı (2023). 15.04.2023, https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/2023-04/15/content_5751706.htm. )
  • 中国政府网. “一个中国原则”. http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-07/29/content_18293.htm
  • 金 灿荣 & 金 君达 (2018). “改革开放四十年的中国外交”,太平洋学报, 第 10 期,第 1-8 页.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fazlı Doğan 0000-0003-3221-7944

Nebire Nebican 0000-0003-0718-1978

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, F., & Nebican, N. (2024). Xİ JİNPİNG DÖNEMİ ÇİN’İN LATİN AMERİKA POLİTİKASI. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1384963