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E7 Ülkeleri için Sağlık Harcamaları ve Doğal Kaynaklar İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 35, 313 - 333, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1391044

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2000-2020 yılları arasında E7 ülkelerinde doğal kaynaklar, sağlık harcamaları, ekonomik büyüme, karbon emisyonları ve ticaret açıklığı arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bulgular, E7 ülkelerinde doğal kaynakların sağlık harcamalarını artırdığını, sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik ettiğini, karbon emisyonlarının sağlık harcamalarını etkilediğini ve sağlık harcamalarının ticaret açıklığını etkilediğini göstermektedir. Hindistan ve Türkiye'de doğal kaynaklar sağlık harcamalarını artırırken, Meksika'da doğal kaynak geliri sağlık sektörünü yönlendirebilmektedir. Çin'de sağlık harcamaları ekonomik büyümeyi tetiklerken, Brezilya, Rusya ve Türkiye'de ekonomik büyüme sağlık harcamalarını artırmaktadır. Endonezya ve Hindistan'da sağlık harcamaları ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etmektedir. Brezilya ve Meksika'da sağlık harcamaları ile karbon emisyonu arasında ilişki bulunurken, Çin ve Rusya'da çevresel faktörler sağlık harcamalarını artırmaktadır. Ticaret açıklığı ise Brezilya ve Meksika'da sağlık harcamalarını artırmaktadır, ancak hizmet kalitesine dikkat edilmelidir. Bu sonuçlar, ülkelerin doğal kaynakları etkili kullanmaları, sağlık sektörüne yatırım yapmaları, çevresel politikaları güçlendirmeleri ve ticaret açıklığını dengelemeleri gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, S., Boateng, E., & Acheampong, A. O. (2020). Transport energy consumption and environmental quality: Does urbanization matter?. Science of the Total Environment, 744, 140617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140617.
  • Adebayo, T. S., Akadiri, S. S., Asuzu, O. C., Pennap, N. H., & Sadiq-Bamgbopa, Y. (2023). Impact of tourist arrivals on environmental quality: A way towards environmental sustainability targets. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(6), 958-976. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2045914.
  • Ahmad, M., Akram, W., Ikram, M., Shah, A. A., Rehman, A., Chandio, A. A., & Jabeen, G. (2021). Estimating dynamic interactive linkages among urban agglomeration, economic performance, carbon emissions, and health expenditures across developmental disparities. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.006.
  • Akyol, H., & Gurlaş, F. (2021). Teknolojik patent, finansal derinleşme ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması. ETÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (ETÜSBED), 12, 18-38. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.795453.
  • Anwar, M. A., Madni, G. R., & Yasin, I. (2021). Environmental quality, forestation, and health expenditure: A cross-country evidence. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 16454-16480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01364-6.
  • Apergis, N., Gupta, R., Lau, C. K. M., & Mukherjee, Z. (2018). U.S. state-level carbon dioxide emissions: Does it afect health care expenditure? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91,521–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.035.
  • Asongu, S. A., Iheonu, C. O., & Odo, K. O. (2019). The conditional relationship between renewable energy and environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(36), 36993-37000. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06846-9.
  • Atuahene, S.A., Yusheng, K., & Bentum-Micah, G. (2020). Health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: China vs. India. Preprints 2020090384. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0384.v1.
  • Barkat, K., Sbia, R., & Maouchi, Y. (2019). Empirical evidence on the long and short run determinants of health expenditure in the Arab world. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 73,78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.11.009.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111.
  • Byaro, M., Nkonoki, J., & Mayaya, H. (2021). The contribution of trade openness to health outcomes in Sub-Saharan African countries: A Dynamic Panel Analysis. Research in Globalization, 3, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100067.
  • Cengiz, O., & Manga, M. (2022). Türki cumhuriyetlerde küreselleşmenin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki rolü. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(2), 583-598. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.946599.
  • Cervantes, P. A. M., López, N. R., & Rambaud, S. C. (2020). The relative importance of globalization and public expenditure on life expectancy in Europe: An approach based on MARS methodology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8614), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228614.
  • Ceylan, R., & Kızıl, B. C. (2018). Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği, Journal Of Yasar University, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.343055.
  • Chaabouni, S., & Saidi, K. (2017). The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries. Environmental Research, 158, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.041.
  • Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N., & Ben Mbarek, M. (2016). On the causal dynamics between CO2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth. Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.02.001.
  • Chien, F., Ajaz, T., Andlib, Z., Chau, K. Y., Ahmad, P., & Sharif, A. (2021). The role of technology innovation, renewable energy and globalization in reducing environmental degradation in Pakistan: A step towards sustainable environment. Renewable Energy, 177, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.101.
  • Chireshe, J., & Ocran, M. K. (2020). Financial development and health care expenditure in Sub Saharan Africa countries, Cogent Economics & Finance, 8 (1), 1771878, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2020.1771878. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1771878.
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Examining The Relationshıp Between Health Expenditures And Natural Resources For The E7 Countries

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 35, 313 - 333, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1391044

Öz

This study aims to examine the relationships between natural resources, healthcare expenditures, economic growth, carbon emissions, and trade openness in E7 countries from 2000 to 2020. The findings indicate that natural resources in E7 countries contribute to an increase in healthcare expenditures, healthcare expenditures stimulate economic growth, carbon emissions affect healthcare expenditures, and healthcare expenditures influence trade openness. While natural resources increase healthcare expenditures in India and Turkey, in Mexico, natural resource income can shape the healthcare sector. In China, healthcare expenditures trigger economic growth, whereas in Brazil, Russia, and Turkey, economic growth increases healthcare expenditures. Healthcare expenditures promote economic growth in Indonesia and India. There is a relationship between healthcare expenditures and carbon emissions in Brazil and Mexico, while environmental factors increase healthcare expenditures in China and Russia. Trade openness increases healthcare expenditures in Brazil and Mexico; however, attention should be paid to service quality. These results suggest that countries need to effectively utilize natural resources, invest in the healthcare sector, strengthen environmental policies, and balance trade openness.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, S., Boateng, E., & Acheampong, A. O. (2020). Transport energy consumption and environmental quality: Does urbanization matter?. Science of the Total Environment, 744, 140617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140617.
  • Adebayo, T. S., Akadiri, S. S., Asuzu, O. C., Pennap, N. H., & Sadiq-Bamgbopa, Y. (2023). Impact of tourist arrivals on environmental quality: A way towards environmental sustainability targets. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(6), 958-976. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2045914.
  • Ahmad, M., Akram, W., Ikram, M., Shah, A. A., Rehman, A., Chandio, A. A., & Jabeen, G. (2021). Estimating dynamic interactive linkages among urban agglomeration, economic performance, carbon emissions, and health expenditures across developmental disparities. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.006.
  • Akyol, H., & Gurlaş, F. (2021). Teknolojik patent, finansal derinleşme ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması. ETÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (ETÜSBED), 12, 18-38. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.795453.
  • Anwar, M. A., Madni, G. R., & Yasin, I. (2021). Environmental quality, forestation, and health expenditure: A cross-country evidence. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 16454-16480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01364-6.
  • Apergis, N., Gupta, R., Lau, C. K. M., & Mukherjee, Z. (2018). U.S. state-level carbon dioxide emissions: Does it afect health care expenditure? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91,521–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.035.
  • Asongu, S. A., Iheonu, C. O., & Odo, K. O. (2019). The conditional relationship between renewable energy and environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(36), 36993-37000. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06846-9.
  • Atuahene, S.A., Yusheng, K., & Bentum-Micah, G. (2020). Health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: China vs. India. Preprints 2020090384. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0384.v1.
  • Barkat, K., Sbia, R., & Maouchi, Y. (2019). Empirical evidence on the long and short run determinants of health expenditure in the Arab world. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 73,78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.11.009.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111.
  • Byaro, M., Nkonoki, J., & Mayaya, H. (2021). The contribution of trade openness to health outcomes in Sub-Saharan African countries: A Dynamic Panel Analysis. Research in Globalization, 3, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100067.
  • Cengiz, O., & Manga, M. (2022). Türki cumhuriyetlerde küreselleşmenin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki rolü. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(2), 583-598. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.946599.
  • Cervantes, P. A. M., López, N. R., & Rambaud, S. C. (2020). The relative importance of globalization and public expenditure on life expectancy in Europe: An approach based on MARS methodology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8614), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228614.
  • Ceylan, R., & Kızıl, B. C. (2018). Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği, Journal Of Yasar University, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.343055.
  • Chaabouni, S., & Saidi, K. (2017). The dynamic links between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, health spending and GDP growth: A case study for 51 countries. Environmental Research, 158, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.041.
  • Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N., & Ben Mbarek, M. (2016). On the causal dynamics between CO2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth. Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.02.001.
  • Chien, F., Ajaz, T., Andlib, Z., Chau, K. Y., Ahmad, P., & Sharif, A. (2021). The role of technology innovation, renewable energy and globalization in reducing environmental degradation in Pakistan: A step towards sustainable environment. Renewable Energy, 177, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.101.
  • Chireshe, J., & Ocran, M. K. (2020). Financial development and health care expenditure in Sub Saharan Africa countries, Cogent Economics & Finance, 8 (1), 1771878, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2020.1771878. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1771878.
  • Cockx, L., & Francken, N. (2014). Extending the concept of the resource curse: Natural resources and public spending on health. Ecological Economics, 108, 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.10.013.
  • Danish, & Wang, Z. (2018). Dynamic relationship between tourism, economic growth, and environmental quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(11), 1928-1943. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293.
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  • Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Saud, S., Ahmad, A., & Khurshid, H. (2019). Does information and communication technologies improve environmental quality in the era of globalization? An empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 8594-8608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04296-x.
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  • Karaaslan, A., & Çamkaya, S. (2022). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expenditure, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable Energy, 190, 457-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.139.
  • Kartal, M. T., Samour, A., Adebayo, T. S., & Depren, S. K. (2023). Do nuclear energy and renewable energy surge environmental quality in the United States? New insights from novel bootstrap fourier granger causality in quantiles approach. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 155, 104509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104509.
  • Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021). The impact of natural resources, energy consumption, and population growth on environmental quality: Fresh evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142222.
  • Konat, G. (2021). Sağlık harcaması ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri için panel veri analizi. Journal of Yaşar University, 16(61), 348-360. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.787814.
  • Konat, G., & Fendoğlu, E. (2021). Salgınının makroekonomik etkileri: ekonometrik bir analiz. İçinde A. Aksoy, A. Karapınar, F. Zaif ve B. Aydıntan (Ed.). Covid 19 pandemisinin işletme ve ekonomi alanında etkileri seçme yazılar (ss. 255-272). Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Kongbuamai, N., Bui, Q., Yousaf, H. M. A. U., & Liu, Y. (2020). The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: A case study of ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19251–19264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x.
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and growth: Granger causality analysis on OECD countries with a panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 23, 978-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.04.008.
  • Künü, S., & Levent, C. (2023). Sağlık harcamaları, CO2 emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Seçilmiş AB ülkeleri örneği. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 9(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1202332.
  • Liu, Y-M. (2020). Population aging, technological innovation, and the growth of health expenditure: Evidence from patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Value in Health Regional Issues, 21, 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2019.07.012.
  • López-Casasnovas, G., & Soley-Bori, M. (2014). The socioeconomic determinants of health: economic growth and health in the OECD countries during the last three decades. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(1), 815-829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100815.
  • Mahalik, M. K., Mallick, H., & Padhan, H. (2021). Do educational levels influence the environmental quality? The role of renewable and non-renewable energy demand in selected BRICS countries with a new policy perspective. Renewable Energy, 164, 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.090.
  • Majeed M. T. ve Öztürk, I. (2020) Environmental degradation and population health outcomes: A global panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 15901–15911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08167-8.
  • Mehmood, U. (2021). Contribution of renewable energy towards environmental quality: The role of education to achieve sustainable development goals in G11 countries. Renewable Energy, 178, 600-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.118.
  • Meng, D., Iqbal, N., & Zhao, S. (2022). Natural resources environmental quality and economic development: Fresh analysis. Resources Policy, 79, 102948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102948.
  • Murthy, V. N. R., & Okunade, A. A. (2016) Determinants of U.S. health expenditure: evidence from autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration. Economic Modelling, 59, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.001.
  • Nica, E., Poliakova, A., Popescu, G. H., Valaskova, K., Burcea, S. G., & Constantin, A-L. D. (2023). The impact of financial development, health expenditure, CO2 emissions, institutional quality, and energy mix on life expectancy in Eastern Europe: CS-ARDL and quantile regression approaches, Heliyon, 9(11), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21084.
  • Nikzadian, A., Agheli, L., Arani, A. A., & Sadeghi, H. (2019). The effects of resource rent, human capital and government efectiveness on government health expenditure in organization of the petroleum exporting countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 9(2):381-389. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7575.
  • Nketia, E. B., Kong, Y., Mensah, I. A., Ampon-Wireko, S., & Anfom, K. (2022). Inclusive growth and the sophisticated influence of carbon emissions, renewable energy, and financial development: An introspective analysis of Africa. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2022.2099038.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
  • Polcyn, J., Voumik, L. C., Ridwan, M., Ray, S., & Vovk, V. (2023). Evaluating the influences of health expenditure, energy consumption, and environmental pollution on life expectancy in Asia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054000.
  • Rana, R. H., Alam, K., & Gow, J. (2021). Financial development and health expenditure nexus: A global perspective. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 1050–1063. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1835.
  • Safdar, S., Khan, A., & Andlib, Z. (2022). Impact of good governance andnatural resource rent on economic and environmental sustainability: An empirical analysis for South Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21401-9.
  • Sagarik, D. (2016). Determinants of health expenditures in ASEAN region: Theory and evidence. Millennial Asia, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0976399615624054.
  • Shahzad, K., Jianqiu, Z., Hashim, M., Nazam, M., & Wang, L. (2020) Impact of using information and communication technology and renewable energy on health expenditure: A case study from Pakistan. Energy, 204, 117956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117956.
  • Sharif, A., Baris-Tuzemen, O., Uzuner, G., Öztürk, I., & Sinha, A. (2020). Revisiting the Role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s Ecological footprint: Evidence from quantile ARDL approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102138.
  • Shobande, O. A., & Ogbeifun, L. (2022). Has information and communication technology improved environmental quality in the OECD? A dynamic panel analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 29(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2021.1909172.
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  • Ullah, I., Rehman, A., Khan, F. U., Shah, M. H., & Khan, F. (2019). Nexus between trade, CO2 emissions, renewable energy, and health expenditure in Pakistan. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(4):818–831. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2912.
  • Usman, M., Ma, Z., Zafar, M. W., Haseeb, A., & Ashraf, R. U. (2019). Are air pollution, economic and non-economic factors associated with per capita health expenditures? Evidence from Emerging Economies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111967.
  • Wang, Z., Asghar, M. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic linkages among CO2 Emissions, health expenditures, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15285–15299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04876-x.
  • Wangzhou, K., Wen, J. J., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Hao, C., & Andlib, Z. (2022). Revealing the nexus between tourism development and CO2 emissions in Asia: Does asymmetry matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21339-y.
  • Wei, H., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Analysis of impact of urbanization on environmental quality in China. China & World Economy, 25(2), 85-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12195.
  • Xu, D., Yang, F., Yu, L., Zhou, Y., Li, H., Ma, J., & Cheng, J. (2021). Quantization of the coupling mechanism between eco-environmental quality and urbanization from multisource remote sensing data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128948.
  • Yavuz, N. C., Yılancı, V., & Öztürk, Z. A. (2013). Is health care a luxury or a necessity or both? Evidence from Turkey. The European Journal of Health Economics, 14(1), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-011-0339-6.
  • Yetim, B., İlgün, G., Çilhoroz, Y., Demirci, Ş., & Konca, M. (2021). The socioeconomic determinants of health expenditure in OECD: An examination on panel data. International Journal of Healthcare Management 14(4), 1265-1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1756112.
  • Zeng, J., & He, Q. (2019). Does industrial air pollution drive health care expenditures? Spatial evidence from China. Journal Cleaner Production, 218, 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.288.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makro İktisat (Diğer), Çevre Politikası, Sağlık Politikası
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Han 0000-0002-3390-2129

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Şubat 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Şubat 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 35

Kaynak Göster

APA Han, A. (2024). E7 Ülkeleri için Sağlık Harcamaları ve Doğal Kaynaklar İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(35), 313-333. https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1391044

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)