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A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1024 - 1036, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.986915

Öz

Liquefaction in saturated sandy soils under cyclical loads has a significant part in the structural damage cases. Pile foundations, used for soils with bearing capacity problems, might get exposed to various liquefaction-based damages. The finite element program FLAC2D is utilized to understand the pile behavior in liquefied soils under dynamic loads. The 1999 Kocaleli earthquake record was used in the numerical analysis for a single pile element in the layered soil profile with liquefied and non-liquefied soil. The pile-head of the model used in the layered soil sample was left free for rotation. Calculations for a single pile profile where axial load and horizontal load are affected simultaneously were performed by considering both the kinematic and inertial effect. Finite difference analyzes were performed by changing the embedded lengths of pile socket according to the existence and absence of a non-liquefying crust layer on the liquefied soil in the layered soil profile. As the results of the pile-head displacement and maximum moment value output were assessed.

Kaynakça

  • [1] K. Chatterjee, D. Choudhury, V. Dilli Rao, and H.G. Poulos, “Seismic response of single piles in liquefiable soil considering P‑delta effect,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17, pp.2935–2961, 2019.
  • [2] K. Tokimatsu and Y. Asaka, “ Effects of liquefaction-induced ground displacements on pile performance in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake,” Special Issue of Soil and Foundations, 38, pp.163-177, 1998.
  • [3] G.R. Martin and C.Y. Chen, “Response of piles due to lateral slope movement,” Computers and Structures, 83(8-9), pp.588-598, 2005.
  • [4] K. Horikoshi, A. Tateishi and H. Ohtsu, “ Detailed Investigation of Piles damaged by Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake,” 12th World Conference on Earthquake Enginnering, 2477, 2000.
  • [5] W.D.L. Finn and N. Fujita, “ Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues,” Soil Dyanamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22(9-12), pp.731-742, 2002.
  • [6] B.K. Maheshwari, K.Z. Truman, M.H. El Naggar and P.L. Gould, “Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for seismic soil-pile-structure interaction,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(4), pp. 343–356, 2004.
  • [7] K.Tokimatsu, H. Suzuki and M. Sato, “ Effects of inertial and kinematic interaction on seismic behavior of pile with embedded foundation,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25(7-10), pp.753-762, 2005.
  • [8] N. Chenaf and J-L. Chazelas, “The Kinematic and Inertial Soil-Pile Interactions: Centrifuge Modelling” 3rd International Workshop of Young Doctors In Geomechanics, France, 65-68, November, 2008.
  • [9] J. Chioua, W. Hung and Z. Young, “Combined dynamic structure-pile-soil interaction analysis considering inertial and kinematic effects,” Computers and Geotechnics, Volume 125, 103671, September, 2020,
  • [10] A.S. Nikolaou, G. Mylonakis, G. Gazetas, T., Tazoh, “Kinematic pile bending during earthquakes analysis and field measurements,” Geotechnique, 51 (5), pp. 425-440, 2001.
  • [11] K.T. Chau, C.Y. Shen and X. Guo, “Nonlinear seismic soil–pile–structure interactions: Shaking table tests and FEM analyses,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, pp. 300-310, 2009.
  • [12] M.N. Hussien, T. Tobita, S. Iai and M. Karray, “Soil-pile-structure kinematic and inertial interaction observed in geotechnical centrifuge experiments,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 89, pp. 75-84, 2016.
  • [13] M. Cubrinovski and K. Ishihara, “Simplified method for analysis of piles undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied soils,” Soils and Foundations, 44(5), pp.119-133, 2004.
  • [14] X. Wei, Q. Wang and Wang, J. “Damage patterns and failure mechanisms of bridge pile foundation under earthquake,” The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 2008.
  • [15] S. Stacul and N. Squeglia, “Simplified assessment of pile-head kinematic demand in layered soil” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Volume 130, March, 2020.
  • [16] A.E. Kampitsis, E.J. Sapountzakis, S.K. Giannakos and N.A. Gerolymos, “Seismic soil–pile–structure kinematic and inertial interaction-a new beam approach,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 55, pp. 211-224, 2013.
  • [17] R. Di Laora, G. Mylonakis and A. Mandolini, “Pile‐head kinematic bending in layered soil,” Earthquake Engineering Structure Dynamics, 42 (3), pp. 319-337, 2013.
  • [18] F. Liang, H. Chen, and W.D. Guo, “Simplified boundary element method for kinematic response of single piles in two-layer soil,” Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2013.
  • [19] R. Di Laora and E. Rovithis, “Kinematic bending of fixed-head piles in nonhomogeneous soil,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141 (4), p. 04014126, 2015.
  • [20] R. Luo, M. Yang and W. Li, “Assessments of kinematic bending moment at pile head in seismic area,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 25(5),pp.970-991, 2018.
  • [21] S.Stacul and N. Squeglia, “KIN SP: A boundary element method based code for single pile kinematic bending in layered soil,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(1),pp. 176-187, 2018.
  • [22] W. Ke, Q. Liu and C. Zhang, “ Kinematic bending of single piles in layered soil” Acta Geotechica, 14, pp. 101-110, 2019.
  • [23] D. Erdoğan, S. Altun, S., A. Sezer ve G. Özden, “ Kinematik zemin-kazık etkileşiminin winkler temeline oturan kiriş yöntemi ile analizi,” Teori ve Uygulamada Zemin-Yapı Etkileşimi, Zemin Mekaniği ve Temel Mühendisliği 1. Özel Konulu Sempozyumu, İstanbul, 2007.
  • [24] D. Choudhury, V.S. Kanth and G.R. Reddy, “Recent Advances in Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations in Liquefiable Soils during Earthquake: A Review,” Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, India, 2009.
  • [25] K. Ishihara, “Terzaghi Oration: Geotechnical Aspects of The 1995 Kobe Earthquake,” Proceedings of Fourteenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Hamburg, pp. 2047-2073, 1997.
  • [26] A. Janalizadeh and A. Zahmatkesh, “Lateral response of pile foundations in liquefiable soils,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 7(5), pp. 532- 539, 2015.
  • [27] M. Cubrinovski, T. Kokusho and K. Ishihara, “Interpretation from large-scale table tests on piles undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied soils,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(2-4), pp. 275-286, 2006.
  • [28] S. R. Dash and S. Bhattacharya, “Criteria for design of piled foundations in seismically liquefiable deposits,” 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1724, 25-28 June, 2007.
  • [29] S.R. Dash, L. Govindaraju and S. Bhattacharya, S. “ A case study of damages of the Kandla Port and Customs Office tower supported on a mat-pile foundation in liquefied soils under the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(2), pp. 333–346, 2009.
  • [30] K.Tokida, H. Matsumoto, T. Azuma and I. Towhata “Simplified procedure to estimate lateral ground flow by soil liquefaction,” Transactions on the Built Environment, 3, pp. 381-396, 1993. [31] S.J. Brandenberg, P. Kashighandi, J. Zhang, Y. Huo and M. Zhao, “ Sensitivity Study of an Older-Vintage Bridge Subjected to Lateral Spreading,” Geotechnical Earthquake and Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV Congress, Sacramento, California, May, 2008.
  • [32] J. A. Knappett, S. Mohammadi and C. Griffin, “Lateral spreading forces on bridge piers and pile caps in laterally spreading soil: Effect of angle of incidence,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(12), pp. 1589-1599, 2010.
  • [33] Q. Li, X. Zhang and Z. Yang, “ Analysis of laterally loaded piles in liquefiable soils with a frozen crust,” Geo Congress, Oakland, California, United States, 25-29 March, 2012.
  • [34] FLAC2D, Software program, Version 6, Itasca Consulting.
  • [35] FLAC2D (2002). Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua User’s Guide, Constitutive Models: Theory and Implementation, Itasca Consulting Group Inc. Version 4.
  • [36] K.Z. Lee, “Verification of FLAC Mohr-Coulomb Model For Granular Materials Under Monotonic Loading,” Report DSO-14-02, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Geotechnical Engineering Group 3, Colorado, 2014.
  • [37] A. Soroush and S. Koohi, “Numerical analysis of liquefaction-ınduced lateral spreading,” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 2004.
  • [38] G.R. Martin, W.D.L Finn. and H.B. Seed, “Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading,” Journal of the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Division, 101(5), pp.423-438, 1975.
  • [39] DEEPSOIL 6.1, Software program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Sıvılaşan Zeminlerde Kazık Davranışına Dair Parametric Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1024 - 1036, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.986915

Öz

Tekrarlı yükler altında suya doygun kumlu zeminlerde meydana gelen sıvılaşma olayı yapısal hasarların meydana gelmesinde etkin rol oynamaktır. Taşıma gücü problemleri olan zeminler için kullanılan kazık temeller sıvılaşma olayından dolayı çeşitli hasarlara maruz kalabilirler. Bu çalışmada, dinamik yükler altında sıvılaşan zeminlerdeki kazık davranışı anlamak için sonlu farklar programı FLAC2D kullanılmıştır. Sıvılaşan ve sıvılaşmayan zeminin bulunduğu tabakalı zemin profilindeki tek bir kazık elemanı için yapılan numerik analizde 1999 Kocaleli deprem kaydı kullanılmıştır. Tabakalı zemin örneği içinde kullanılan kazık modelinin kazık başı dönmeye serbest hareketli olarak bırakılmıştır. Eksenel yük ve yatay yük aynı anda etkitilen tek kazık profili için hem kinematik etki hem de ataletsel etki göz önüne alınarak hesaplama yapılmıştır. Tabakalı zemin profilindeki sıvılaşan zemin üzerine sıvılaşmayan kabuk tabakası bulunması ve bulunmaması durumlarına göre kazık soket
boyları değiştirilerek sonlu farklar analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş kazık başı deplasman değeri ve oluşan maksimum moment değeri sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] K. Chatterjee, D. Choudhury, V. Dilli Rao, and H.G. Poulos, “Seismic response of single piles in liquefiable soil considering P‑delta effect,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17, pp.2935–2961, 2019.
  • [2] K. Tokimatsu and Y. Asaka, “ Effects of liquefaction-induced ground displacements on pile performance in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake,” Special Issue of Soil and Foundations, 38, pp.163-177, 1998.
  • [3] G.R. Martin and C.Y. Chen, “Response of piles due to lateral slope movement,” Computers and Structures, 83(8-9), pp.588-598, 2005.
  • [4] K. Horikoshi, A. Tateishi and H. Ohtsu, “ Detailed Investigation of Piles damaged by Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake,” 12th World Conference on Earthquake Enginnering, 2477, 2000.
  • [5] W.D.L. Finn and N. Fujita, “ Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues,” Soil Dyanamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22(9-12), pp.731-742, 2002.
  • [6] B.K. Maheshwari, K.Z. Truman, M.H. El Naggar and P.L. Gould, “Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for seismic soil-pile-structure interaction,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(4), pp. 343–356, 2004.
  • [7] K.Tokimatsu, H. Suzuki and M. Sato, “ Effects of inertial and kinematic interaction on seismic behavior of pile with embedded foundation,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25(7-10), pp.753-762, 2005.
  • [8] N. Chenaf and J-L. Chazelas, “The Kinematic and Inertial Soil-Pile Interactions: Centrifuge Modelling” 3rd International Workshop of Young Doctors In Geomechanics, France, 65-68, November, 2008.
  • [9] J. Chioua, W. Hung and Z. Young, “Combined dynamic structure-pile-soil interaction analysis considering inertial and kinematic effects,” Computers and Geotechnics, Volume 125, 103671, September, 2020,
  • [10] A.S. Nikolaou, G. Mylonakis, G. Gazetas, T., Tazoh, “Kinematic pile bending during earthquakes analysis and field measurements,” Geotechnique, 51 (5), pp. 425-440, 2001.
  • [11] K.T. Chau, C.Y. Shen and X. Guo, “Nonlinear seismic soil–pile–structure interactions: Shaking table tests and FEM analyses,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, pp. 300-310, 2009.
  • [12] M.N. Hussien, T. Tobita, S. Iai and M. Karray, “Soil-pile-structure kinematic and inertial interaction observed in geotechnical centrifuge experiments,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 89, pp. 75-84, 2016.
  • [13] M. Cubrinovski and K. Ishihara, “Simplified method for analysis of piles undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied soils,” Soils and Foundations, 44(5), pp.119-133, 2004.
  • [14] X. Wei, Q. Wang and Wang, J. “Damage patterns and failure mechanisms of bridge pile foundation under earthquake,” The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 2008.
  • [15] S. Stacul and N. Squeglia, “Simplified assessment of pile-head kinematic demand in layered soil” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Volume 130, March, 2020.
  • [16] A.E. Kampitsis, E.J. Sapountzakis, S.K. Giannakos and N.A. Gerolymos, “Seismic soil–pile–structure kinematic and inertial interaction-a new beam approach,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 55, pp. 211-224, 2013.
  • [17] R. Di Laora, G. Mylonakis and A. Mandolini, “Pile‐head kinematic bending in layered soil,” Earthquake Engineering Structure Dynamics, 42 (3), pp. 319-337, 2013.
  • [18] F. Liang, H. Chen, and W.D. Guo, “Simplified boundary element method for kinematic response of single piles in two-layer soil,” Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2013.
  • [19] R. Di Laora and E. Rovithis, “Kinematic bending of fixed-head piles in nonhomogeneous soil,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141 (4), p. 04014126, 2015.
  • [20] R. Luo, M. Yang and W. Li, “Assessments of kinematic bending moment at pile head in seismic area,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 25(5),pp.970-991, 2018.
  • [21] S.Stacul and N. Squeglia, “KIN SP: A boundary element method based code for single pile kinematic bending in layered soil,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(1),pp. 176-187, 2018.
  • [22] W. Ke, Q. Liu and C. Zhang, “ Kinematic bending of single piles in layered soil” Acta Geotechica, 14, pp. 101-110, 2019.
  • [23] D. Erdoğan, S. Altun, S., A. Sezer ve G. Özden, “ Kinematik zemin-kazık etkileşiminin winkler temeline oturan kiriş yöntemi ile analizi,” Teori ve Uygulamada Zemin-Yapı Etkileşimi, Zemin Mekaniği ve Temel Mühendisliği 1. Özel Konulu Sempozyumu, İstanbul, 2007.
  • [24] D. Choudhury, V.S. Kanth and G.R. Reddy, “Recent Advances in Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations in Liquefiable Soils during Earthquake: A Review,” Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, India, 2009.
  • [25] K. Ishihara, “Terzaghi Oration: Geotechnical Aspects of The 1995 Kobe Earthquake,” Proceedings of Fourteenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Hamburg, pp. 2047-2073, 1997.
  • [26] A. Janalizadeh and A. Zahmatkesh, “Lateral response of pile foundations in liquefiable soils,” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 7(5), pp. 532- 539, 2015.
  • [27] M. Cubrinovski, T. Kokusho and K. Ishihara, “Interpretation from large-scale table tests on piles undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied soils,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(2-4), pp. 275-286, 2006.
  • [28] S. R. Dash and S. Bhattacharya, “Criteria for design of piled foundations in seismically liquefiable deposits,” 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1724, 25-28 June, 2007.
  • [29] S.R. Dash, L. Govindaraju and S. Bhattacharya, S. “ A case study of damages of the Kandla Port and Customs Office tower supported on a mat-pile foundation in liquefied soils under the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(2), pp. 333–346, 2009.
  • [30] K.Tokida, H. Matsumoto, T. Azuma and I. Towhata “Simplified procedure to estimate lateral ground flow by soil liquefaction,” Transactions on the Built Environment, 3, pp. 381-396, 1993. [31] S.J. Brandenberg, P. Kashighandi, J. Zhang, Y. Huo and M. Zhao, “ Sensitivity Study of an Older-Vintage Bridge Subjected to Lateral Spreading,” Geotechnical Earthquake and Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV Congress, Sacramento, California, May, 2008.
  • [32] J. A. Knappett, S. Mohammadi and C. Griffin, “Lateral spreading forces on bridge piers and pile caps in laterally spreading soil: Effect of angle of incidence,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(12), pp. 1589-1599, 2010.
  • [33] Q. Li, X. Zhang and Z. Yang, “ Analysis of laterally loaded piles in liquefiable soils with a frozen crust,” Geo Congress, Oakland, California, United States, 25-29 March, 2012.
  • [34] FLAC2D, Software program, Version 6, Itasca Consulting.
  • [35] FLAC2D (2002). Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua User’s Guide, Constitutive Models: Theory and Implementation, Itasca Consulting Group Inc. Version 4.
  • [36] K.Z. Lee, “Verification of FLAC Mohr-Coulomb Model For Granular Materials Under Monotonic Loading,” Report DSO-14-02, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Geotechnical Engineering Group 3, Colorado, 2014.
  • [37] A. Soroush and S. Koohi, “Numerical analysis of liquefaction-ınduced lateral spreading,” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 2004.
  • [38] G.R. Martin, W.D.L Finn. and H.B. Seed, “Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading,” Journal of the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Division, 101(5), pp.423-438, 1975.
  • [39] DEEPSOIL 6.1, Software program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pınar Öztürk Kardoğan 0000-0002-5212-4318

Nihat Işık 0000-0002-5104-9504

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk Kardoğan, P., & Işık, N. (2022). A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 10(2), 1024-1036. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.986915
AMA Öztürk Kardoğan P, Işık N. A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils. DÜBİTED. Nisan 2022;10(2):1024-1036. doi:10.29130/dubited.986915
Chicago Öztürk Kardoğan, Pınar, ve Nihat Işık. “A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils”. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 10, sy. 2 (Nisan 2022): 1024-36. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.986915.
EndNote Öztürk Kardoğan P, Işık N (01 Nisan 2022) A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 10 2 1024–1036.
IEEE P. Öztürk Kardoğan ve N. Işık, “A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils”, DÜBİTED, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 1024–1036, 2022, doi: 10.29130/dubited.986915.
ISNAD Öztürk Kardoğan, Pınar - Işık, Nihat. “A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils”. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 10/2 (Nisan 2022), 1024-1036. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.986915.
JAMA Öztürk Kardoğan P, Işık N. A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils. DÜBİTED. 2022;10:1024–1036.
MLA Öztürk Kardoğan, Pınar ve Nihat Işık. “A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils”. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 1024-36, doi:10.29130/dubited.986915.
Vancouver Öztürk Kardoğan P, Işık N. A Parametric Study of Pile Behavior In Liquefied Soils. DÜBİTED. 2022;10(2):1024-36.