Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Metacognition, Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Self-Compassion As Predictors of Emotional Eating

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 107 - 125, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1152254

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine socio-demographic variables, metacognition, emotion regulation difficulties and self-compassion as predictors of emotional eating behavior of adults. The sample of the study consisted of 434 individuals (319 female, 115 male) over the age of 18, living in Turkey and not diagnosed with any eating disorder. The data were collected online. The scales delivered to the participants were demographic information form, Three-Factor Eating Scale, Metacognition Questionnaire-30, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale Short Form. According to the findings; gender, age, employment status, romantic relationship status, weight, personal weight perception, metacognition, emotion regulation difficulties and self-compassion were associated with emotional eating. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed with the variables found to be associated with emotional eating, and the results indicated that gender, age, employment status, weight, cognitive confidence, uncontrollability, and danger, openness, awareness and self-compassion significantly predicted emotional eating. According to the results of the research, it was seen that self-compassion, emotion regulation difficulties and metacognitive beliefs may have an important role in preventing and treating emotional eating. It was thought that practitioners and future researchers should pay attention to these factors when addressing emotional eating.

Kaynakça

  • Adriaanse, M. A., De Ridder, D. T. D., & Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: Eating when emotional or emotional about eating? Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23-39. doi: 10.1080/08870440903207627
  • Akın, Ü., Akın, A. ve Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 1-10.
  • Arcelus, J., Yates, A., & Whiteley, R. (2012). Romantic relationships, clinical and sub-clinical eating disorders: a review of the literature. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 27(2), 147-161. doi: 10.1080/14681994.2012.696095
  • Arslantaş, H., Dereboy, İ. F., İnalkaç, S. ve Yüksel, R. (2021). Sağlık eğitimi alan üniversite öğrencilerinde duygusal yeme ve etkileyen faktörler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 105-111.
  • Aydemir, B. (2021). Bireylerin aleksitimi ile duygusal yeme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide öz şefkatin düzenleyici rolü. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Başkent Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Barnhart, W. R., Braden, A. L., & Price, E. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties interact with negative, not positive, emotional eating to strengthen relationships with disordered eating: An exploratory study. Appetite, 105038. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.10503
  • Bilici, S., Ayhan, B., Karabudak, E. ve Köksal, E. (2020). Factors affecting emotional eating and eating palatable food in adults. Nutrition Research and Practice, 14(1), 70-75. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.1.70
  • Bongers, P., & Jansen, A. (2016). Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01932
  • Brebner J. (2003). Gender and emotions. Personality and Individiual Differences, 34 (3), 387-94. doi: 10.1016/S0191/8869(02)00059-04
  • Breines, J., Toole, A., Tu, C., & Chen, S. (2014). Self-compassion, body image, and self-reported disordered eating. Self and Identity, 13(4), 432-448. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2013
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2022). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (32. baskı.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Kalil, A., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L., & Thisted, R. A. (2008). Happiness and the invisible threads of social connection: The Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. In M. Eid & R. Larsen (Eds.), The science of well-being (pp. 195-219). New York: Guilford.
  • Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Andreeva, V. A., Bellisle, F., Hercberg, S., & Péneau, S. (2014). The associations between emotional eating and consumption of energy-dense snack foods are modified by sex and depressive symptomatology. The Journal of Nutrition, 144(8), 1264-1273. doi: 10.3945/jn.114
  • Canetti, L., Bachar, E., & Berry, E. M. (2002). Food and emotion. Behavioural Processes, 60, 157-164. doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00082-7
  • Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C., & Karlsson, J. (2009). Evaluating the power of food scale in obese subjects and a general sample of individuals: development and measurement properties. International Journal of Obesity, 33(8), 913-922. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.107
  • Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103-123. doi: 10.1023/a:1024569803230
  • Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The metacognitions questionnaire and its correlastes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279-296. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00011-X
  • Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(6), 1320-1334. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00900.x
  • Cook, R. D., & Weisberg, S. (1982). Residuals and influence in regression. New York: Chapman and Hall.
  • Cooper, M. J., Grocutt, E., Deepak, K., & Bailey, E. (2007). Metacognition in anorexia nervosa, dieting and non-dieting controls: A preliminary investigation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 113-117. doi: 10.1348/014466506x115245
  • Craney, T. A., & Surles, J. G. (2002). Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Quality Engineering, 14, 391-403. doi: 10.1081/QEN-120001878
  • Crockett, A. C., Myhre, S. K., & Rokke, P. D. (2015). Boredom proneness and emotion regulation predict emotional eating. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(5), 670-680. doi: 10.1177/1359105315573439
  • Çelik, E. (2021). Yetişkin bireylerde erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile duygusal yeme ve psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkiler. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dicle Üniversitesi, Diyarbakır.
  • Çobanoğlu, B. (2020). Çocukluk çağında travmaya uğramış bireylerin beliren yetişkinlik döneminde duygusal yeme davranışı ve benlik saygısı oluşumu arasındaki ilişki. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Deniz, M., Kesici, Ş. ve Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behaviour and Personality: An International Journal, 36(9), 1151-1160.
  • Denollet, J., Nycklicek, I., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2008). Introduction: Emotions, emotion regulation, and health. In A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets, I. Nycklicek, & J. Denollet (Eds.), Emotion regulation: Conceptual and clinical issues (pp. 3-11). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Brüne, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2011). Mental state understanding in adult psychiatric disorders: Impact on symptoms, social functioning and treatment. Psychiatry Research, 190, 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.005
  • Er, S., Ersöz Kaya, İ. ve Temiz, N. (2018). İş hayatındaki stresin çalışanların özel hayatına etkisi. Dünya İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 7-20.
  • Evers, C., Marijn Stok, F. M., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2010). Feeding your feelings: Emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 792-804. doi: 10.1177/0146167210371383
  • Evers, C., Dingemans, A., Junghans, A. F., & Boevé, A. (2018). Feeling bad or feeling good, does emotion affect your consumption of food? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 92, 195-208. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.028
  • Fekete, E. M., Herndier, R. E., & Sander, A. C. (2021). Self-compassion, internalized weight stigma, psychological well-being, and eating behaviours in women. Mindfulness, 12(10), 1262-1271. doi: 10.1007/s12671-021
  • Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.90601597-6
  • Frayn, M., & Knauper, B. (2017). Emotional eating and weight in adults: A review. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 37(4), 924-933. doi: 10.1007/s12144-017-9577-9
  • Fresnics, A. A., Wang, S. B., & Borders, A. (2019). The unique associations between self-compassion and eating disorder psychopathology and the mediating role of rumination. Psychiatry Research, 274, 91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.019
  • Geliebter, A., & Aversa, A. (2003). Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eating Behaviours, 3, 341-347. doi: 10.1016/s1471-0153(02)00100-9
  • Geller, S., Levy, S., Goldzweig, G., Hamdan, S., Manor, A., Dahan, S., … Abu-Abeid, S. (2019). Psychological distress among bariatric surgery candidates: The roles of body image and emotional eating. Clinical Obesity, 9(2), 1-6. doi: 10.1111/cob.12298
  • Gianini, L. M., White, M. A., & Masheb, R. M. (2013). Eating pathology, emotion regulation, and emotional overeating in obese adults with binge eating disorder. Eating Behaviour, 14(3), 309-313. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.008
  • Gouveia, M. J., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2019). Associations between mindfulness, self-compassion, difficulties in emotion regulation, and emotional eating among adolescents with overweight/obesity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 273-285. doi: 10.1007/s10826-018-1239-5
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30(4), 315-315. doi: 10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4
  • Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291. doi: 10.1017/s0048577201393198
  • Gross, J. J. (2014). Handbook of emotion regulation (2rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in everyday life. In D. K. Snyder, J. Simpson, & J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 13- 35). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Gür, T. (2020). Yetişkin kadınlarda öz duyarlılık ile beden algısının duygusal yeme ile arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Imoscopi, A., Inelmen, E. M., Sergi, G., Miotto, F., & Manzato, E. (2012). Taste lost in elderly: Epidemiology causes and consequences. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 570-579. doi: 10.3275/8520
  • Juarascio, A. S., Parker, M. N., Manasse, S. M., Barney, J. L., Wyckoff, E. P., & Dochat, C. (2020). An exploratory component analysis of emotion regulation strategies for improving emotion regulation and emotional eating. Appetite, 104634. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.10463
  • Kantaş, Ö. (2013). Impact relational and individuational self-orientations on the well-being of academicians: The roles of ego or eco system motivations, self-trancendense, self compassion and burnout. (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Karakuş, S., Yıldırım, H. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Üç Faktörlü Yeme Ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 229- 237.
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Kelly, A. C., & Stephen, E. (2016). A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students. Body Image, 17, 152-160. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.006
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Koenders P. G., & Van Strien, T. (2011). Emotional eating, rather than lifestyle behavior, drives weight gain in a prospective study in 1562 employees. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(11), 1287-1293. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31823078a2
  • Konttinen, H., Haukkala, A., Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., Silventoinen, K., & Jousilahti, P. (2009). Eating styles, self-control and obesity indicators. The moderating role of obesity status and dieting history on restrained eating. Appetite, 53, 131-134. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.001
  • Koyuncu, Z. (2018). Obez ve fazla kilolu ergenlerde aleksitimi ve duygu tanımanın yeme davranışı ve psikopatoloji ile ilişkisi. (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Krieger, T., Altenstein, D., Baettig, I., Doerig, N., & Holtforth, M. G. (2013). Self-compassion in depression: associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and avoidance in depressed outpatients. Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 501-513. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.004
  • Larsen, J. K., Van Strien, T., Eisinga, R., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2006). Gender differences in the association between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 237-243. doi: 10.1016/j.psychores.2005.07.006
  • Limbers, C. A., Greenwood, E., Shea, K., & Fergus, T. A. (2021). Metacognitive beliefs and emotional eating in adolescent. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(7), 2281-2286. doi: 10.1007/s40519-020-01078-0
  • Macht, M., & Simons, G. (2011). Emotional Eating. In Nyklicek, I., Vingerhoets, A. & Zeelenberg, M. (Eds.). Emotion regulation and well-being (pp. 281-295), New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Markey, C. N., Gomel, J. N., & Markey, P. M. (2008). Romantic relationships and eating regulation. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 422-432. doi: 10.1177/1359105307088145
  • Meule, A., Allison, K. C., & Platte, P. (2014). A German version of the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ): Psychometric properties and correlates in a student sample. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 523-527. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.07.002
  • Meyer, C., Leung, N., Barry, L., & DeFeo, D. (2009). Emotion and eating pathology: links with attitudes toward emotional expression among young women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(2), 187-189. doi: 10.1001/eat.20659
  • Michels., N., Sioen., I., Braet., C., Eiben., G., Hebestreit., A., Huybrechts., B., … Henauw, S.. (2012). Stress, emotional eating behaviour and dietary patterns in children. Appetite, 59(3), 762-769. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.010
  • Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., Moore, C., Villarreal, S., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2015). The mediating role of emotion dysregulation and depression on the relationship between childhood trauma exposure and emotional eating. Appetite, 91, 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.036
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healty attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-101. doi: 10.1080/15298860390129863
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. doi: 10.1080/15298860390209035
  • Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. In B. D OstafiN, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier, (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 121-137). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Nguyen-Rodriguez, S. T., Chou, C., Unger, J. B., & Spruijt¬Metz, D. (2008). BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eat¬ing in adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 9, 238¬-246. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.001
  • Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173-176. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00142
  • Oliver, G., Wardle, J., & Gibson, E. L. (2000). Stress and food choice: A laboratory study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 853-865. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200011000-00016
  • Olstad, S., Solem, S., Hjemdal, O., & Hagen, R. (2015). Metacognition in eating disorders: Comparison of women with eating disorders, self-reported history of eating disorders or psychiatric problems, and healthy controls. Eating Behaviors, 16, 17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.019
  • Özdemir, G. S. (2011). Duygusal yemenin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirtileri ile olan ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Gaziantep.
  • Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Faraone, C., Pistorino, G., Di Bella, I., & Mucciardi, M. (2016). The role of metacognition in eating behavior: An exploratory study. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 1-15. doi: 10.6092/2282-1619
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255. doi: 10.1002/cpp.702
  • Rahimi-Ardabili, H., Reynolds, R., Vartanian, L. R., McLeod, L. V. D., & Zwar, N. (2018). A systematic review of the efficacy of interventions that aim to increase self-compassion on nutrition habits, eating behaviours, body weight and body image. Mindfulness, 9, 388-400. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0804-0
  • Rugancı, R. N. (2008). The relationship among attachment style, affect regulation, psychological distress and mental construction of the relational World. (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Rugancı, R. N., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 442-455.
  • Safdari, S., Khoramdel, K., & Kamranian, E. (2013). The role of metacognitive beliefs in eating disorders. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, 1(2), 96-99.
  • Samnaliev, M., Noh, H. L., Sonneville, K. R., & Austin, S. B. (2014). The economic burden of eating disorders and related mental health comorbidities: An exploratory analysis using the U.S. Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. Preventive medicine reports, 2, 32-34. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2014.12.002
  • Samuel, L., & Cohen, M. (2018). Expressive suppression and emotional eating in older and younger adults: An exploratory study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 78, 127-131. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.06
  • Sanlı, R. G. (2019). Zayıf, normal ve kilolu bireylerde duygusal yeme davranışı, aleksitimi ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Sapuppo, W., Ruggiero, G. M., Caselli, G., & Sassaroli, S. (2018). The body of cognitive and metacognitive variables in eating disorders: Need of control, negative beliefs about worry uncontrollability and danger, perfectionism, self-esteem and worry. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 55(1), 55-63.
  • Shulruf, B., Hattie, J., & Dixon, R. (2008). Factors affecting responses to Likert type questionnaires: Introduction of the ImpExp, a new comprehensive model. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 11(1), 59-78. doi: 10.1007/s11218-007-9035-x
  • Solmazer, G. (2018). Self-compassion and construal level theory: The role of self-compassion in decreasing the effect of social distance. (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Spoor, S. T. (2007). New life sciences study results from University of Texas, department of psychology. Women’s Health Weekly, 28, 149.
  • Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825-848. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.825
  • Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71-83. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Talbot, L. S., Maguen, S., Epel, E. S., Metzler, T. J., & Neylan, T. C. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with emotional eating. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(4), 521-525. doi: 10.1002/jts.21824
  • Tan, C. C., & Chow, C. M. (2014). Stress and emotional eating: The mediating role of dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.033
  • Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 149-159. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1103_03
  • Toparlak Kasar, M. (2019). Erişkin kadınlarda duygusal yeme, sıkıntıya katlanma ve duygu durum düzenleme becerileri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Tosun, A., ve Irak, M. (2008). Üstbiliş ölçeği-30′un Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerliği, güvenirliği, kaygı ve obsesif-kompülsif belirtilerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(1), 67-80.
  • Tsenkova, V., Boylan, J. M., & Ryff, C. (2013). Stress eating and health. Findings from MIDUS, a national study of US adults. Appetite, 69, 151-155. doi: 10.1016/j.appet .2013.05.020
  • Turner, H. M., & Cooper, M. J. (2002). Cognitions and their origins in women with anorexia nervosa, normal dieters and female controls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 242-252. doi: 10.1002/cpp.317
  • Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352-357. doi: 10.1177/0963721410388395
  • Van Strien, T., Konttinen, H., Homberg, J. R., Engels, R. M., & Winkens, L. H. (2016). Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weigh gain. Appetite, 100, 216-224. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.034
  • Van Strien, T., & Ouwens, M. (2007). Effects of distress, alexithymia and impulsivity on eating. Eating Behaviors, 8, 251-257. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.06.004
  • Walston, J. T., Lissitz, R. W., & Rudner, L. M. (2006). The influence of web-based questionnaire presentation variations on survey cooperation and perceptions of survey quality. Journal of Official Statistics, 22, 271-291.
  • Wedin, S., Madan, A., Correll, J., Crowley, N., Malcolm, R., Karl Byrne, T., & Borckardt, J. J. (2014). Emotional eating, marital status and history of physical abuse predict 2 year weight loss in weight loss surgery patients. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 619-624. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.019
  • Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Wells, A. (2013). Advances in metacognitive therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 6 (2), 186-201. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.186.
  • Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and nonpatients. Behavior Therapy, 32, 85-102. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80045-9
  • Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385–396. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5
  • Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Wolongevicz, D. M., Zhu, L., Pencina, M. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Newby, P. K., D’Agostino, R. B., & Millen, B. E. (2010). An obesity dietary quality index predicts abdominal obesity in women: Potential opportunity for new prevention and treatment paradigms. Journal of Obesity, 2010, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2010/945987
  • Zeybek, A. (2019). Özel bir beslenme ve diyet polikliniğine başvuran bireylerin duygusal yeme durumlarının ve vücut bileşimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Ke, Y., Wang, P., & Zhao, A. (2020). Emotional eating in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with dietary intake and gestational weight gain. Nutrients, 12(8), 2250. doi: 10.3390/nu12082250
  • Zysberg, L., & Rubanov, A. (2010). Emotional intelligence and emotional eating patterns: A new insight into the antecedents of eating disorders? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(5), 345-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2009.08.009

Duygusal Yemenin Yordayıcıları Olarak Üstbiliş, Duygu Düzenleme Zorlukları ve Öz Şefkat

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 107 - 125, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1152254

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı yetişkin bireylerin duygusal yeme davranışının yordayıcısı olarak çeşitli sosyo-demografik değişkenler ile üstbiliş, duygu düzenleme zorlukları ve öz şefkati incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmanın örneklemini 18 yaş üstünde, Türkiye’de yaşayan ve herhangi bir yeme bozukluğu tanısı almamış 434 (319 kadın 115 erkek) kişi oluşturmuştur. Ölçekler katılımcılara çevrimiçi şekilde ulaştırılmıştır. Bu ölçekler; araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan demografik bilgi formu, Üç Faktörlü Yeme Ölçeği, Üstbiliş Ölçeği-30, Duygu Düzenlemede Zorluklar Ölçeği ve Öz Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formudur. Bulgulara göre cinsiyet, yaş, çalışma durumu, romantik ilişki durumu, kilo, kişisel kilo algısı, üstbiliş, duygu düzenleme zorlukları ve öz şefkat duygusal yemeyle ilişkili bulunmuştur. Duygusal yemeyle ilişkili olduğu tespit edilen değişkenlerle hiyerarşik regresyon analizi yapılmış ve bulgulara göre cinsiyet, yaş, çalışma durumu, kilo, bilişsel güven, kontrol edilemezlik ve tehlike, açıklık, farkındalık ve öz şefkatin duygusal yemeyi anlamlı şekilde yordadığı saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre duygusal yemeyi önleme ve tedavi etme konusunda öz şefkat, duygu düzenleme zorlukları ve üstbilişsel inançların önemli bir rolü olabileceği görülmüş; uygulayıcıların ve gelecekteki araştırmacıların duygusal yemeyi ele alırken bu faktörlere dikkat etmesi gerektiği düşünülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Adriaanse, M. A., De Ridder, D. T. D., & Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: Eating when emotional or emotional about eating? Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23-39. doi: 10.1080/08870440903207627
  • Akın, Ü., Akın, A. ve Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 1-10.
  • Arcelus, J., Yates, A., & Whiteley, R. (2012). Romantic relationships, clinical and sub-clinical eating disorders: a review of the literature. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 27(2), 147-161. doi: 10.1080/14681994.2012.696095
  • Arslantaş, H., Dereboy, İ. F., İnalkaç, S. ve Yüksel, R. (2021). Sağlık eğitimi alan üniversite öğrencilerinde duygusal yeme ve etkileyen faktörler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 105-111.
  • Aydemir, B. (2021). Bireylerin aleksitimi ile duygusal yeme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide öz şefkatin düzenleyici rolü. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Başkent Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Barnhart, W. R., Braden, A. L., & Price, E. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties interact with negative, not positive, emotional eating to strengthen relationships with disordered eating: An exploratory study. Appetite, 105038. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.10503
  • Bilici, S., Ayhan, B., Karabudak, E. ve Köksal, E. (2020). Factors affecting emotional eating and eating palatable food in adults. Nutrition Research and Practice, 14(1), 70-75. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.1.70
  • Bongers, P., & Jansen, A. (2016). Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01932
  • Brebner J. (2003). Gender and emotions. Personality and Individiual Differences, 34 (3), 387-94. doi: 10.1016/S0191/8869(02)00059-04
  • Breines, J., Toole, A., Tu, C., & Chen, S. (2014). Self-compassion, body image, and self-reported disordered eating. Self and Identity, 13(4), 432-448. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2013
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2022). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (32. baskı.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Kalil, A., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L., & Thisted, R. A. (2008). Happiness and the invisible threads of social connection: The Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. In M. Eid & R. Larsen (Eds.), The science of well-being (pp. 195-219). New York: Guilford.
  • Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Andreeva, V. A., Bellisle, F., Hercberg, S., & Péneau, S. (2014). The associations between emotional eating and consumption of energy-dense snack foods are modified by sex and depressive symptomatology. The Journal of Nutrition, 144(8), 1264-1273. doi: 10.3945/jn.114
  • Canetti, L., Bachar, E., & Berry, E. M. (2002). Food and emotion. Behavioural Processes, 60, 157-164. doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00082-7
  • Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C., & Karlsson, J. (2009). Evaluating the power of food scale in obese subjects and a general sample of individuals: development and measurement properties. International Journal of Obesity, 33(8), 913-922. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.107
  • Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103-123. doi: 10.1023/a:1024569803230
  • Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The metacognitions questionnaire and its correlastes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279-296. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00011-X
  • Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(6), 1320-1334. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00900.x
  • Cook, R. D., & Weisberg, S. (1982). Residuals and influence in regression. New York: Chapman and Hall.
  • Cooper, M. J., Grocutt, E., Deepak, K., & Bailey, E. (2007). Metacognition in anorexia nervosa, dieting and non-dieting controls: A preliminary investigation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 113-117. doi: 10.1348/014466506x115245
  • Craney, T. A., & Surles, J. G. (2002). Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Quality Engineering, 14, 391-403. doi: 10.1081/QEN-120001878
  • Crockett, A. C., Myhre, S. K., & Rokke, P. D. (2015). Boredom proneness and emotion regulation predict emotional eating. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(5), 670-680. doi: 10.1177/1359105315573439
  • Çelik, E. (2021). Yetişkin bireylerde erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile duygusal yeme ve psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkiler. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dicle Üniversitesi, Diyarbakır.
  • Çobanoğlu, B. (2020). Çocukluk çağında travmaya uğramış bireylerin beliren yetişkinlik döneminde duygusal yeme davranışı ve benlik saygısı oluşumu arasındaki ilişki. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Deniz, M., Kesici, Ş. ve Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behaviour and Personality: An International Journal, 36(9), 1151-1160.
  • Denollet, J., Nycklicek, I., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2008). Introduction: Emotions, emotion regulation, and health. In A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets, I. Nycklicek, & J. Denollet (Eds.), Emotion regulation: Conceptual and clinical issues (pp. 3-11). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
  • Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Brüne, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2011). Mental state understanding in adult psychiatric disorders: Impact on symptoms, social functioning and treatment. Psychiatry Research, 190, 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.005
  • Er, S., Ersöz Kaya, İ. ve Temiz, N. (2018). İş hayatındaki stresin çalışanların özel hayatına etkisi. Dünya İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 7-20.
  • Evers, C., Marijn Stok, F. M., & De Ridder, D. T. D. (2010). Feeding your feelings: Emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 792-804. doi: 10.1177/0146167210371383
  • Evers, C., Dingemans, A., Junghans, A. F., & Boevé, A. (2018). Feeling bad or feeling good, does emotion affect your consumption of food? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 92, 195-208. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.028
  • Fekete, E. M., Herndier, R. E., & Sander, A. C. (2021). Self-compassion, internalized weight stigma, psychological well-being, and eating behaviours in women. Mindfulness, 12(10), 1262-1271. doi: 10.1007/s12671-021
  • Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.90601597-6
  • Frayn, M., & Knauper, B. (2017). Emotional eating and weight in adults: A review. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 37(4), 924-933. doi: 10.1007/s12144-017-9577-9
  • Fresnics, A. A., Wang, S. B., & Borders, A. (2019). The unique associations between self-compassion and eating disorder psychopathology and the mediating role of rumination. Psychiatry Research, 274, 91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.019
  • Geliebter, A., & Aversa, A. (2003). Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eating Behaviours, 3, 341-347. doi: 10.1016/s1471-0153(02)00100-9
  • Geller, S., Levy, S., Goldzweig, G., Hamdan, S., Manor, A., Dahan, S., … Abu-Abeid, S. (2019). Psychological distress among bariatric surgery candidates: The roles of body image and emotional eating. Clinical Obesity, 9(2), 1-6. doi: 10.1111/cob.12298
  • Gianini, L. M., White, M. A., & Masheb, R. M. (2013). Eating pathology, emotion regulation, and emotional overeating in obese adults with binge eating disorder. Eating Behaviour, 14(3), 309-313. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.008
  • Gouveia, M. J., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2019). Associations between mindfulness, self-compassion, difficulties in emotion regulation, and emotional eating among adolescents with overweight/obesity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 273-285. doi: 10.1007/s10826-018-1239-5
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30(4), 315-315. doi: 10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4
  • Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291. doi: 10.1017/s0048577201393198
  • Gross, J. J. (2014). Handbook of emotion regulation (2rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in everyday life. In D. K. Snyder, J. Simpson, & J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 13- 35). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Gür, T. (2020). Yetişkin kadınlarda öz duyarlılık ile beden algısının duygusal yeme ile arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Imoscopi, A., Inelmen, E. M., Sergi, G., Miotto, F., & Manzato, E. (2012). Taste lost in elderly: Epidemiology causes and consequences. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 570-579. doi: 10.3275/8520
  • Juarascio, A. S., Parker, M. N., Manasse, S. M., Barney, J. L., Wyckoff, E. P., & Dochat, C. (2020). An exploratory component analysis of emotion regulation strategies for improving emotion regulation and emotional eating. Appetite, 104634. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.10463
  • Kantaş, Ö. (2013). Impact relational and individuational self-orientations on the well-being of academicians: The roles of ego or eco system motivations, self-trancendense, self compassion and burnout. (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Karakuş, S., Yıldırım, H. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Üç Faktörlü Yeme Ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 229- 237.
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Kelly, A. C., & Stephen, E. (2016). A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students. Body Image, 17, 152-160. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.006
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Koenders P. G., & Van Strien, T. (2011). Emotional eating, rather than lifestyle behavior, drives weight gain in a prospective study in 1562 employees. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(11), 1287-1293. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31823078a2
  • Konttinen, H., Haukkala, A., Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., Silventoinen, K., & Jousilahti, P. (2009). Eating styles, self-control and obesity indicators. The moderating role of obesity status and dieting history on restrained eating. Appetite, 53, 131-134. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.001
  • Koyuncu, Z. (2018). Obez ve fazla kilolu ergenlerde aleksitimi ve duygu tanımanın yeme davranışı ve psikopatoloji ile ilişkisi. (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Krieger, T., Altenstein, D., Baettig, I., Doerig, N., & Holtforth, M. G. (2013). Self-compassion in depression: associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and avoidance in depressed outpatients. Behavior Therapy, 44(3), 501-513. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.004
  • Larsen, J. K., Van Strien, T., Eisinga, R., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2006). Gender differences in the association between alexithymia and emotional eating in obese individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 237-243. doi: 10.1016/j.psychores.2005.07.006
  • Limbers, C. A., Greenwood, E., Shea, K., & Fergus, T. A. (2021). Metacognitive beliefs and emotional eating in adolescent. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(7), 2281-2286. doi: 10.1007/s40519-020-01078-0
  • Macht, M., & Simons, G. (2011). Emotional Eating. In Nyklicek, I., Vingerhoets, A. & Zeelenberg, M. (Eds.). Emotion regulation and well-being (pp. 281-295), New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Markey, C. N., Gomel, J. N., & Markey, P. M. (2008). Romantic relationships and eating regulation. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 422-432. doi: 10.1177/1359105307088145
  • Meule, A., Allison, K. C., & Platte, P. (2014). A German version of the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ): Psychometric properties and correlates in a student sample. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 523-527. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.07.002
  • Meyer, C., Leung, N., Barry, L., & DeFeo, D. (2009). Emotion and eating pathology: links with attitudes toward emotional expression among young women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(2), 187-189. doi: 10.1001/eat.20659
  • Michels., N., Sioen., I., Braet., C., Eiben., G., Hebestreit., A., Huybrechts., B., … Henauw, S.. (2012). Stress, emotional eating behaviour and dietary patterns in children. Appetite, 59(3), 762-769. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.010
  • Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., Moore, C., Villarreal, S., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2015). The mediating role of emotion dysregulation and depression on the relationship between childhood trauma exposure and emotional eating. Appetite, 91, 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.036
  • Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healty attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-101. doi: 10.1080/15298860390129863
  • Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. doi: 10.1080/15298860390209035
  • Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. In B. D OstafiN, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier, (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 121-137). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Nguyen-Rodriguez, S. T., Chou, C., Unger, J. B., & Spruijt¬Metz, D. (2008). BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eat¬ing in adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 9, 238¬-246. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.09.001
  • Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173-176. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00142
  • Oliver, G., Wardle, J., & Gibson, E. L. (2000). Stress and food choice: A laboratory study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 853-865. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200011000-00016
  • Olstad, S., Solem, S., Hjemdal, O., & Hagen, R. (2015). Metacognition in eating disorders: Comparison of women with eating disorders, self-reported history of eating disorders or psychiatric problems, and healthy controls. Eating Behaviors, 16, 17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.019
  • Özdemir, G. S. (2011). Duygusal yemenin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres belirtileri ile olan ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Gaziantep.
  • Quattropani, M. C., Lenzo, V., Faraone, C., Pistorino, G., Di Bella, I., & Mucciardi, M. (2016). The role of metacognition in eating behavior: An exploratory study. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 1-15. doi: 10.6092/2282-1619
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255. doi: 10.1002/cpp.702
  • Rahimi-Ardabili, H., Reynolds, R., Vartanian, L. R., McLeod, L. V. D., & Zwar, N. (2018). A systematic review of the efficacy of interventions that aim to increase self-compassion on nutrition habits, eating behaviours, body weight and body image. Mindfulness, 9, 388-400. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0804-0
  • Rugancı, R. N. (2008). The relationship among attachment style, affect regulation, psychological distress and mental construction of the relational World. (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Rugancı, R. N., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 442-455.
  • Safdari, S., Khoramdel, K., & Kamranian, E. (2013). The role of metacognitive beliefs in eating disorders. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, 1(2), 96-99.
  • Samnaliev, M., Noh, H. L., Sonneville, K. R., & Austin, S. B. (2014). The economic burden of eating disorders and related mental health comorbidities: An exploratory analysis using the U.S. Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. Preventive medicine reports, 2, 32-34. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2014.12.002
  • Samuel, L., & Cohen, M. (2018). Expressive suppression and emotional eating in older and younger adults: An exploratory study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 78, 127-131. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.06
  • Sanlı, R. G. (2019). Zayıf, normal ve kilolu bireylerde duygusal yeme davranışı, aleksitimi ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Sapuppo, W., Ruggiero, G. M., Caselli, G., & Sassaroli, S. (2018). The body of cognitive and metacognitive variables in eating disorders: Need of control, negative beliefs about worry uncontrollability and danger, perfectionism, self-esteem and worry. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 55(1), 55-63.
  • Shulruf, B., Hattie, J., & Dixon, R. (2008). Factors affecting responses to Likert type questionnaires: Introduction of the ImpExp, a new comprehensive model. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 11(1), 59-78. doi: 10.1007/s11218-007-9035-x
  • Solmazer, G. (2018). Self-compassion and construal level theory: The role of self-compassion in decreasing the effect of social distance. (Unpublished dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Spoor, S. T. (2007). New life sciences study results from University of Texas, department of psychology. Women’s Health Weekly, 28, 149.
  • Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825-848. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.825
  • Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71-83. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Talbot, L. S., Maguen, S., Epel, E. S., Metzler, T. J., & Neylan, T. C. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with emotional eating. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(4), 521-525. doi: 10.1002/jts.21824
  • Tan, C. C., & Chow, C. M. (2014). Stress and emotional eating: The mediating role of dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.033
  • Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 149-159. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1103_03
  • Toparlak Kasar, M. (2019). Erişkin kadınlarda duygusal yeme, sıkıntıya katlanma ve duygu durum düzenleme becerileri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Tosun, A., ve Irak, M. (2008). Üstbiliş ölçeği-30′un Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerliği, güvenirliği, kaygı ve obsesif-kompülsif belirtilerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(1), 67-80.
  • Tsenkova, V., Boylan, J. M., & Ryff, C. (2013). Stress eating and health. Findings from MIDUS, a national study of US adults. Appetite, 69, 151-155. doi: 10.1016/j.appet .2013.05.020
  • Turner, H. M., & Cooper, M. J. (2002). Cognitions and their origins in women with anorexia nervosa, normal dieters and female controls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 242-252. doi: 10.1002/cpp.317
  • Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352-357. doi: 10.1177/0963721410388395
  • Van Strien, T., Konttinen, H., Homberg, J. R., Engels, R. M., & Winkens, L. H. (2016). Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weigh gain. Appetite, 100, 216-224. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.034
  • Van Strien, T., & Ouwens, M. (2007). Effects of distress, alexithymia and impulsivity on eating. Eating Behaviors, 8, 251-257. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.06.004
  • Walston, J. T., Lissitz, R. W., & Rudner, L. M. (2006). The influence of web-based questionnaire presentation variations on survey cooperation and perceptions of survey quality. Journal of Official Statistics, 22, 271-291.
  • Wedin, S., Madan, A., Correll, J., Crowley, N., Malcolm, R., Karl Byrne, T., & Borckardt, J. J. (2014). Emotional eating, marital status and history of physical abuse predict 2 year weight loss in weight loss surgery patients. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 619-624. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.019
  • Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Wells, A. (2013). Advances in metacognitive therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 6 (2), 186-201. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.186.
  • Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and nonpatients. Behavior Therapy, 32, 85-102. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80045-9
  • Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385–396. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5
  • Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Wolongevicz, D. M., Zhu, L., Pencina, M. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Newby, P. K., D’Agostino, R. B., & Millen, B. E. (2010). An obesity dietary quality index predicts abdominal obesity in women: Potential opportunity for new prevention and treatment paradigms. Journal of Obesity, 2010, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2010/945987
  • Zeybek, A. (2019). Özel bir beslenme ve diyet polikliniğine başvuran bireylerin duygusal yeme durumlarının ve vücut bileşimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Ke, Y., Wang, P., & Zhao, A. (2020). Emotional eating in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with dietary intake and gestational weight gain. Nutrients, 12(8), 2250. doi: 10.3390/nu12082250
  • Zysberg, L., & Rubanov, A. (2010). Emotional intelligence and emotional eating patterns: A new insight into the antecedents of eating disorders? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(5), 345-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2009.08.009
Toplam 107 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Çamkerten 0000-0002-3646-1146

Berna Güloğlu 0000-0003-0275-1820

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Şubat 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çamkerten, Ö., & Güloğlu, B. (2023). Duygusal Yemenin Yordayıcıları Olarak Üstbiliş, Duygu Düzenleme Zorlukları ve Öz Şefkat. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 24(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1152254