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EXAMINING SCHOOL BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR ADOLESCENT SUICIDES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4, 1663 - 1679, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1325165

Öz

Suicide ranks among the leading causes of death for adolescents. Therefore, interventions aimed at adolescent suicide are crucial. This study focuses on primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions for adolescent suicides. Various articles obtained from databases using keywords such as ‘suicide’, 'adolescent suicide,' 'suicide prevention,' and 'school-based prevention,' as well as a book on crisis counseling in domestic literature, were examined in the research. According to the findings, the majority of the programs analyzed have shown effective results in addressing suicidal ideation and attempts among adolescents. Furthermore, considering that adolescents spend 37 weeks of the year and one-third of their day in schools, school-based interventions have been found to play a critical role in helping adolescents acquire life skills and effectively combat suicidal thoughts. As a result of the programs implemented, findings were obtained that in addition to an increase in skills such as self-esteem, confidence and emotional management, the level of knowledge in areas such as suicide, signals of suicide and getting help against suicidal thoughts increased. Therefore, the interaction among school stakeholders is of utmost importance for school-based interventions to yield effective results. In intervention programs where psychological counselors play a key role, it is believed that incorporating informative and awareness-raising activities targeting all stakeholders and students into the school curriculum will produce beneficial outcomes in effectively combating suicide.

Kaynakça

  • Ajdacic Gross, V., Weiss, M. G., Ring, M., Hepp, U., Bopp, M., Gutzwiller, F., & Rössler, W. (2008). Methods of suicide: International suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 726-732. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.043489
  • Akın, E., & Berkem, M. (2012a). İntihar girişiminde bulunan ergenlerde psikiyatrik tanıların, demografik ve klinik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 17(4), 228-232.
  • Akın, E., & Berkem, M. (2012b). İntihar girişiminde bulunan ergenlerde öfke ve dürtüsellik. Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 148-152.
  • Aktepe, E., Kandil, S., Göker, Z., Sarp, K., Topbaş, M., & Özkorumak, E. (2006). İntihar girişiminde bulunan çocuk ve ergenlerde sosyodemografik ve psikiyatrik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 5(6), 444-454.
  • Alptekin, K., & Duyan, V. (2009). İntiharı önleme: Sorunlar ve öneriler. Kriz Dergisi, 17(2), 13-20.
  • Aseltine R. H., & DeMartino, R. (2004). An outcome evaluation of the SOS suicide prevention program. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 446-451. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.3.446
  • Aseltine, R. H., James, A., Schilling, E. A., & Glanovsky, J. (2007). Evaluating the SOS suicide prevention program: A replication and extension. BMC Public Health, 7, (161). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-161.
  • Ateşçi, F. Ç., Kuloğlu, M., Tezcan, E., & Yıldız, M. (2002). İntihar girişimi olan bireylerde birinci ve ikinci eksen tanıları. Klinik Psikiyatri, 5, 22-27.
  • Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2002). Adolescent suicide: An ecological approach. Psychology in the Schools, 39(4), 459- 475. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10042
  • Balaguru, V., Sharma, J., & Waheed, W. (2013). Review: Understanding the effectiveness of school based interventions to prevent suicide: A realist review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(3), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00668.x
  • Bridge, S., Hanssens, L., & Santhanam, R. (2007). Dealing with suicidal thoughts in schools: Information and education directed at secondary schools. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 15, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560701701213
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, June 7). Suicide rising across the US. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/suicide/index.html
  • Corcoran, J., Dattalo, P., Crowley, M., Brown, E., & Grindle, L. (2011). A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for suicidal adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2112-2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.06.017
  • Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review. İçinde D. A. Buchanan & A. Bryman (Eds.). The Sage handbook of organizational research methods (ss. 671 – 689). Sage Publications.
  • Devrimci Özgüven, H., Soykan, Ç., & Haran, S. (2003). İntihar girişimlerinde sorun alanları ve tetikleyiciler. Kriz Dergisi, 11(1), 13-24.
  • Dilsiz, A., & Dilsiz, F. (1993). İntihar girişimlerinde belirtilen nedenler. Kriz Dergisi, 1 (3), 124-128.
  • Doğan, M., Öztürk, S., Esen, F., Demirci, E., & Öztürk, M. A. (2018). İntihar girişiminde bulunan çocuk ve ergenlerin değerlendirilmesi. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, 8(3), 30-34.
  • Conyne, R. (1994). Preventive counseling. Counseling and Human Development, 27(1), 1-10.
  • Eggert, L. L., Thompson, E. A., Herting, J. R., & Nicholas, L. J. (1995). Reducing suicide potential among high-risk youth: Tests of a school-based prevention program. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25(2), 276-296.
  • Elevli, S. (2012). Ergenlerde intihar olasılığının yordayıcıları: Yalnızlık, öfke ifade biçimleri, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Eskin, M. (2000). Ergen ruh sağlığı sorunları ve intihar davranışıyla ilişkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri, 3, 228-234.
  • Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Kellerman, J., Pollak, O., Cha, C. B., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., Wyman, P. A., & Boatman, A. E. (2020). Annual research review: A meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13106
  • Göktaş, S., & Metintaş, S. (2019). Türkiye’deki intiharların yaşa, cinsiyete ve yönteme göre değişim trendi, 2002– 2015. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 195-206.
  • Güzgün, D. Ö., Yılmaz, F. E., Mandan, S., Şayan, D., & Toptaş, B. (2016). Okulda intihara müdahale kılavuzu. İçinde Ö. Erdur-Baker & T. Doğan (Eds.), Kriz danışmanlığı (ss. 183-242) (1. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Hooven, C., Herting, J. R., & Snedker, K. A. (2010). Long-term outcomes for the promoting care suicide prevention program. American Journal of Health Behavior, 34(6), 721–736. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.34.6.8
  • İpek, Z., Yeşilmen, M., & Kayan Ocakoğlu, B. (2022). Ergen bireylerde intihar davranışının çok yönlü incelenmesi: Batman ili örneği. Dorlion Yayınları.
  • Johnson, L. A., & Parsons, M. E. (2012). Adolescent suicide prevention in a school setting use of a gatekeeper program. NASN School Nurse, 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X12454459.
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ERGEN İNTİHARLARINA YÖNELİK OKUL TEMELLİ MÜDAHALELERİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4, 1663 - 1679, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1325165

Öz

İntihar, ergenlerin ölüm sebepleri arasında ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Dolayısıyla ergen intiharına yönelik gerçekleştirilecek müdahaleler oldukça kritiktir. Bu çalışmada ergen intiharlarına yönelik birincil, ikincil ve üçüncül müdahalelerden söz edilmektedir. ‘’İntihar’’, ‘’Ergen intiharı’’, ‘’intiharı önleme’’ ve ‘’okul temelli önleme’’ anahtar sözcükleri kullanılarak çeşitli veri tabanlarından tam sürüm olarak erişilen makaleler ve yurt içi literatürde kriz danışmanlığı ile ilgili yazılmış bir kitap araştırma kapsamında incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemelere göre ele alınan programların büyük bir çoğunluğu, intihar düşünce ve girişimleri bulunan ergenler üzerinde etkili sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır. Bunun yanında ergenlerin yılın 37 haftasını ve günün üçte birini okullarda geçirmesi sebebiyle okul temelli müdahalelerin ergenlerin yaşam becerileri edinmesi ve intihar düşünceleri ile etkin mücadele etmesinde oldukça kritik bir rolde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Uygulanan programlar sonucunda öz saygı, güven, duygu yönetimi gibi becerilerde artışın yanında intihar, intiharın sinyalleri ve intihar düşüncesi karşısında yardım elde etme gibi alanlarda bilgi düzeyinin yükseldiği bulguları elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte intihara okul temelli müdahalelerin etkili sonuçlar ortaya koyabilmesi için okul paydaşları arasındaki etkileşim oldukça önemlidir. Psikolojik danışmanların ana aktör olduğu müdahale programlarında tüm paydaşlara ve öğrencilere yönelik bilgilendirici ve farkındalığı arttırıcı çalışmaların okul eğitim programı içerisine dahil edilmesinin intiharla etkin mücadele noktasında faydalı sonuçlar ortaya koyacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ajdacic Gross, V., Weiss, M. G., Ring, M., Hepp, U., Bopp, M., Gutzwiller, F., & Rössler, W. (2008). Methods of suicide: International suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 726-732. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.043489
  • Akın, E., & Berkem, M. (2012a). İntihar girişiminde bulunan ergenlerde psikiyatrik tanıların, demografik ve klinik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 17(4), 228-232.
  • Akın, E., & Berkem, M. (2012b). İntihar girişiminde bulunan ergenlerde öfke ve dürtüsellik. Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 148-152.
  • Aktepe, E., Kandil, S., Göker, Z., Sarp, K., Topbaş, M., & Özkorumak, E. (2006). İntihar girişiminde bulunan çocuk ve ergenlerde sosyodemografik ve psikiyatrik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 5(6), 444-454.
  • Alptekin, K., & Duyan, V. (2009). İntiharı önleme: Sorunlar ve öneriler. Kriz Dergisi, 17(2), 13-20.
  • Aseltine R. H., & DeMartino, R. (2004). An outcome evaluation of the SOS suicide prevention program. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 446-451. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.3.446
  • Aseltine, R. H., James, A., Schilling, E. A., & Glanovsky, J. (2007). Evaluating the SOS suicide prevention program: A replication and extension. BMC Public Health, 7, (161). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-161.
  • Ateşçi, F. Ç., Kuloğlu, M., Tezcan, E., & Yıldız, M. (2002). İntihar girişimi olan bireylerde birinci ve ikinci eksen tanıları. Klinik Psikiyatri, 5, 22-27.
  • Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2002). Adolescent suicide: An ecological approach. Psychology in the Schools, 39(4), 459- 475. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10042
  • Balaguru, V., Sharma, J., & Waheed, W. (2013). Review: Understanding the effectiveness of school based interventions to prevent suicide: A realist review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(3), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00668.x
  • Bridge, S., Hanssens, L., & Santhanam, R. (2007). Dealing with suicidal thoughts in schools: Information and education directed at secondary schools. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 15, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560701701213
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, June 7). Suicide rising across the US. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/suicide/index.html
  • Corcoran, J., Dattalo, P., Crowley, M., Brown, E., & Grindle, L. (2011). A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for suicidal adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2112-2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.06.017
  • Denyer, D., & Tranfield, D. (2009). Producing a systematic review. İçinde D. A. Buchanan & A. Bryman (Eds.). The Sage handbook of organizational research methods (ss. 671 – 689). Sage Publications.
  • Devrimci Özgüven, H., Soykan, Ç., & Haran, S. (2003). İntihar girişimlerinde sorun alanları ve tetikleyiciler. Kriz Dergisi, 11(1), 13-24.
  • Dilsiz, A., & Dilsiz, F. (1993). İntihar girişimlerinde belirtilen nedenler. Kriz Dergisi, 1 (3), 124-128.
  • Doğan, M., Öztürk, S., Esen, F., Demirci, E., & Öztürk, M. A. (2018). İntihar girişiminde bulunan çocuk ve ergenlerin değerlendirilmesi. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, 8(3), 30-34.
  • Conyne, R. (1994). Preventive counseling. Counseling and Human Development, 27(1), 1-10.
  • Eggert, L. L., Thompson, E. A., Herting, J. R., & Nicholas, L. J. (1995). Reducing suicide potential among high-risk youth: Tests of a school-based prevention program. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25(2), 276-296.
  • Elevli, S. (2012). Ergenlerde intihar olasılığının yordayıcıları: Yalnızlık, öfke ifade biçimleri, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Eskin, M. (2000). Ergen ruh sağlığı sorunları ve intihar davranışıyla ilişkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri, 3, 228-234.
  • Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Kellerman, J., Pollak, O., Cha, C. B., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., Wyman, P. A., & Boatman, A. E. (2020). Annual research review: A meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13106
  • Göktaş, S., & Metintaş, S. (2019). Türkiye’deki intiharların yaşa, cinsiyete ve yönteme göre değişim trendi, 2002– 2015. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 17(2), 195-206.
  • Güzgün, D. Ö., Yılmaz, F. E., Mandan, S., Şayan, D., & Toptaş, B. (2016). Okulda intihara müdahale kılavuzu. İçinde Ö. Erdur-Baker & T. Doğan (Eds.), Kriz danışmanlığı (ss. 183-242) (1. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Hooven, C., Herting, J. R., & Snedker, K. A. (2010). Long-term outcomes for the promoting care suicide prevention program. American Journal of Health Behavior, 34(6), 721–736. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.34.6.8
  • İpek, Z., Yeşilmen, M., & Kayan Ocakoğlu, B. (2022). Ergen bireylerde intihar davranışının çok yönlü incelenmesi: Batman ili örneği. Dorlion Yayınları.
  • Johnson, L. A., & Parsons, M. E. (2012). Adolescent suicide prevention in a school setting use of a gatekeeper program. NASN School Nurse, 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942602X12454459.
  • Joiner Jr, T. E., Brown, J. S., & Wingate, L. R. (2005). The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 287-314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070320
  • Kalafat, J. (1994). On initiating school-based suicide response programs. Special Services in the Schools, 8(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1300/J008v08n02_02
  • Kalafat, J., & Ryerson, D. M. (1999). The implementation and institutionalization of a school-based youth suicide prevention program. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 19(3), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022658826641
  • Kalafat, J. (2003). School approaches to youth suicide prevention. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(9), 1211- 1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764202250665
  • Kellam, S. G., Rebok, G. W., Ialongo, N., & Mayer, L. S. (1994). The course and malleability of aggressive behavior from early first grade into middle school: Results of a developmental epidemiologically‐based preventive trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(2), 259-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01161.x
  • Keller, D. P., Schut, L. J. A., Puddy, R. W., Williams, L., Stephens, R. L., McKeon, R., & Lubell, K. (2009). Tennessee Lives Count: Statewide gatekeeper training for youth suicide prevention. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(2), 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014889
  • Kırcı, G. S, Özer, E., Aydoğdu, H. İ., & Askay, M. (2017). TÜİK verilerine göre Türkiye’de meydana gelen adölesan intiharlarının değerlendirilmesi. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği Dergisi, 9(5), 42-47.
  • King, K. A. (1999a). Fifteen prevalent myths concerning adolescent suicide. The Journal of School Health, 69(4), 159-161.
  • King, K. A. (1999b). High school suicide postvention: Recommendations for an effective program. American Journal of Health Studies, 15(4), 217-222.
  • King, K. A., Price, J. H., Telljohann, S. K., & Wahl, J. (1999). How confident do high school counselors feel in recognizing students at risk for suicide? American Journal of Health Behavior, 23(6), 457-467. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.23.6.5
  • King, K. A. (2001). Developing a comprehensive school suicide prevention program. Journal of School Health, 71(4), 132-137. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2001.tb01310.x
  • King, K. A., & Smith, J. (2000). Project SOAR: A training program to increase school counselors' knowledge and confidence regarding suicide prevention and intervention. Journal of School Health, 70(10), 402-407. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07227.x
  • King, K. A., Strunk, C. M., & Sorter, M. T. (2011). Preliminary effectiveness of surviving the Teens Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness Program on adolescents' suicidality and self‐efficacy in performing help‐seeking behaviors. Journal of School Health, 81(9), 581-590. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00630.x
  • Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., & Arias, E. (2019). Deaths: Final data for 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports, 68(9), 1-76.
  • Laurent, A., Foussard, N., David, M., Boucharlat, J., & Bost, M. (1998). A 5-year follow-up study of suicide attempts among French adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22(5), 424-430. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s1054- 139x(97)00262-0
  • Leon, A. C., Friedman, R. A., Sweeney, J. A., Brown, R. P., & Mann, J. J. (1990). Statistical issues in the identification of risk factors for suicidal behavior: the application of survival analysis. Psychiatry Research, 31(1), 99-108. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0165-1781(90)90112-i
  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1994). Psychosocial risk factors for future adolescent suicide attempts. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.297
  • Özcan, B., Şenkaya, S., Özdin, Y., & Dinç, A. (2018). Türkiye’deki intihar vakalarının çeşitli kriterlere göre istatistiksel olarak incelenmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(40), 11-34.
  • Özsoylu, S., Kondolot, M., Akyıldız, B., Özmen, S., & Demirci, E. (2019). İntihar girişimi nedeniyle yoğun bakıma yatırılan çocuk ve ergenlerin değerlendirilmesi. Bakırköy Tıp Dergisi, 15(2), 131-135.
  • Portes, P. R., Sandhu, D. S., & Longwell-Grice, R. (2002). Understanding adolescent suicide: A psychosocial interpretation of developmental and contextual factors. Adolescence, 37, 805-814.
  • Quinnett, P. (2012). QPR gatekeeper training for suicide prevention: The model, rationale and theory. QPR Institute. https://www.qprinstitute.com/uploads/QPR%20Theory%20Paper.pdf
  • Randell, B. P., Eggert, L. L., & Pike, K. C. (2001). Immediate post intervention effects of two brief youth suicide prevention interventions. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.31.1.41.21308
  • Rosenberg, M. L., Smith, J. C., Davidson, L. E., & Conn, J. M. (1987). The emergence of youth suicide: An epidemiologic analysis and public health perspective. Annual Review of Public Health, 8, 417-440. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.pu.08.050187.002221
  • Ryerson, D. (1990). Suicide awareness education in schools: The development of a core program and subsequent modifications for special populations or institutions, Death Studies, 14(4), 371-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189008252378
  • Sandoval, J., & Brock, S. E. (1996). The school psychologist's role in suicide prevention. School Psychology Quarterly, 11(2), 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088927
  • Schorr, M., Van Sant, W., & Jameson, J. P. (2017). Preventing suicide among students in rural schools. In K. D. Michael & J. P. Jameson (Eds.), Handbook of rural school mental health (pp. 129–145). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64735-7_9
  • Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. (2006). Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 237-266. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095323
  • Tompkins, T. L., Witt, J., & Abraibesh, N. (2010). Does a gatekeeper suicide prevention program work in a school setting? Evaluating training outcome and moderators of effectiveness. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(5), 506-515. https://doi.org/ 10.1521/suli.2010.40.5.506
  • Topal, S. (2003). Eskişehir ilinde yaşayan ergenlerde intihar olasılığının değerlendirilmesi [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi.
  • Topkaya, N., & Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 25-37.
  • Toumbourou, J. W., & Gregg, M. E. (2002). Impact of an empowerment-based parent education program on the reduction of youth suicide risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(3), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00384-1
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (t.y.). İntihar. Güncel Türkçe sözlük içinde. 23 Haziran 2023 tarihinde edinildi. https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2023, Haziran 22). İntihar sayısı ve kaba intihar hızı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/Search?text=intihar&dil=1
  • Ünlü, G., Aksoy, Z., & Ersan, E. E. (2014). İntihar girişiminde bulunan çocuk ve ergenlerin değerlendirilmesi. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 7(3), 176-183.
  • Wasserman, C., Hoven, C., Wasserman, D., Carli, V., Sarchiapone, M., Al-halabí, S., Apter, A., Balazs, J., Bobes, J., Cosman, D., Farkas, L., Feldman, D., Fischer, G., Graber, N., Haring, C., Herta, D. C., Iosue, M., Kahn, J. P., Keeley, H., ... Poštuvan, V. (2012). Suicide prevention for youth-A mental health awareness program: Lessons learned from the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) intervention study. BMC Public Health, 12(776), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-776
  • World Health Organisation (2014, August 17). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_report_2014/en/
  • World Health Organisation (2019, September 9). Suicide in the World: Global health estimates. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326948.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Aile Kaynakları Eğitimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammed Emir Akyol 0000-0002-9080-6950

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Akyol, M. E. (2023). ERGEN İNTİHARLARINA YÖNELİK OKUL TEMELLİ MÜDAHALELERİN İNCELENMESİ. Erciyes Akademi, 37(4), 1663-1679. https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1325165

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