BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN DOĞUDAKİ SINIR GENİŞLEMELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR YORUM

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 144 - 155, 31.12.2023

Süha Konuk

https://doi.org/10.46790/erzisosbil.1391198

Öz

Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun Anadolu’daki doğu sınırı, imparatorluğun uzun tarihi boyunca stratejik öneme sahip olmakla birlikte, özellikle erken ve orta dönemlerde imparatorluğun Avrupa’da yer alan batı ve kuzey sınırlarına nazaran daha tutarlı ve stabil bir görünümdeydi. Anadolu’ya ayak bastıktan hemen sonra imparatorluk sınırını doğu yönünde genişlemeye ve ilerlemeye devam eden Romalılar, XI. yüzyıla kadar başlıca Partlar, Sâsâniler ve akabinde Müslüman Araplar olmak üzere irili ufaklı muhtelif devlet ve topluluklarla şiddetli mücadelelere girişmiş, bu devletlere ve topluluklara karşı zaman zaman mevcut sınırı koruyamayıp geri çekilmek durumunda kalmışlarsa da 298 yılında doğu ve güneydoğu sınırında, 1071 yılından hemen önce de Anadolu’nun kuzeydoğusu ve doğusunda en geniş sınırlarına ulaşmışlardı. Bu çalışmada da MÖ. I. yüzyıldan başlayarak 1071 Malazgirt Savaşına kadar imparatorluğun doğu sınırındaki değişimler ele alınacak ve sınırın genel durumu hakkında bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bizans İmparatorluğu, Sınır, Sınır Araştırmaları

Kaynakça

• Adontsʿ, N. (Nikoghayos), & Garsoïan, N. G. (1970). Armenia in the period of Justinian : the political conditions based on the Naxarar system. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
• Agatʿangeghos., & Thomson, R. W. (1980). Patmutʿiwn Hayotsʿ = History of the Armenians (A facism. reproduction of the 1909 Tiflis ed., with an introd. by Robert W. Thomson). Caravan Books.
• Ahrweiler, H. (1962). L’Asie Mineure et les invasions arabes (VIIe-IXesiècles). Revue historique, 227(1), 1–32.
• Ammianus Marcellinus. (1950). History (J. C. Rolfe, Trans.). Harvard University Press.
• Andreasyan, H. D. (2000). Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-Namesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor'un Zeyli (1136-1162), Türk Tarih Kurumu.
• Austin, H. N. (1972). Julian at Ctesiphon: a fresh look at Ammianus’ account. Athenaeum, (vol. 50, 301-309)
• Avcı, C. (2003). İslam-Bizans İlişkileri. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
• Beihammer, A. D. (2023). The Byzantine–Muslim Frontier from the Arab Conquests to the Arrival of the Seljuk Turks. The Islamic Byzantine Border in History. Edinburgh University Press.
• Blockley, R. C. (1973). Festus’ Source on Julian’s Persian Expedition. Classical Philology, 68(1), 54–55.
• Blockley, R. C. (1984). The Romano-Persian Peace Treaties of A.D. 299 and 363. Florilegium (Ottawa), 6(1), 28–49.
• Blockley, R. C. (1987). The Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians at the End of the Fourth Century A.D. Historia : Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 36(2), 222–234.
• Blockley, R. C. (1988). Ammianus Marcellinus on the Persian Invasion of A. D. 359. Phoenix (Toronto), 42(3), 244–260.
• Blockley, R. C. (1992). East Roman foreign policy : formation and conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius. Francis Cairns.
• Bonner, M. (1992). Some Observations concerning the Early Development of Jihad on the Arab-Byzantine Frontier. Studia Islamica, 75(75), 5–31.
• Bonner, M. (1996). Aristocratic violence and holy war : studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine frontier. American Oriental Society.
• Cameron, Averil. (1970). Agathias. At the Clarendon Press.
• Cassius Dio., Cary, E., & Foster, H. B. (1914). Dio’s Roman history. Cambridge University Press.
• Daryaee, T. (2010). Ardaxhir and the Sasanians’ Rise to Power. Anabasis (1, 236-255).
• Daryaee, T. (2014). Sasanian Persia : the rise and fall of an empire. I.B.Tauris.
• Dedeyan, G. (2015) Ermeni Halkının Tarihi. Ayrıntı.
• Dignas, B., & Winter, E. (2007). Rome and Persia in late antiquity : neighbours and rivals. Cambridge University Press.
• Dodgeon, M. H., & Lieu, S. N. C. (1991). The Roman Eastern frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363) : a documentary history. Routledge.
• Dodgeon, M. H., Lieu, S. N. C., & Greatrex, Geoffrey. (1991). The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian Wars. Routledge.
• Edwell, P. (2013). The Euphrates as a Boundary between Rome and Parthia in the Late Republic and Early Empire. Antichthon, 47(2013), 191–206.
• Edwell, P. M. (2008). Between Rome and Persia the middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman control. Routledge.
• Eger, A. A. (2014). The Islamic-Byzantine frontier : interaction and exchange among Muslim and Christian communities. I.B. Tauris.
• Eusebius, Cameron, Averil., & Hall, S. George. (1999). Life of Constantine. Clarendon Press.
• Eutropius, & Bird, H. W. (2011). The Breviarium ab urbe condita. Liverpool University Press.
• Frye, R. N. (1983). The Political History of Iran Under the Sasanians. in The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 3, pp. 116–180). Cambridge University Press.
• Frye, R. N. (2008). The Sasanians. in The Cambridge Ancient History, (Vol. 12, 461-472). Cambridge University Press.
• Haldon, J., Kennedy, H. (2017). The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eight and Ninth Centuries: Military organisation and Society in the Borderlands. Arab-Byzantine Relations in Early Islamic Times. Routledge.
• Hauser S. (2011). The Arsacid (Parthian) Empire. In Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World: A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
• Herodian., & Whittaker, C. R. (1969). Herodian. Heinemann.
• Honigmann, E. (1970) Bizans Devletinin Doğu Sınırı. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Jankowiak, M. (2017). The first Arab siege of Constantinople: The campaing of Yazid b. Mu’awiyah in 667-669. Byzantion’dan Constantinopolis’e İstanbul Kuşatmaları. İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü. 201-229.
• Kaldellis, A. (2019). Romanland : ethnicity and empire in Byzantium. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Kennedy, H. (1992). Byzantine-Arab Diplomacy in the Near East from the Islamic Conquests to the mid eveleventh century. Papers from the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies. Variorum. 133-143.
• Kettenhofen, E. (1995). Die Eroberung von Nisibis und Karrhai durch die Sāsāniden in der Zeit Kaiser Maximins (235/236 n. chr.). Iranica antiqua, 30, 159–177.
• Konuk, S. (2022). Roma-Sasani Mücadelesinde Yukarı Dicle Havzası’nın Tarihi Coğrafyası. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
• Lilie, R.-Johannes. (1976). Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber : Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert. Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität.
• Maksymiuk, K. (2015). Geography of Roman-Iranian wars : military operations of Rome and Sasanian Iran. Siedlce.
• Malalas, J., Jeffreys, Elizabeth., Jeffreys, Michael., Scott, R., & Croke, Brian. (1986). The chronicle of John Malalas. Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
• Millar, Fergus. (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 BC-AD 337. Harvard University Press.
• Mitchell, S. (2016). Geç Roma İmparatorluğu Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
• Ostrogorsky, G. (1981). Bizans Devleti Tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
• Philostorgius., & Amidon, P. R. (2007). Philostorgius church history. Brill.
• Plutarch. (1914). Lives (B. Perrin, Trans.). Harvard University Press.
• Pʿawstos, & Garsoïan, N. G. (1989). The epic histories attributed to Pʿawstos Buzand : (Buzandaran Patmutʿiwnkʿ). Harvard University Press.
• Scylitzes, J., & Wortley, J. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057 : Translation and Notes. Cambridge University Press.
• Sebēos, Thomson, R. W., Howard-Johnston, James., & Greenwood, Tim. (1999). The Armenian history attributed to Sebeos. Liverpool University Press.
• Simocatta, Theophylactus., Whitby, Michael., & Whitby, Mary. (1986). The History of Theophylact Simocatta : an English translation with introduction and notes. Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press.
• Tor, D. G. (2023) The Historical Significance of the Islamic–Byzantine Border: From The Seventh Century To 1291. The Islamic Byzantine Border in History. Edinburgh University Press.
• Tor, D. G. (Deborah G., & Beihammer, A. D. (Eds.). (2023). The Islamic-Byzantine border in history : from the rise of Islam to the end of the crusades. Edinburgh University Press.
• Tsounkarakēs, Dēmētrēs. (1988). Byzantine Crete : from the 5th century to the Venetian Conquest. Historical Publications St. D. Basilopoulos.
• Turcan, R. (1967). L’abandon de Nisibe et l’opinion publique. Mélanges D’archéologie et d’historie offerts a André Piganiol (Paris), 875-890.
• Walker, P. E. (1977). The “Crusade” of John Tzimisces in The Light of New Arabic Evidence. Byzantion (Bruxelles), 47, 301–327.
• Whitby, Mary., & Whitby, Michael. (1989). Chronicon Paschale 284-628 AD. Liverpool University Press. Zonaras, J., Banchich, T., & Lane, E. (2009). The history of Zonaras from Alexander Severus to the death of Theodosius the Great. Routledge.
• Zosimus. (2017). Zosimus : new history (R. T. Ridley, Trans.). Brill.