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Nature As a Site of Balance and A Source of Poetic Material in Joseph Skipsey’s Poems

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 17, 80 - 90, 31.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1312417

Öz

Victorian poetry, which developed under the influence of profound socio-economic transformations and in company with diverse literary voices and perspectives, includes the poems of the leading figures of the period as well as those of many little-known labouring poets from various professional groups. These poets, most of whom were self-educated, forged their literary perspectives under harsh working conditions, and although they could not write poems with high aesthetic value like the others, they reflected the world they lived in with an intense sensitivity and a sincere language. One of them was the Northumbrian collier Joseph Skipsey (1832-1903), who spent most of his life in the coal mines he entered at seven. In his poems, the traces of communal practices and cultural codes of his region are clearly seen. Even if his living in the country might evoke at first glance that Skipsey is quite close to nature, his relations with it surprisingly exist in a narrowed framework and remain within the confines of traditional narrative forms such as ballad and song. This study aims to reveal the essence of a collier poet’s relationship with nature in his poems within the socio-economic conditions of Victorian England. The main argument of the study is that Skipsey uses nature not as a glorified unity of beings, but as a site of balance and a source of poetic material he refers to in narrating individual emotions, human relations and the realities of miners’ life

Kaynakça

  • Armstrong, I. (1996). Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Politics and Poetics. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Bunting, B. (1976). “Preface”. B. Bunting (Ed.), Joseph Skipsey: Selected Poems. Sunderland: Ceolfrith Press, 7-14.
  • Christ, C. T. (2002). “Introduction: Victorian Poetics”. R. Cronin, A. Chapman, A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry. Malden-Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1-22.
  • Dent, S. P. (2000). Iniquitous Symmetries: Aestheticism and Secularism in the Reception of William Blake’s Works in Books and Periodicals during the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Warwick, Department of English and Comparative Literature.
  • Fish, L. M. (1974). The Folklore of the Coal Miners of the Northeast of England. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Indiana University.
  • Gilchrist, P. (2016). “Hail, Tyneside Lads in Collier Fleets: Song Culture, Sailing and Sailors in North-East England”. B. Beaven, K. Bell, R. James (Eds.), Port Towns and Urban Cultures International Histories of the Waterfront, c. 1700—2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 29-48.
  • Goodridge, J. (2005). “Some Rhetorical Strategies in Later Nineteenth-Century Laboring-Class Poetry”. Criticism, 47(4), 531-547.
  • Grieco, P. J. (1993). Dreams Old and Nascent: Conflict, Continuity and Change in Working-Class Poetry. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Faculty of the Graduate School of State University of New York at Buffalo.
  • Hermeston, R. (2017). “Tensions, Transformations, and Local Identity: The Evolving Meanings of Nineteenth-Century Tyneside Dialect Songs”. J. Goodridge and B. Keegan (Eds.), A History of British Working Class Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 281-295.
  • Keegan, B. (2011) “Incessant toil and hands innumerable”: Mining and Poetry in the Northeast of England. Victoriographies, 1(2), 177-201.
  • Keegan, B. (2008). British Labouring-Class Nature Poetry, 1730-1837. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kernot, C. (2000). The Coal Industry. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
  • Klaus, G. (1985). The Literature of Labour: Two Hundred Years of Working-Class Writing. New York: St Martin’s Press.
  • Knoepflmacher, U. C. & Tennyson, G. B. (1977). “Introduction”. U. C. Knoepflmacher & G. B. Tennyson (Eds.), Nature and the Victorian Imagination. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, xvii-xxiii. Maidment, B. (1987). The Poorhouse Fugitives: Self-taught Poets and Poetry in Victorian Britain. Manchester: Carcanet.
  • McCormick, B. J. (1979). Industrial Relations in the Coal Industry. London: Macmillan.
  • Miller, E. C. (2021). Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion. Princeton-Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • More, C. (2000). Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Skipsey, J. (1892). Songs and Lyrics. London: Walter Scott.
  • Skipsey, J. (1886). Carols from the Coal-fields, and Other Songs and Ballads. London: Walter Scott.
  • Skipsey, J. (1885). “Prefatory Notice, Biographical and Critical”. J. Skipsey (Ed.). Burn’s Songs. Retrieved May 22, 2023, from https://minorvictorianwriters.org.uk/skipsey/b_burns.htm
  • Stafford, F. (2012). Reading Romantic Poetry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Tait, G. J. (2018). Coal, correspondence, and Nineteenth-Century poetry: Joseph Skipsey and the Problems of Social Class. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Hull.
  • Tait, G. (2016). “Joseph Skipsey, the ‘Peasant Poet’, and an Unpublished Letter from W. B. Yeats”. Literature & History, 25(2), 134-149, doi: 10.1177/0306197316669264
  • Vicinus, M. (1974). The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth Century British Working-class Literature. London: Croom Helm.
  • Vincent, D. (2000). The Rise of Mass Literacy. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Watson, R. S. (1909). Joseph Skipsey: His Life and Work. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
  • Wilde, O. (1908). Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Reviews. R. Ross (Ed.), Boston-Massachusetts: The Wyman-Fogg Company.
  • Winstanley, I. (Ed.). (2000). Children’s Employment Commission 1842. Lancashire: Picks Publishing.
  • Yeats, W. B. (1989). Letters to the New Island. G. Bornstein and H. Witemeyer (Eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Joseph Skipsey’nin Şiirlerinde Bir Denge Alanı ve Poetik Malzeme Kaynağı Olarak Doğa

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 17, 80 - 90, 31.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1312417

Öz

Derin sosyo-ekonomik dönüşümlerin etkisinde ve farklı yazınsal ses ve perspektiflerin eşliğinde gelişen Victorya dönemi şiiri, zamanın önde gelen isimlerinin yanı sıra, çeşitli meslek gruplarından adları pek duyulmamış çok sayıda işçi şairin şiirlerini de içine alır. Çoğu kendini yetiştirmiş bu şairler zorlu çalışma koşullarında yazınsal bakışlarını biçimlendirmişler, ötekiler kadar estetik değeri yüksek şiirler yazamasalar da yaşadıkları dünyayı yoğun bir duyarlılık ve içten bir dille yansıtmışlardır. Onlardan biri de yaşamının büyük bölümünü yedi yaşında girdiği kömür madenlerinde geçiren Northumberlandli kömür işçisi Joseph Skipsey (1832-1903)’dir. Onun şiirlerinde yöresinin toplumsal pratikleri ile kültürel kodlarının izleri açık biçimde görülür. Taşrada yaşaması ilk bakışta Skipsey’nin doğaya oldukça yakın durduğunu düşündürtse de onunla ilişkisi şaşırtıcı biçimde daraltılmış bir çerçevede varlık bulur ve balad ve song gibi geleneksel anlatı türlerinin sınırları içinde kalır. Bu çalışma Viktorya dönemi İngiltere’sinin sosyo-ekonomik koşullarında bir madenci şairin şiirlerinde doğa ile ilişkisinin mahiyetini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel savı, Skipsey’nin doğayı yüceltilen bir varlıklar bütünü olarak değil, bir denge alanı ve bireysel duyguların, insan ilişkilerinin ve madencilerin yaşam gerçeklerinin anlatımında başvurduğu bir poetik malzeme kaynağı olarak kullandığıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Armstrong, I. (1996). Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Politics and Poetics. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Bunting, B. (1976). “Preface”. B. Bunting (Ed.), Joseph Skipsey: Selected Poems. Sunderland: Ceolfrith Press, 7-14.
  • Christ, C. T. (2002). “Introduction: Victorian Poetics”. R. Cronin, A. Chapman, A. H. Harrison (Eds.), A Companion to Victorian Poetry. Malden-Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1-22.
  • Dent, S. P. (2000). Iniquitous Symmetries: Aestheticism and Secularism in the Reception of William Blake’s Works in Books and Periodicals during the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Warwick, Department of English and Comparative Literature.
  • Fish, L. M. (1974). The Folklore of the Coal Miners of the Northeast of England. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Indiana University.
  • Gilchrist, P. (2016). “Hail, Tyneside Lads in Collier Fleets: Song Culture, Sailing and Sailors in North-East England”. B. Beaven, K. Bell, R. James (Eds.), Port Towns and Urban Cultures International Histories of the Waterfront, c. 1700—2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 29-48.
  • Goodridge, J. (2005). “Some Rhetorical Strategies in Later Nineteenth-Century Laboring-Class Poetry”. Criticism, 47(4), 531-547.
  • Grieco, P. J. (1993). Dreams Old and Nascent: Conflict, Continuity and Change in Working-Class Poetry. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Faculty of the Graduate School of State University of New York at Buffalo.
  • Hermeston, R. (2017). “Tensions, Transformations, and Local Identity: The Evolving Meanings of Nineteenth-Century Tyneside Dialect Songs”. J. Goodridge and B. Keegan (Eds.), A History of British Working Class Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 281-295.
  • Keegan, B. (2011) “Incessant toil and hands innumerable”: Mining and Poetry in the Northeast of England. Victoriographies, 1(2), 177-201.
  • Keegan, B. (2008). British Labouring-Class Nature Poetry, 1730-1837. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kernot, C. (2000). The Coal Industry. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
  • Klaus, G. (1985). The Literature of Labour: Two Hundred Years of Working-Class Writing. New York: St Martin’s Press.
  • Knoepflmacher, U. C. & Tennyson, G. B. (1977). “Introduction”. U. C. Knoepflmacher & G. B. Tennyson (Eds.), Nature and the Victorian Imagination. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, xvii-xxiii. Maidment, B. (1987). The Poorhouse Fugitives: Self-taught Poets and Poetry in Victorian Britain. Manchester: Carcanet.
  • McCormick, B. J. (1979). Industrial Relations in the Coal Industry. London: Macmillan.
  • Miller, E. C. (2021). Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion. Princeton-Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • More, C. (2000). Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London-New York: Routledge.
  • Skipsey, J. (1892). Songs and Lyrics. London: Walter Scott.
  • Skipsey, J. (1886). Carols from the Coal-fields, and Other Songs and Ballads. London: Walter Scott.
  • Skipsey, J. (1885). “Prefatory Notice, Biographical and Critical”. J. Skipsey (Ed.). Burn’s Songs. Retrieved May 22, 2023, from https://minorvictorianwriters.org.uk/skipsey/b_burns.htm
  • Stafford, F. (2012). Reading Romantic Poetry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Tait, G. J. (2018). Coal, correspondence, and Nineteenth-Century poetry: Joseph Skipsey and the Problems of Social Class. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Hull.
  • Tait, G. (2016). “Joseph Skipsey, the ‘Peasant Poet’, and an Unpublished Letter from W. B. Yeats”. Literature & History, 25(2), 134-149, doi: 10.1177/0306197316669264
  • Vicinus, M. (1974). The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth Century British Working-class Literature. London: Croom Helm.
  • Vincent, D. (2000). The Rise of Mass Literacy. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Watson, R. S. (1909). Joseph Skipsey: His Life and Work. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
  • Wilde, O. (1908). Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Reviews. R. Ross (Ed.), Boston-Massachusetts: The Wyman-Fogg Company.
  • Winstanley, I. (Ed.). (2000). Children’s Employment Commission 1842. Lancashire: Picks Publishing.
  • Yeats, W. B. (1989). Letters to the New Island. G. Bornstein and H. Witemeyer (Eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İngiliz ve İrlanda Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mümin Hakkıoğlu 0000-0003-3071-2028

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Hakkıoğlu, M. (2023). Nature As a Site of Balance and A Source of Poetic Material in Joseph Skipsey’s Poems. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(17), 80-90. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1312417

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