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Social Loafing; Causes, Prevention Strategies and Analysis of Social Loafing in Audit Firms

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 69 - 85, 31.12.2023

Öz

Social loafing refers to the tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working individually. This phenomenon can stem from various factors, including diffusion of responsibility, lack of accountability, and low motivation. In audit firms, social loafing can hurt audit quality and the reliability of audit reports. This affects not only the audit firm itself but also all stakeholders who rely on the audit reports. For this reason, audit firms must address social loafing and implement preventive measures. In order to address social loafing, it is essential to understand its root causes and take steps to prevent it. Organizations and group leaders can employ various methods to prevent social loafing. One key prevention strategy is to promote individual accountability. Defining and assigning specific duties and obligations to every team member is crucial to accomplish this goal. Another important prevention strategy is to foster a sense of ownership and pride in the group's work. When individuals feel connected to the group's goals and accomplishments, they are more motivated to exert effort and contribute their best work. Effective communication and collaboration are also crucial in preventing social loafing. When group members have open and transparent communication channels, they are more likely to actively engage and feel relevant and motivated to participate in group activities.

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Annelin, A., & Svanström, T. (2022). The triggers and consequences of audit team stress: Qualitative evidence from engagement teams. International Journal of Auditing, 26(2), 113-133.
  • Anghie, A., & Chimni, B. S. (2003). Third-world approaches to international law and individual responsibility in internal conflicts. Chinese Journal of International Law, 2(1), 77-103.
  • Armstrong, M., & Murlis, H. (2007). Reward management: A handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
  • Bailey, J., Sass, M., Swiercz, P. M., Seal, C., & Kayes, D. C. (2005). Teaching with and through teams: Student-written, instructor-facilitated case writing, and the signatory code. Journal Of Management Education, 29(1), 39-59 Brickner, M. A., Harkins, S. G., & Ostrpm, T. M. (1986). Effects of personal involvement: thought-provoking implications for social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 763-769
  • Carson, J. B., Tesluk, P. E., & Marrone, J. A. (2007). Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of Management Journal,50(5), 1217–1234.
  • Dick, R. V., Tissington, P. A., & Hertel, G. (2009). Do many hands make light work? How to overcome social loafing and gain motivation in work teams. European Business Review, 21(3), 233-245.
  • Furst, S., Blackburn, R., & Rosen, B. (1999). Virtual team effectiveness: A proposed research agenda. Information Systems Journal, 9(4), 249–269.
  • Gabrenya Jr, W. K., Latané, B., & Wang, Y. E. (1983). Social loafing in cross-cultural perspective: Chinese on Taiwan. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14(3), 368-384.
  • George, J. M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal Of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(4), 327-338.
  • Greathouse, J. (2020). Social Distancing ≠ Social Loafing: Combating 4 reasons remote workers slack off, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/johngreathouse/2020/03/24/social-distancing--social-loafing-combating-4-common-reasons-for-remote-laziness/.
  • Gençer, H. (2019). Group dynamics and behavior, Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(1): 223–229
  • Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214–1229.
  • Harkins, S. G., & Szymanski, K. (1988). Social loafing and self-evaluation with an objective standard. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24(4), 354-365.
  • Hoeksema-van Orden, C. Y. (1998). Social loafing under fatigue. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(5), 1179-1190.
  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681–706.
  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1995). Social loafing: Research findings, implications, and future directions. Current Directions in Psychological Science,4(5), 134-140.
  • Karau, S. J., & Hart, J. W. (1998). Group cohesiveness and social loafing: Effects of a social interaction manipulation on individual group motivation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,2(3), 185.
  • Kerr, N. L., & Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology,44(1), 78.
  • Khan, H., Rehmat, M., Butt, T. H., Farooqi, S., & Asim, J. (2020). Impact of transformational leadership on work performance, burnout, and social loafing: A mediation model. Future Business Journal,6, 1-13.
  • Klehe, U.-C., & Anderson, N. (2007). The Moderating influence of personality and culture on social loafing in typical versus maximum performance situations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(2), 250-262.
  • Lam, C. (2015). The role of communication and cohesion in reducing social loafing in group projects. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 454–475.
  • Latané, B., Williams, K. & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822.
  • Luke, B., Barraket, J. & Eversole, R. (2013). Measurement as legitimacy versus legitimacy of measures: Performance evaluation of social enterprise. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management,10(3/4), 234-258.
  • Mannan, A., & Darwis, S. S. (2023). The Psychological impact of work stress on auditors: exploring determinants and consequences. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(7), 567–581.
  • Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 936–941.
  • Mefoh, P. C., & Nwanosike, C. L. (2012). Effects of group size and expectancy of reward on social loafing. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 20(1), 229–240.
  • Mihelič, K. K., & Culiberg, B. (2019). Reaping the fruits of another’s labor: The role of moral meaningfulness, mindfulness, and motivation in social loafing. Journal of Business Ethics, 160, 713-727.
  • Peñarroja, V., Orengo, V. & Zornoza, A. (2017). Reducing perceived social loafing in virtual teams: The effect of team feedback with guided reflexivity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(8), 424-435.
  • Pierce, J. L., & Jussila, I. (2010). Collective psychological ownership within the work and organizational context: Construct introduction and elaboration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6), 810-834.
  • Piezon, S. L. & Ferree, W. D. (2008). Perceptions of social loafing in online learning groups: A study of public university and US Naval War College students. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(2), 1–17.
  • Schippers, M. C. (2014). Social loafing tendencies and team performance: The compensating effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(1), 62-81.
  • Seltzer, J. (2016). Teaching about social loafing: The accounting team exercise. Management Teaching Review, 1(1), 34–42.
  • Shih, C. H., Shao, C. C., & Wang, Y. H. (2018). Study of social loafing and employee creativity. Barolli, L., & Enokido, T (eds.) Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS-2017) (pp 821-830). Springer International Publishing.
  • Shiue, Y. C., Chiu, C. M., & Chang, C. C. (2010). Exploring and mitigating social loafing in online communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 768-777.
  • Simms, A. ve Nichols, T. (2014). Social loafing: A review of the literature. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(1), 58-67
  • Steinheider, B., & Wuestewald, T. (2008). From the bottom-up: sharing leadership in a police agency. Police Practice and Research, 9(2), 145-163.
  • Stark, E. M., Shaw, J. D., & Duffy, M. K. (2007). Preference for group work, winning orientation, and social loafing behavior in groups. Group & Organization Management, 32(6), 699–723.
  • Tan, H. H., & Tan, M. L. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior and social loafing: the role of personality, motives, and contextual factors. The Journal of Psychology, 142(1), 89-108.
  • Weldon, M. S., Blair, C. & Huebsch, P. D. (2000). Group remembering: Does social loafing underlie collaborative inhibition? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(6), 1568.
  • Wicklund, R. A. & Duval, S. (1971). Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7(3), 319-342.
  • Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: the effects of expectations of coworker performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 570-581.
  • Vaghefi, I. & Lapointe, L. (2012). Information technology and social loafing: a qualitative investigation. International Conference on Interaction Sciences. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301358774.pdf
  • Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F., & Lin, Z. (2014). Group laziness: The effect of social loafing on group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 42(3), 465-471.

Sosyal Kaytarma ; Nedenleri, Önleme Stratejileri Ve Denetim Şirketlerinde Sosyal Kaytarmanın Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 69 - 85, 31.12.2023

Öz

Sosyal kaytarma, bireylerin bir grup içinde çalışırken bireysel olarak çalıştıklarından daha az çaba gösterme eğilimini ifade eder. Bu fenomen, sorumluluğun dağılması, sorumluluk eksikliği ve düşük motivasyon gibi çeşitli faktörlerden kaynaklanabilir. Denetim firmalarında, sosyal aylaklık, denetim kalitesini ve denetim raporlarının güvenilirliğini zedeleyebilir. Bu durum sadece denetim firmasını değil, denetim raporlarına güvenen tüm paydaşları da etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle denetim firmaları sosyal kaytarmayı dikkate almalı ve önleyici tedbirler almalıdır. Sosyal kaytarmayı ele almak için, temel nedenlerini anlamak ve bunu önlemek için adımlar atmak esastır. Örgütler ve grup liderleri, sosyal kaytarmayı önlemek için çeşitli yöntemler kullanabilirler. Önemli bir önleme stratejisi, bireysel hesap verebilirliği teşvik etmektir. Her ekip üyesine belirli görevler ve yükümlülükler tanımlamak ve atamak, bu hedefe ulaşmak için çok önemlidir. Diğer bir önemli önleme stratejisi, grubun çalışmasına karşı bir sahiplik ve gurur duygusu geliştirmektir. Bireyler grubun amaçlarına ve başarılarına bağlı hissettiklerinde, çaba göstermek ve ellerinden gelenin en iyisini yapmak için daha fazla motive olurlar. Etkili iletişim ve işbirliği de sosyal kaytarmayı önlemede çok önemlidir. Grup üyeleri açık ve şeffaf iletişim kanallarına sahip olduklarında, grup faaliyetlerine aktif olarak katılma ve grup faaliyetlerine katılmak için ilgili ve motive olma olasılıkları daha yüksektir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Annelin, A., & Svanström, T. (2022). The triggers and consequences of audit team stress: Qualitative evidence from engagement teams. International Journal of Auditing, 26(2), 113-133.
  • Anghie, A., & Chimni, B. S. (2003). Third-world approaches to international law and individual responsibility in internal conflicts. Chinese Journal of International Law, 2(1), 77-103.
  • Armstrong, M., & Murlis, H. (2007). Reward management: A handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
  • Bailey, J., Sass, M., Swiercz, P. M., Seal, C., & Kayes, D. C. (2005). Teaching with and through teams: Student-written, instructor-facilitated case writing, and the signatory code. Journal Of Management Education, 29(1), 39-59 Brickner, M. A., Harkins, S. G., & Ostrpm, T. M. (1986). Effects of personal involvement: thought-provoking implications for social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 763-769
  • Carson, J. B., Tesluk, P. E., & Marrone, J. A. (2007). Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of Management Journal,50(5), 1217–1234.
  • Dick, R. V., Tissington, P. A., & Hertel, G. (2009). Do many hands make light work? How to overcome social loafing and gain motivation in work teams. European Business Review, 21(3), 233-245.
  • Furst, S., Blackburn, R., & Rosen, B. (1999). Virtual team effectiveness: A proposed research agenda. Information Systems Journal, 9(4), 249–269.
  • Gabrenya Jr, W. K., Latané, B., & Wang, Y. E. (1983). Social loafing in cross-cultural perspective: Chinese on Taiwan. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14(3), 368-384.
  • George, J. M. (1995). Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: The case of social loafing. Journal Of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(4), 327-338.
  • Greathouse, J. (2020). Social Distancing ≠ Social Loafing: Combating 4 reasons remote workers slack off, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/johngreathouse/2020/03/24/social-distancing--social-loafing-combating-4-common-reasons-for-remote-laziness/.
  • Gençer, H. (2019). Group dynamics and behavior, Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(1): 223–229
  • Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1982). Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1214–1229.
  • Harkins, S. G., & Szymanski, K. (1988). Social loafing and self-evaluation with an objective standard. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24(4), 354-365.
  • Hoeksema-van Orden, C. Y. (1998). Social loafing under fatigue. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(5), 1179-1190.
  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681–706.
  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1995). Social loafing: Research findings, implications, and future directions. Current Directions in Psychological Science,4(5), 134-140.
  • Karau, S. J., & Hart, J. W. (1998). Group cohesiveness and social loafing: Effects of a social interaction manipulation on individual group motivation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,2(3), 185.
  • Kerr, N. L., & Bruun, S. E. (1983). Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology,44(1), 78.
  • Khan, H., Rehmat, M., Butt, T. H., Farooqi, S., & Asim, J. (2020). Impact of transformational leadership on work performance, burnout, and social loafing: A mediation model. Future Business Journal,6, 1-13.
  • Klehe, U.-C., & Anderson, N. (2007). The Moderating influence of personality and culture on social loafing in typical versus maximum performance situations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(2), 250-262.
  • Lam, C. (2015). The role of communication and cohesion in reducing social loafing in group projects. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 454–475.
  • Latané, B., Williams, K. & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822.
  • Luke, B., Barraket, J. & Eversole, R. (2013). Measurement as legitimacy versus legitimacy of measures: Performance evaluation of social enterprise. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management,10(3/4), 234-258.
  • Mannan, A., & Darwis, S. S. (2023). The Psychological impact of work stress on auditors: exploring determinants and consequences. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(7), 567–581.
  • Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 936–941.
  • Mefoh, P. C., & Nwanosike, C. L. (2012). Effects of group size and expectancy of reward on social loafing. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 20(1), 229–240.
  • Mihelič, K. K., & Culiberg, B. (2019). Reaping the fruits of another’s labor: The role of moral meaningfulness, mindfulness, and motivation in social loafing. Journal of Business Ethics, 160, 713-727.
  • Peñarroja, V., Orengo, V. & Zornoza, A. (2017). Reducing perceived social loafing in virtual teams: The effect of team feedback with guided reflexivity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(8), 424-435.
  • Pierce, J. L., & Jussila, I. (2010). Collective psychological ownership within the work and organizational context: Construct introduction and elaboration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6), 810-834.
  • Piezon, S. L. & Ferree, W. D. (2008). Perceptions of social loafing in online learning groups: A study of public university and US Naval War College students. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(2), 1–17.
  • Schippers, M. C. (2014). Social loafing tendencies and team performance: The compensating effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(1), 62-81.
  • Seltzer, J. (2016). Teaching about social loafing: The accounting team exercise. Management Teaching Review, 1(1), 34–42.
  • Shih, C. H., Shao, C. C., & Wang, Y. H. (2018). Study of social loafing and employee creativity. Barolli, L., & Enokido, T (eds.) Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS-2017) (pp 821-830). Springer International Publishing.
  • Shiue, Y. C., Chiu, C. M., & Chang, C. C. (2010). Exploring and mitigating social loafing in online communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 768-777.
  • Simms, A. ve Nichols, T. (2014). Social loafing: A review of the literature. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(1), 58-67
  • Steinheider, B., & Wuestewald, T. (2008). From the bottom-up: sharing leadership in a police agency. Police Practice and Research, 9(2), 145-163.
  • Stark, E. M., Shaw, J. D., & Duffy, M. K. (2007). Preference for group work, winning orientation, and social loafing behavior in groups. Group & Organization Management, 32(6), 699–723.
  • Tan, H. H., & Tan, M. L. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior and social loafing: the role of personality, motives, and contextual factors. The Journal of Psychology, 142(1), 89-108.
  • Weldon, M. S., Blair, C. & Huebsch, P. D. (2000). Group remembering: Does social loafing underlie collaborative inhibition? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(6), 1568.
  • Wicklund, R. A. & Duval, S. (1971). Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7(3), 319-342.
  • Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation: the effects of expectations of coworker performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 570-581.
  • Vaghefi, I. & Lapointe, L. (2012). Information technology and social loafing: a qualitative investigation. International Conference on Interaction Sciences. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301358774.pdf
  • Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F., & Lin, Z. (2014). Group laziness: The effect of social loafing on group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 42(3), 465-471.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Etkinlik Yönetimi
Bölüm Kavramsal Makale
Yazarlar

Hasan Yalçın 0000-0002-9108-6246

Proje Numarası Yok
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Yalçın, H. (2023). Social Loafing; Causes, Prevention Strategies and Analysis of Social Loafing in Audit Firms. EUropean Journal of Managerial Research (EUJMR), 7(13), 69-85.

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