THE MODERATOR ROLE OF LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE ON THE EFFECT OF LONELINESS AT WORK ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 237 - 250, 26.01.2024

İlkay Güleryüz Lütfi Sürücü İbrahim Yıkılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1338448

Öz

This research focuses on the effects of loneliness at work on leader member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior. Start from this point, a unique model has been proposed that deals with the variables of loneliness at work, organizational citizenship behavior and leader member exchange interaction. In order to test the interactions in this model, data were collected from academicians working at various universities by questionnaire method (N=409). These data were analyzed using SPSS-27 and AMOS-22 package programs. As a result of the hypothesis tests performed with the regression-based Process Macro analysis, it was seen that loneliness at work has a negative and significant effect on both organizational citizenship behavior and leader-member exchange. As a result of examining the moderator role of leader-member exchange on the effect of loneliness at work on organizational citizenship behavior, which constitutes the original aspect of the research, it has been determined that leader-member exchange has a moderating role in the relationship between these two variables. In this way, it has been revealed that the proposed model is original. The findings obtained as a result of this empirical study contribute to the literature in terms of illustrating the issues that loneliness at work affects, especially organizational citizenship behavior and leader member exchange. In addition, it is considered that examining loneliness at work together with different sample groups and organizational behavior issues will make important contributions to both business management and academic literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Loneliness at work, Organizational citizenship behavior, Leader member exchange

İş Yaşamında Yalnızlığın Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Lider Üye Etkileşiminin Düzenleyici Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırma iş yaşamında yalnızlığın lider üye etkileşimi ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu noktadan yola çıkılarak iş yaşamında yalnızlık, örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ve lider üye etkileşimi değişkenlerini ele alan ve özgün bir model önerilmiştir. Bu modeldeki etkileşimlerin test edilmesi amacıyla çeşitli üniversitelerde görev yapan akademisyenlerden anket yöntemiyle veri toplanmıştır (N=409). Bu veriler, SPSS-27 ve AMOS-22 paket programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Regresyon temelli Process Makro analizi ile yapılan hipotez testleri sonucunda, iş yaşamında yalnızlığın hem örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı hem de lider üye etkileşimi üzerinde negatif ve anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmada lider üye etkileşiminin iş yaşamında yalnızlığın örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerindeki etkisinde düzenleyici rolünün incelenmiş ve bunun sonucunda lider üye etkileşiminin bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici rolünün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sayede önerilen modelin özgün olduğu da ortaya konulmuştur. Bu ampirik çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, iş yaşamında yalnızlığın, başta örgütsel davranış ve lider üye etkileşimi olmak üzere, etkilediği konuların resmedilmesi açısından literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca iş yaşamında yalnızlığın farklı örneklem grupları ve örgütsel davranış konularıyla birlikte incelenmesinin gerek işletme yönetimine gerekse akademik literatüre iş süreçlerinin iyileşmesi ve gelecek çalışmalara rehberlik etmesi gibi katkılar sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İş yaşamında yalnızlık, Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı, Lider Üye Etkileşimi

Kaynakça

• Abidina, Z., Heddyb, ., Astutic, . Y. G. A., Adhad, . S., Asrorie, . K., Subrotof, . D. E., Zaharag, . V. M., Kahpih, H. S., Purwantoi, . A., Julyantoj, . O. & Azizik, . E. (2020) Effect of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Toward Iso 22000:2018 Food Safety Certified Company Performance. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 529-538. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.77
• Achmadi, H., Antonio, F., Pramono, R., Bernarto, I. & Purwanto, A. (2020) Identification of The Positive and Negative Emotions that Appeared among High School Students When Selecting University at Jakarta and Surrounding Area. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 759-766. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.107
• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions, 1. Baskı, USA: Sage Publications
• Aldag, R. & Reschke, W. (1997). Employee value added: Measuring Discretionary Effort and its Value to the Organization. Center for Organization Ef ectiveness.
• Anand, P., & Mishra, S. K. (2018, July). Proximal and distal causes of workplace loneliness: An exploratory study. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 13827). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
• Anand, P., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). Linking core self-evaluation and emotional exhaustion with workplace loneliness: does high LMX make the consequence worse?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(10), 2124-2149.
• Bahdin Nur Tanjunga, Yurni Rahmanb, Budiyantoc, Badawid, Aep Tata Suryanae, Warni Tune Sumarf, Abdul Mufidg, Agus Purwantoh, Wartoi (2020) The Influence of Transformational Leadership, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior on the Performance of Islamic School Teachers. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 539-546. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.78
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences, 13(10), 447-454.
• Cha, J. and Borchgrevink, C.P. (2018), “Leader–member exchange (LMX) and frontline employees’ service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior in the foodservice context: exploring the moderating role of work status”, International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 233-258.
• Chan, S. C. (2010). Does workplace fun matter? Developing a useable typology of workplace fun in a qualitative study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 720-728.
• Chi, S. C. S., & Liang, S. G. (2013). When do subordinates’emotion-regulation strategiesmatter? Abusive supervision, subordinates’emotional exhaustion, and work with-drawal.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 125–137.
• Corr, P. J. (2013). Approach and avoidance behaviour: Multiple systems and their inter-actions.Emotion Review,5(3), 285–290.
• Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership:A critique and further development.Academy of Management Review,11(3), 618–634.doi:10.2307/2583142144P.
• Dilla, G. (2022). Workplace Loneliness and OCB: The Mediation Role of Affective Commitment. Saıns Organısası, 1(1), 41-50.
• DiPaola, M. F., Tarter, C. J., & Hoy, W. K. (2005). Measuring organizational citizenship in schools: The OCB scale. W. K. Hoy ve C. Miskel, (Eds.), Educational leadership and reform içinde (319-342). Greenwich, CN: Information Age Publications.
• Doğan, T., Çetin, B., & Sungur, M. Z. (2009). İş Yaşamında Yalnızlık Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 1 (10), 271-277.
• Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). Ameta-analysis of Pisaniello antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange:Integrating the past with an eye toward the future.Journal of Management,38(6),1715–1759.
• Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T.E., Gonzalez-Morales, M.G. and Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010), “Leader–member exchange and affective organizational commitment: the contribution of supervisor’s organizational embodiment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 95 No. 6, pp. 1085-1103.
• Erdogan, B., & Liden, R. C. (2006). Collectivism as a moderator of responses to organizational justice: implications for leader‐member exchange and ingratiation. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(1), 1-17.
• Erlich, H. S. (1998). On loneliness, narcissism, and intimacy. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58, 135-162.
• Fahmi, K., Kurniawan, T., Cahyono, Y., Sena, . A., Suhadarliyah, ., Suryani, . P., Sugianto, . A., Amelia, . D., Musnaini, ., Amin, . Hasbullah, . H., Jihadi, . M., Wijoyo, . H. & Purwanto, . A. (2020) Did Servant, Digital and Green Leadership Influence Market Performance? Evidence from Indonesian Pharmaceutical Industry. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 642-653. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.95
• Firoz, M., & Chaudhary, R. (2022). The impact of workplace loneliness on employee outcomes: what role does psychological capital play?. Personnel Review, 51(4), 1221-1247.
• Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2006). Recovery, well-being, and performance-related out-comes: The role of workload and vacation experiences.Journal of Applied Psychology,91(4), 936.
• Gable, S. L., & Berkman, E. T. (2008). Making connections and avoiding loneliness:Approach and avoidance social motives and goals. In A.J. Elliott (Ed.),Handbook ofapproach and avoidance motivation(Chapter 12, pp. 201–224). New York: Psychology Press.
• Gardner, W.L., Pickett, C.L., Jefferis, V. and Knowles, M. (2005), “On the outside looking in: loneliness and social monitoring”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 31 No. 11, pp. 1549-1560.
• Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in Organizational Behavior. 9: 175-208.
• Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). The relationshipbased approach to leadership: Development of LMX theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multilevel, multidomain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247.
• Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Piccolo, R. F. (2015). When leaders fail to‘walkthe talk’: Supervisor undermining and perceptions of leader hypocrisy.Journal ofManagement,41(3), 929–956.
• Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Chang, H. S., & Li, J. J. (2020). Workplace spirituality as a mediator between ethical climate and workplace deviant behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, 102372.
• Hayes, A.F. (2013). Methodology in the social sciences introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based. New York: Guilford Press.
• Hogg, M.A., Martin, R., Epitropaki, O., Mankad, A., Svensson, A. and Weeden, K. (2005), “Effective leadership in salient groups: revisiting leader-member exchange theory from the perspective of the social identity theory of leadership”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 31 No. 7, pp. 991-1004.
• https://www.yok.gov.tr/universiteler/universitelerimiz, Erişim Tarihi:11.05.2023
• Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Vallières, F., McGinty, G., ... & Power, J. M. (2019). Quality not quantity: loneliness subtypes, psychological trauma, and mental health in the US adult population. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 54(9), 1089-1099.
• Jung, H. S., Song, M. K., & Yoon, H. H. (2021). The effects of workplace loneliness on work engagement and organizational commitment: moderating roles of leader-member exchange and coworker exchange. Sustainability, 13(2), 948.
• Kadiyono, A. L., Sulistiobudi, . R. A., Haris, . I., Wahab, . M. K. A., Ramdani, . I., Purwanto, . A., Mufid, . A., Muqtada, . M. R., Gufron, . M., Nuryansah, . M., Ficayuma, . L. A., Fahlevi, . M. & Sumartiningsih, . S. (2020) Develop Leadership Style Model for Indonesian Teachers Performance in Education 4.0 Era. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 363- 373.doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.52
• Kim, H., & Qu, H. (2020). Effects of employees’ social exchange and the mediating role of customer orientation in the restaurant industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102577.
• Kim, M.S. and Koo, D.W. (2017), “Linking LMX, engagement, innovative behavior, and job performance in hotel employees”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 29 No. 12, pp. 3044-3062.
• Kuehn, K. W., & Al‐Busaidi, Y. (2002). Citizenship behavior in a non‐western context: An examination of the role of satisfaction, commitment and job characteristics on self‐reported OCB. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 12(2), 107-125.
• Lam, L. W., & Lau, D. C. (2012). Feeling lonely at work: investigating the consequences of unsatisfactory workplace relationships. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(20), 4265-4282.
• Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical asessment through scale development, Journal Of Management, 24 (1), 43–72.
• Lu, A. C. C., & Gursoy, D. (2023). Cultural Value Orientation and Hospitality Employee Voice Behavior: The Moderating Role of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX). Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 10963480221148175.
• Luo, Z., Song, H., Marnburg, E. and Øgaard, T. (2014), “The impact of relational identity on the relationship between LMX, interpersonal justice, and employees’ group commitment”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 41, pp. 21-27
• McGraw, J. G. (1995). Loneliness, its nature and forms: An existential perspective. Man and World, 28, 43-64.
• Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi AMOS Uygulamaları, Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık.
• Mijuskovic, B. L. (2012). Loneliness in philosophy, psychology, and literature. iUniverse.
• Murphy, P. M., & Kupshik, G. A. (1992).Loneliness, stress and well-being: A helper’sguide(1st ed.). New York: Chapman & Hall, Inc.
• Naseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., Donia, M. B., & Darr, W. (2016). Perils of being close to abad leader in a bad environment: Exploring the combined effects of despotic leader-ship, leader member exchange, and perceived organizational politics on behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,27(1), 14–33. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.09.005
• Ozcelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2018). No employee an island: Workplace loneliness and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2343-2366.
• Özutku, H., Veysel, A., & Cevrioğlu, E. (2008). Lider-üye etkileşim teorisi çerçevesinde, yönetici-ast etkileşimi ile örgütsel bağlılık boyutları ve iş performansı arasındaki ilişki: Ampirik bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 193-210.
• Pan, W., Sun, L. Y., & Chow, I. H. S. (2012). Leader-member exchange and employee creativity: Test of a multilevel moderated mediation model. Human Performance, 25(5), 432-451.
• Park, J., & Min, H. K. (2020). Turnover intention in the hospitality industry: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102599.
• Peng, J., Chen, Y., Xia, Y., & Ran, Y. (2017). Workplace loneliness, leader-member exchange and creativity: The cross-level moderating role of leader compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 510-515.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563.
• Purwanto, A. (2020). Effect of Knowledge Sharing dan Leader member Exchange (LMX) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) to Indonesian Lectures’ Performance. Sys Rev Pharm, 11(9), 972-981.
• Ridwan, M., Mulyani, S. R., & Ali, H. (2020). Improving employee performance through perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(12).
• Rokach, A. (2014). Leadership and loneliness. International Journal of Leadership and change, 2(1), 48–58.
• Rotenberg, K.J., Addis, N., Betts, L.R., Corrigan, A., Fox, C., Hobson, Z. and Boulton, M.J. (2010), “The relation between trust beliefs and loneliness during early childhood, middle childhood, and adulthood”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 36 No. 8, pp. 1086-1100.
• Sari, D. P., & Ali, H. (2022). Literature Review Measurement Model of Individual Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Individual Characteristics, Work Culture and Workload. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(4), 647-656.
• Sartika, N. S., Subroto, D. E., Mauladaniyati, R., Rosdianwinata, E., Rifai, R., Sujana, A., Abidin, Z., Priadi, M. D., Setiawati, E., Yanti, D. & Purwanto, A. (2020) Effect of Pedagogic, Professional Competency, and Work Motivation Toward Indonesian Primary School Teachers Performance. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 617-626. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.91
• Sparrowe, R.T. and Liden, R.C. (1997), “Process and structure in leader-member exchange”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 522-552.
• Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2014). Up close and personal: Evidencethat shared social identity is a basis for the‘special’relationship that binds followersto leaders.The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), 296–313.
• Sürücü, L., & Maslakçı, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726.
• Sürücü, L., Şeşen, H., & Maslakçı, A. Regression, Mediation/Moderation, and Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS, AMOS, and PROCESS Macro. Livre de Lyon, France
• Takeuchi, R., Bolino, M. C., & Lin, C. C. (2015). Too many motives? The interactive effects of multiple motives on organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology,100(4), 1239–1248. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000001
• Taştan, M., & Yılmaz, K. (2008). Organizational citizenship and organizational justice scales' adaptation to Turkish. TED Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 33(150), 87-96.
• Teng, C. C., Lu, A. C. C., Huang, Z. Y., & Fang, C. H. (2020). Ethical work climate, organizational identification, leader-member-exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) A study of three star hotels in Taiwan. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 212-229.
• Tsaur, S. H., Hsu, F. S., & Lin, H. (2019). Workplace fun and work engagement in tourism and hospitality: The role of psychological capital. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81, 131-140.
• Vizano, N. A., Utami, . W., Johanes, . S., Herawati, . A., Aima, . H., Sutawijaya, . A. H., Purwanto, . A., Supono, . J., Rahayu, . P., Setiyani, . A. & Widayati, . C. C. (2020) Effect of Compensation and Organization Commitment on Tournover Intention with Work Satisfaction as Intervening Variable in Indonesian Industries. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 287-298. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.46
• Wang, P.Q., Kim, P.B. and Milne, S. (2017), “Leader–member exchange (LMX) and its work outcomes: the moderating role of gender”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 125-143.
• Weiss, R. (1975). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. MIT press.
• Wright, S. L. (2005). Organizational climate, social support and loneliness in the workplace. In The effect of affect in organizational settings (Vol. 1, pp. 123-142). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D., & Strongman, K. T. (2006). Loneliness in the workplace: Construct definition and scale development.
• Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D., & Strongman, K. T. (2006). Loneliness in the workplace: Construct definition and scale development. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 35(2): 59–68.
• Wright, S., & Silard, A. (2021). Unravelling the antecedents of loneliness in the workplace. Human Relations, 74(7), 1060-1081.
• Wulani, F., Handoko, T. H., & Purwanto, B. M. (2022). Supervisor-directed OCB and deviant behaviors: the role of LMX and impression management motives. Personnel Review, 51(4), 1410-1426.
• Yu, H., Yang, F., Wang, T., Sun, J., & Hu, W. (2021). How perceived overqualification relates to work alienation and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of LMX. Current Psychology, 40, 6067-6075.
• Yunita Noor Azizaha, Muhammad Khairul Rijalb, Rumainurc, Umi Nuriyatur Rohmahd, Syatria Adymas Pranajayae, Zulaecha Ngiuf, Abdul Mufidg, Agus Purwantoh, Dahlia Haliah Ma`ui (2020) Transformational or Transactional Leadership Style: Which Affects Work Satisfaction and Performance of Islamic University Lecturers During COVID-19 Pandemic?. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 577-588. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.82
• Zhao, H., Kessel, M., & Kratzer, J. (2014). Supervisor–subordinate relationship, differentiation, and employee creativity: A self‐categorization perspective. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 48(3), 165-184.