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Within-group and Out-group Trust in the Aftermath of Conflict: Evidence from a Civil Conflict in Pakistan

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 33 - 43, 03.07.2023

Öz

Trust is an essential part of social capital and it leads to economic, social, and institutional consequences. Constructing trust within a community is directly related to the peace in the community. We see that civil conflicts affect the trust level of the community. In this study, we investigate the impact of civil conflict on within-group and out-group trust. To test this, we used the Spatial Regression Discontinuity Design technique for chosen areas of Pakistan. We found that during conflict times within-group bond is stronger than out-group trust, and migration increased with the conflict level.

Kaynakça

  • Balcells, L. (2012). The consequences of victimization on political identities: Evidence from Spain. Politics and Society, 40(3), 311-347.
  • Bauer, M., Blattman, C., Chytilová, J., Henrich, J., Miguel, E., and Mitts, T. (2016). Can war foster cooperation? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 249-274.
  • Becchetti, L., Conzo, P., and Romeo, A. (2011). Violence and social capital: Evidence of a microeconomic vicious circle. ECINEQ Society for the study of economic inequity, 1-41.
  • Bellows, J., and Miguel, E. (2006). War and institutions: New evidence from Sierra Leone. American Economic Review, 96(2), 394-399.
  • Bellows, J., and Miguel, E. (2009). War and local collective action in Sierra Leone. Journal of public Economics, 93(11-12), 1144-1157.
  • Bjørnskov, C. (2012). How does social trust affect economic growth? Southern Economic Journal, 78(4), 1346-1368.
  • Bjørnskov, C. (2017). Social trust and economic growth. Forthcoming, Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust,(Eric M. Uslaner, ed.
  • Blattman, C. (2009). From violence to voting: War and political participation in Uganda. American political Science review, 103(2), 231-247.
  • Bowles, S. (2008). Being human: Conflict: Altruism's midwife. Nature, 456(7220), 326.
  • Cassar, A., Grosjean, P. A., and Whitt, S. (2011). Social cooperation and the problem of the conflict gap: survey and experimental evidence from post-war Tajikistan. UNSW Australian School of Business Research Paper(2011ECON15).
  • Choi, J.-K., and Bowles, S. (2007). The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. science, 318(5850), 636-640.
  • Conzo, P., and Salustri, F. (2019). A war is forever: The long-run effects of early exposure to World War II on trust. European Economic Review, 120, 103313.
  • De Luca, G., and Verpoorten, M. (2011). From vice to virtue? Civil war and social capital in Uganda. HiCN Working Paper 111, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
  • De Rouen Jr, K. R., and Bercovitch, J. (2008). Enduring internal rivalries: A new framework for the study of civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 45(1), 55-74.
  • Duan, M. (2012). The role of formal contracts with weak legal enforcement: A study in the Chinese context. Strategic Organization, 10(2), 158-186.
  • Eidelson, R. J., and Eidelson, J. I. (2003). Dangerous ideas: Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. American Psychologist, 58(3), 182.
  • Elkhuizen, L., Hermes, N., Jacobs, J., and Meesters, A. (2018). Financial development, financial liberalization and social capital. Applied Economics, 50(11), 1268-1288.
  • Gilligan, M. J., Pasquale, B. J., and Samii, C. (2014). Civil war and social cohesion: Lab‐in‐the‐field evidence from Nepal. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 604-619.
  • Holmberg, S., and Rothstein, B. (2017). Trusting other people. Journal of public affairs, 17 (1-2), e1645.
  • Knack, S., and Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly journal of economics, 112(4), 1251-1288.
  • Kronstadt, K. A. (2010). Pakistan: Key current issues and developments. Library ıf Congress Washington DC Congressional Reseacrh Service: 11-13.
  • Malasquez, E. A. (2016). Does conflict undermine social capital? Long-run evidence from Peru.
  • Mironova, V., and Whitt, S. (2014). Ethnicity and altruism after violence: The contact hypothesis in Kosovo. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 1(2), 170-180.
  • Mironova, V., and Whitt, S. (2018). Social norms after conflict exposure and victimization by violence: Experimental evidence from Kosovo. British Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 749-765.
  • Orakzai, S. B. (2011). Conflict in the Swat Valley of Pakistan: Pakhtun culture and peacebuilding theory-practice application. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, 6(1), 35-48.
  • Parkinson, S. E. (2013). Organizing rebellion: Rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 418-432.
  • Ramesh, R. (2017). Does Trust Matter? An Inquiry on Citizens’ Trust in Public Institutions of Sri Lanka. Millennial Asia, 8(2), 123-145.
  • Ramesh, R. (2017). Does Trust Matter? An Inquiry on Citizens’ Trust in Public Institutions of Sri Lanka. Millennial Asia, 8(2), 123-145.
  • Rohner, D., Thoenig, M., and Zilibotti, F. (2013). War signals: A theory of trade, trust, and conflict. Review of Economic Studies, 80(3), 1114-1147.
  • Rome, S. (2008), ‘Women’s Right to Land Ownership in Swat State Area: The Swat State Area and Post-state Scenario. Pakistan Vision, Vol. 8 No. 2: 116-141.
  • Rome, S. (2009). Swat: A critical analysis. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. New Delhi. P, 2.
  • Siddique, Q. (2008). The Red Mosque operation and its impact on the growth of the Pakistani Taliban. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 3.
  • Siddique, Q. (2010). Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan: An attempt to deconstruct the umbrella organization and the reasons for its growth in Pakistan's north-west: DIIS Report.
  • Six, B., Van Zimmeren, E., Popa, F., and Frison, C. (2015). Trust and social capital in the design and evolution of institutions for collective action. International Journal of the Commons, 9(1).
  • Sønderskov, K. M., and Dinesen, P. T. (2016). Trusting the state, trusting each other? The effect of institutional trust on social trust. Political Behavior, 38(1), 179-202.
  • Szkudlarek, P., and Biglieri, J. V. (2016). Trust as an element of social capital–evidence from a survey of Polish and Spanish students. Journal of International Studies, 9(1).
  • Voors, M. J., Nillesen, E. E., Verwimp, P., Bulte, E. H., Lensink, R., and Van Soest, D. P. (2012). Violent conflict and behavior: a field experiment in Burundi. American Economic Review, 102(2), 941-964.
  • Werner, K. (2016). Whom do people trust after a violent conflict? Experimental evidence from Maluku, Indonesia (Vol. 73, No. 16). University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
  • Whitt, S., and Wilson, R. K. (2007). The dictator game, fairness and ethnicity in postwar Bosnia. American Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 655-668.
  • Wong, P.H. (2016). How can political trust be built after civil wars? Evidence from post-conflict Sierra Leone. Journal of Peace Research, 53(6), 772-785.
  • Zanini, M. T. F., and Migueles, C. P. (2013). Trust as an element of informal coordination and its relationship with organizational performance. Economia, 14(2), 77-87.

ÇATIŞMA SONRASI GRUP İÇİ VE GRUP DIŞI GÜVEN: PAKİSTAN'DAKİ BİR SİVİL ÇATIŞMADAN BULGU

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 33 - 43, 03.07.2023

Öz

Güven, sosyal sermayenin önemli bir parçasıdır ve ekonomik, sosyal ve kurumsal sonuçlara yol açar. Bir toplum içinde güven inşa etmek, toplumdaki barış ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. İç çatışmaların toplumun güven düzeyini etkilediğini görüyoruz. Bu çalışmada, iç çatışmanın grup içi ve grup dışı güven üzerindeki etkisini araştırıyoruz. Bunu test etmek için, Pakistan'ın seçilmiş bölgeleri için Mekansal Regresyon Kesintili Tasarım tekniğini kullandık. Çatışma zamanlarında grup içi bağın grup dışı güvenden daha güçlü olduğunu ve çatışma düzeyiyle birlikte göçün arttığını bulduk.

Kaynakça

  • Balcells, L. (2012). The consequences of victimization on political identities: Evidence from Spain. Politics and Society, 40(3), 311-347.
  • Bauer, M., Blattman, C., Chytilová, J., Henrich, J., Miguel, E., and Mitts, T. (2016). Can war foster cooperation? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 249-274.
  • Becchetti, L., Conzo, P., and Romeo, A. (2011). Violence and social capital: Evidence of a microeconomic vicious circle. ECINEQ Society for the study of economic inequity, 1-41.
  • Bellows, J., and Miguel, E. (2006). War and institutions: New evidence from Sierra Leone. American Economic Review, 96(2), 394-399.
  • Bellows, J., and Miguel, E. (2009). War and local collective action in Sierra Leone. Journal of public Economics, 93(11-12), 1144-1157.
  • Bjørnskov, C. (2012). How does social trust affect economic growth? Southern Economic Journal, 78(4), 1346-1368.
  • Bjørnskov, C. (2017). Social trust and economic growth. Forthcoming, Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust,(Eric M. Uslaner, ed.
  • Blattman, C. (2009). From violence to voting: War and political participation in Uganda. American political Science review, 103(2), 231-247.
  • Bowles, S. (2008). Being human: Conflict: Altruism's midwife. Nature, 456(7220), 326.
  • Cassar, A., Grosjean, P. A., and Whitt, S. (2011). Social cooperation and the problem of the conflict gap: survey and experimental evidence from post-war Tajikistan. UNSW Australian School of Business Research Paper(2011ECON15).
  • Choi, J.-K., and Bowles, S. (2007). The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. science, 318(5850), 636-640.
  • Conzo, P., and Salustri, F. (2019). A war is forever: The long-run effects of early exposure to World War II on trust. European Economic Review, 120, 103313.
  • De Luca, G., and Verpoorten, M. (2011). From vice to virtue? Civil war and social capital in Uganda. HiCN Working Paper 111, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
  • De Rouen Jr, K. R., and Bercovitch, J. (2008). Enduring internal rivalries: A new framework for the study of civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 45(1), 55-74.
  • Duan, M. (2012). The role of formal contracts with weak legal enforcement: A study in the Chinese context. Strategic Organization, 10(2), 158-186.
  • Eidelson, R. J., and Eidelson, J. I. (2003). Dangerous ideas: Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. American Psychologist, 58(3), 182.
  • Elkhuizen, L., Hermes, N., Jacobs, J., and Meesters, A. (2018). Financial development, financial liberalization and social capital. Applied Economics, 50(11), 1268-1288.
  • Gilligan, M. J., Pasquale, B. J., and Samii, C. (2014). Civil war and social cohesion: Lab‐in‐the‐field evidence from Nepal. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 604-619.
  • Holmberg, S., and Rothstein, B. (2017). Trusting other people. Journal of public affairs, 17 (1-2), e1645.
  • Knack, S., and Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly journal of economics, 112(4), 1251-1288.
  • Kronstadt, K. A. (2010). Pakistan: Key current issues and developments. Library ıf Congress Washington DC Congressional Reseacrh Service: 11-13.
  • Malasquez, E. A. (2016). Does conflict undermine social capital? Long-run evidence from Peru.
  • Mironova, V., and Whitt, S. (2014). Ethnicity and altruism after violence: The contact hypothesis in Kosovo. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 1(2), 170-180.
  • Mironova, V., and Whitt, S. (2018). Social norms after conflict exposure and victimization by violence: Experimental evidence from Kosovo. British Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 749-765.
  • Orakzai, S. B. (2011). Conflict in the Swat Valley of Pakistan: Pakhtun culture and peacebuilding theory-practice application. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, 6(1), 35-48.
  • Parkinson, S. E. (2013). Organizing rebellion: Rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 418-432.
  • Ramesh, R. (2017). Does Trust Matter? An Inquiry on Citizens’ Trust in Public Institutions of Sri Lanka. Millennial Asia, 8(2), 123-145.
  • Ramesh, R. (2017). Does Trust Matter? An Inquiry on Citizens’ Trust in Public Institutions of Sri Lanka. Millennial Asia, 8(2), 123-145.
  • Rohner, D., Thoenig, M., and Zilibotti, F. (2013). War signals: A theory of trade, trust, and conflict. Review of Economic Studies, 80(3), 1114-1147.
  • Rome, S. (2008), ‘Women’s Right to Land Ownership in Swat State Area: The Swat State Area and Post-state Scenario. Pakistan Vision, Vol. 8 No. 2: 116-141.
  • Rome, S. (2009). Swat: A critical analysis. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. New Delhi. P, 2.
  • Siddique, Q. (2008). The Red Mosque operation and its impact on the growth of the Pakistani Taliban. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 3.
  • Siddique, Q. (2010). Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan: An attempt to deconstruct the umbrella organization and the reasons for its growth in Pakistan's north-west: DIIS Report.
  • Six, B., Van Zimmeren, E., Popa, F., and Frison, C. (2015). Trust and social capital in the design and evolution of institutions for collective action. International Journal of the Commons, 9(1).
  • Sønderskov, K. M., and Dinesen, P. T. (2016). Trusting the state, trusting each other? The effect of institutional trust on social trust. Political Behavior, 38(1), 179-202.
  • Szkudlarek, P., and Biglieri, J. V. (2016). Trust as an element of social capital–evidence from a survey of Polish and Spanish students. Journal of International Studies, 9(1).
  • Voors, M. J., Nillesen, E. E., Verwimp, P., Bulte, E. H., Lensink, R., and Van Soest, D. P. (2012). Violent conflict and behavior: a field experiment in Burundi. American Economic Review, 102(2), 941-964.
  • Werner, K. (2016). Whom do people trust after a violent conflict? Experimental evidence from Maluku, Indonesia (Vol. 73, No. 16). University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
  • Whitt, S., and Wilson, R. K. (2007). The dictator game, fairness and ethnicity in postwar Bosnia. American Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 655-668.
  • Wong, P.H. (2016). How can political trust be built after civil wars? Evidence from post-conflict Sierra Leone. Journal of Peace Research, 53(6), 772-785.
  • Zanini, M. T. F., and Migueles, C. P. (2013). Trust as an element of informal coordination and its relationship with organizational performance. Economia, 14(2), 77-87.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mikro İktisat (Diğer), Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhsin Ali Bu kişi benim

Gülçin Güreşçi

Karim Khan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ali, M., Güreşçi, G., & Khan, K. (2023). Within-group and Out-group Trust in the Aftermath of Conflict: Evidence from a Civil Conflict in Pakistan. Uluslararası Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 33-43.