Araştırma Makalesi
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Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 66 - 73, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777

Öz

Mobile phone base stations (MPBS) are electronic communication equipment, the number of which is rapidly increasing with the increasing need for mobile data use with developing technology. Since the middle of the 21st century, the effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) emitted from base stations on human health have begun to be investigated. Although some of these studies have explained the harmful effects of RF-EMF on human health, others have stated that its effects on human health are limited and therefore contradictory results have emerged. RF-EMFs can have effects by transferring energy to human tissues, increasing temperature and changing the way cell membranes work. These effects may vary inversely with the proximity of MPBSs to residential areas and their safety distances. In this regard, rules such as location at least 300 m away from places with high population density (schools, hospitals, shopping malls, etc.) and at least 40 m above the ground are required. In this study, RF-EMF values of base stations installed both in Rize city center and rural areas in Turkey in different 4.5G frequency bands (GSM 900 DL- 1800 DL-2100 DL) were analyzed by real-time selective area analyzer (NARDA- It is measured using SRM 3006). The safety distances in the production/label values of these base stations, mathematically calculated EMF and measurement values were compared for different distances. Base station production/label and real-time measurement values of RF-EMF values emitted by MPBSs in urban centers and rural areas are determined and their effects on human health are evaluated.

Kaynakça

  • 1. IEEE S.A. (2020). "IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields". 100 kHz to 300 GHz, 1, 1-10.
  • 2. Information Technologies and Communications Authority of Turkey. (2018). Electronic Devices Security Certificate Regulation, 1, 1-26.
  • 3. Matthes, R, Bernhardt, J. H, McKinlay, A. F, and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. (1999). "Guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionizing radiation : a reference book based on the guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionizing". Radiation and Statements on Special Applications, 74, 4.
  • 4. Ziegelberger, G. et al. (2020), "Guidelines for limiting exposure electromagnetic fields". 100 kHz 300 GHz, 118, 5.
  • 5. De Giudici, P. et al. (2021), “Radiofrequency exposure of people living near mobile-phone base stations in France”. Environ. Res., 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110 500.
  • 6. Bhatt, C. R. et al. (2016), “Measuring personal exposure from 900 MHz mobile phone base stations in Australia and Belgium using a novel personal distributed exposimeter”. Environ. Int., 92-93, 388–397.
  • 7. Martin, S. et al. (2021), “Health disturbances and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile-phone base stations in French urban areas”. Environ. Res., 193.
  • 8. Martens, A. L, Bolte, J. F. B, , J, Kromhout, H, Smid, T, and Vermeulen, R. C. H. (2015), “Validity of at home model predictions as a proxy for personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations”. Environ. Res., 142, 221-226, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envres. 2015.06.029.
  • 9. López, I, Félix, N, Rivera, M, Alonso A, and Maestú, C. (2021). “What is the radiation before 5G A correlation study between measurements in situ and in real time and epidemiological indicators in Vallecas, Madrid,” Environ. Res., 194 (January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110 734.
  • 10. Koppel, T, Ahonen, M, Carlberg, M, and Hardell, L. (2022). “Very high radiofrequency radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone base station antennas positioned close to pedestrians’ heads”. Environ. Res., 208 (December), 112627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.20 21.112627.
  • 11. Balmori, A. (2022). “Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer”. Environ. Res., 214 (P2), 113851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.1138 51.
  • 12. Waldmann-Selsam, C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig, H and Balmori, A. (2016). “Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations”. Sci. Total Environ., 572, 554-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08. 045.
  • 13. Okonigene, R. E. (2010). “Siting of GSM base station antenna and its health consequences”. ITNG2010 - 7th Int. Conf. Inf. Technol. New Gener., 613–618. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ITNG.2010.20.
  • 14. Hassoy, H, Durusoy, R and Karababa, A. (2015), “Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme/An update on the possible health effects of mobile phone base stations”. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Derg., 10 (3), 174-174. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013.
  • 15. Özel, G, Biçer, M. B and Akdağli, A. (2015). "Baz İstasyonlarının İnsanlar Üzerindeki Sağlık, Sosyal ve Psikolojik Etkileri”. 13-15.11.2015, Elektromanyetik Alanlar ve Etkileri Sempozyumu. Mersin.
  • 16. Röösli, M, Moser, M, Baldinini, Y, Meier, M, and Braun-Fahrländer C. (2004). “Symptoms of ill health ascribed to electromagnetic field exposure - A questionnaire survey”. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 207 (2), 141-150. https://doi.org/10. 1078/1438-4639-00269.
  • 17. Güler, N, Çetin, İ, Özdemir, T, Uçar, A. R. (2010). “Türkiye Elektromanyetik Maruziyet Raporu Bilgi Teknolojileri ve Iletisim Kurumu”. Bilgi Teknol. ve İletişim Kurumu, 12, 1-50.

Türkiye'de 4.5G Cep Telefonu Baz İstasyonlarının Kent Merkezinde ve Kırsal Alanda Yaşayan İnsanların Farklı Band Radyo Frekanslarına Maruz Kalmasının Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 66 - 73, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777

Öz

Cep telefonu baz istasyonları (MPBS), gelişen teknolojiyle mobil veri kullanımına olan ihtiyacın artmasıyla sayıları hızla artan elektronik haberleşme ekipmanlarıdır. 21. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren baz istasyonlarından yayımlanan Radyo Frekanslı Elektromanyetik Alanların (RF-EMF) insan sağlığına etkileri araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu araştırmaların bir kısmında RF-EMF'nin insan sağlığına zararlı etkileri açıklanmış olsa da diğerlerinde insan sağlığına etkilerinin sınırlı olduğu belirtilmiş ve bu nedenle çelişkili sonuçlar ortaya çıkmıştır. RF-EMF'ler, insan dokularına enerji aktararak, sıcaklığı artırarak ve hücre zarlarının çalışma şeklini değiştirerek etkilere sahip olabilir. Bu etkiler ise MPBS'lerin yerleşim yerlerine yakınlığı ve güvenlik mesafeleri ile ters orantılı olarak değişebilmektedir. Bu konuda nüfus yoğunluğunun fazla olduğu yerlerden (okul, hastane, AVM vb.) en az 300 m uzakta ve yerden en az 40 m yüksekte konumlandırılması gibi kurallar gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, özgün olarak Türkiye'de hem Rize kent merkezinde hem de kırsal bölgelerde kurulu baz istasyonlarının farklı 4.5G frekans bantlarında (GSM 900 DL- 1800 DL-2100 DL) RF-EMF değerleri, gerçek zamanlı seçici alan analizörü (NARDA-SRM 3006) kullanılarak ölçülür. Bu baz istasyonlarının üretim/etiket değerlerindeki emniyet mesafeleri, matematiksel olarak hesaplanan EMF ve ölçüm değerleri farklı mesafeler için karşılaştırılmıştır. Kent merkezleri ve kırsal bölgelerde MPBS'lerin yaydığı RF-EMF değerlerinin baz istasyonu üretim/etiket ve gerçek zamanlı ölçüm değerleri belirlenerek insan sağlığına etkileri değerlendirilmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Etik ihal yoktur

Kaynakça

  • 1. IEEE S.A. (2020). "IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields". 100 kHz to 300 GHz, 1, 1-10.
  • 2. Information Technologies and Communications Authority of Turkey. (2018). Electronic Devices Security Certificate Regulation, 1, 1-26.
  • 3. Matthes, R, Bernhardt, J. H, McKinlay, A. F, and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. (1999). "Guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionizing radiation : a reference book based on the guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionizing". Radiation and Statements on Special Applications, 74, 4.
  • 4. Ziegelberger, G. et al. (2020), "Guidelines for limiting exposure electromagnetic fields". 100 kHz 300 GHz, 118, 5.
  • 5. De Giudici, P. et al. (2021), “Radiofrequency exposure of people living near mobile-phone base stations in France”. Environ. Res., 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110 500.
  • 6. Bhatt, C. R. et al. (2016), “Measuring personal exposure from 900 MHz mobile phone base stations in Australia and Belgium using a novel personal distributed exposimeter”. Environ. Int., 92-93, 388–397.
  • 7. Martin, S. et al. (2021), “Health disturbances and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile-phone base stations in French urban areas”. Environ. Res., 193.
  • 8. Martens, A. L, Bolte, J. F. B, , J, Kromhout, H, Smid, T, and Vermeulen, R. C. H. (2015), “Validity of at home model predictions as a proxy for personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phone base stations”. Environ. Res., 142, 221-226, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envres. 2015.06.029.
  • 9. López, I, Félix, N, Rivera, M, Alonso A, and Maestú, C. (2021). “What is the radiation before 5G A correlation study between measurements in situ and in real time and epidemiological indicators in Vallecas, Madrid,” Environ. Res., 194 (January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110 734.
  • 10. Koppel, T, Ahonen, M, Carlberg, M, and Hardell, L. (2022). “Very high radiofrequency radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone base station antennas positioned close to pedestrians’ heads”. Environ. Res., 208 (December), 112627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.20 21.112627.
  • 11. Balmori, A. (2022). “Evidence for a health risk by RF on humans living around mobile phone base stations: From radiofrequency sickness to cancer”. Environ. Res., 214 (P2), 113851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.1138 51.
  • 12. Waldmann-Selsam, C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig, H and Balmori, A. (2016). “Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations”. Sci. Total Environ., 572, 554-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08. 045.
  • 13. Okonigene, R. E. (2010). “Siting of GSM base station antenna and its health consequences”. ITNG2010 - 7th Int. Conf. Inf. Technol. New Gener., 613–618. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ITNG.2010.20.
  • 14. Hassoy, H, Durusoy, R and Karababa, A. (2015), “Baz istasyonlarının olası sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bir güncelleme/An update on the possible health effects of mobile phone base stations”. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Derg., 10 (3), 174-174. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.173013.
  • 15. Özel, G, Biçer, M. B and Akdağli, A. (2015). "Baz İstasyonlarının İnsanlar Üzerindeki Sağlık, Sosyal ve Psikolojik Etkileri”. 13-15.11.2015, Elektromanyetik Alanlar ve Etkileri Sempozyumu. Mersin.
  • 16. Röösli, M, Moser, M, Baldinini, Y, Meier, M, and Braun-Fahrländer C. (2004). “Symptoms of ill health ascribed to electromagnetic field exposure - A questionnaire survey”. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 207 (2), 141-150. https://doi.org/10. 1078/1438-4639-00269.
  • 17. Güler, N, Çetin, İ, Özdemir, T, Uçar, A. R. (2010). “Türkiye Elektromanyetik Maruziyet Raporu Bilgi Teknolojileri ve Iletisim Kurumu”. Bilgi Teknol. ve İletişim Kurumu, 12, 1-50.
Toplam 17 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Halk Sağlığı (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Murat Toren 0000-0002-7012-7088

Nilgün Ulutaşdemir 0000-0002-2231-5236

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Toren, M., & Ulutaşdemir, N. (2024). Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777
AMA Toren M, Ulutaşdemir N. Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Mart 2024;13(1):66-73. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777
Chicago Toren, Murat, ve Nilgün Ulutaşdemir. “5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 66-73. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777.
EndNote Toren M, Ulutaşdemir N (01 Mart 2024) Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13 1 66–73.
IEEE M. Toren ve N. Ulutaşdemir, “5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey”., Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 1, ss. 66–73, 2024, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777.
ISNAD Toren, Murat - Ulutaşdemir, Nilgün. “5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13/1 (Mart 2024), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777.
JAMA Toren M, Ulutaşdemir N. Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;13:66–73.
MLA Toren, Murat ve Nilgün Ulutaşdemir. “5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 66-73, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777.
Vancouver Toren M, Ulutaşdemir N. Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;13(1):66-73.