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Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkeleri Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Sektörlerinde Dikey Uzmanlaşma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 490 - 508, 31.12.2023

Öz

Küreselleşme ile dünya ticaretinde üretimin uluslararası parçalanması gündeme gelmiş ve artık üretim sürecinin her bir aşaması farklı bir ülkede gerçekleşmiştir. Ülkeler nihai bir mal veya hizmet üretmekten ziyade üretim sürecinin belirli bir aşamasında uzmanlaşma politikası izlemiştir. 2000’li yıllarda düşük maliyet sağlayan teknolojik gelişmeler ve ICT alanındaki gelişmeler ile üretimin uluslararası parçalanma süreci daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Çalışmanın temel amacı 2004 yılında AB’ye üye olan CEE ülkeleri ICT sektörlerinin küresel üretim ağı içindeki konumunu analiz etmektedir. Bu amaçla Hummels, Rapoport & Yi (1998) ve Hummels, Ishii & Yi (2001) tarafından geliştirilen HIY yöntemi ile dikey uzmanlaşma oranı hesaplanmıştır. Analizde WIOD’da yer alan 2000-2014 dönemini kapsayan girdi-çıktı tabloları kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, CEE ülkelerinin ICT sektöründe 2000-2014 döneminde dikey uzmanlaşma oranı Çek Cumhuriyeti, Litvanya ve Polonya’da yükselmiş, Estonya, Macaristan, Slovakya ve Slovenya’da düşmüştür. Letonya’da ise dalgalı bir seyir izlemektedir. ICT alt sektörleri için elde edilen bulgulara göre; 2000-2014 döneminde dikey uzmanlaşmanın en yüksek olduğu sektörler Çek Cumhuriyeti, Estonya, Letonya, Slovakya’da yayıncılık faaliyetleri (J58), Polonya ve Slovenya’da telekomünikasyon (J61), Macaristan’da sinema filmi, video ve televizyon programı yapımı, ses kaydı ve müzik yayıncılığı faaliyetleri; programlama ve yayın faaliyetleri (J59_J60) ve Litvanya’da ise bilgisayar programlama, danışmanlık ve ilgili faaliyetler; bilgi hizmeti faaliyetleri (J62_J63)’dır.

Kaynakça

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  • Amador, J., Cappariello, R. & Stehrer, R. (2015). Global Value Chains: A View From The Euro Area. Asian Economic Journal, 29(2), 99-120. doi:10.1111/asej.12050
  • Aydoğuş, O. (2015). Girdi-Çıktı Modellerine Giriş. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
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  • Cieślik, E. (2019). Shifting From The EU’s Production Networks? Electronics Industry Exports of Central and Eastern Europe. Applied Economics Letters, 27(1), 52-57. doi:10.1080/13504851.2019.1606406
  • Cieślik, E. (2022a). The Central and Eastern European Economies in the Era of Industry 4.0 and Chinese Digital Silk Road. 3rd International Conference Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future 2022, 210-213. Poland. doi:10.47063/EBTSF.2022.0018
  • Cieślik, E. (2022b). Towards the Industry 4.0: Have ICT Services Improved the Position of Central and Eastern Europe in Global Production Linkages? Manufacturing Letters, (28), 11-16. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.02.001
  • Cieślik, E. (2022c). A New Era is Beginning in Central and Eastern Europe: Information and Communication Technology Services Exceed Manufacturing in the Global Production Chain. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, (13), 2607-2639. doi:10.1007/s13132-021-00814-w
  • Cieślik, E., Biegańska, J. & Środa-Murawska, S. (2021). Central and Eastern European States from an International Perspective: Economic Potential and Paths of Participation in Global Value Chains. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 57, 3587-3603. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2019.1602519
  • Coe, N. M., Lai, K. P. & Wójcik, D. (2014). Integrating Finance into Global Production Networks. Regional Studies, 48(5), 761-777. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.886772
  • Coe, N. M. & Hess, M. (2013). Global Production Networks, Labour and Development. Geoforum, (44), 4-9. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.08.003
  • Coe, N. M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2015). Global Production Networks Theorizing Economic Development in an Interconnected World. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Coe, N. M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2019). Global Production Networks: Mapping Recent Conceptual Developments. Journal of Economic Geography, (19), 775-801. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbz018
  • Coe, N. M., Dicken, P., Hess, M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2010). Making Connections: Global Production Networks and World City Networks. Global Networks, 10(1), 138-149. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00278.x
  • Dağıstan, N. (2019). Türkiye'nin Dış Ticaretindeki Dikey Uzmanlaşmanın Girdi-Çıktı Modeli ile Analizi. Fiscaoeconomia, 3(2), 1-20. doi:10.25295/fsecon.2019.02.001
  • Dean, J. M., Fung, K. C. & Wang, Z. (2011). Measuring Vertical Specialisation: The Case of China. Review of International Economics, 19(4), 609-625. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00969.x
  • Dean, J., Fung, K. C. & Wang, Z. (2008). Measuring the Vertical Specialization in Vhinese Trade. (Working Paper, No. 08-06). http://hdl.handle.net/10419/64058
  • Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R., Timmer, M. & de Vries, G. (2013). The Construction of World Input–Output Tables in the WIOD Project. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), 71-79. doi: 10.1080/09535314.2012.761180
  • Domingues, T. (2019). Global Value Chains and Vertical Specialisation: The Case of Portuguese Textiles, Leather, and Shoes Exports. GEE Papers, (117). Portuguese.
  • Gerőcs, T. & Pinkasz, A. (2019). Relocation, Standardisation and Vertical Specialisation: Core–Periphery Relations in the European Automotive Value Chain. Society and Economy, 41(2), 171-192. doi:10.1556/204.2019.001
  • Gopalan, S., Reddy, K. & Sasidharan, S. (2022). Does Digitalisation Spur Global Value Chain Participation? Firm-Level Evidence from Emerging Markets. Information Economics and Policy, (59), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2022.100972
  • Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N. & Yeung, H.-C. (2002). Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development. Review of International Political Economy, 9(3), 436-464. doi: 10.1080/09692290210150842
  • Hess, M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2006). Whither Global Production Networks in Economic Geography? Past, Present and Future. Environment and Planning, 38(7), 1-15. doi: 10.1068/a38463
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  • Kersan-Škabić, I. (2017). Trade in Value Added (TiVA) in EU New Member States (EU NMS). Croatian Economic Survey, 19(2), 105-133. doi:10.15179/ces.19.2.4
  • Kordalska, A. & Olczyk, M. (2018). CEE Trade in Services: Value-Added versus Gross Terms Approaches. Eastern European Economics, 56(4), 269-291. doi: 10.1080/00128775.2018.1459194
  • Kordalska, A. & Olczyk, M. (2022). Upgrading Low Value-Added Activities in Global Value Chains: A Functional Specialisation Approach. Economic Systems Research, 34(3), 1-28. doi: 10.1080/09535314.2022.2047011
  • Kwon, T. & Ryou, J.-W. (2015). Global Value Chains of East Asia: Trade in Value Added and Vertical Specialization. Asian Economic Journal, 29(2), 121-143. doi: 10.1111/asej.12051
  • Lamonica, G. R., Salvati, L. & Carlucci, M. (2020). Vertical Specialization Across the World: Evidence From the World Input-Output Table. Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, 74(1), 17-28. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ite/iteeco/200101.html
  • Li, Q. & Wu, Y. (2022). ICT, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth in Chinese Cities. 64(4), 1737-1768. doi:10.1007/s00181-022-02302-9
  • Lin, H.-C., Hsu, S.-H., Liou, R.-W. & Chang, C.-C. (2016). A Value-Added Analysis of Trade in Taiwan and Korea’s ICT Industries. Journal of Korea Trade, 20(1), 47-73. doi:10.1108/JKT-03-2016-004
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The Vertical Specialisation in the Information and Communication Technologies Sectors of Central and Eastern European Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 490 - 508, 31.12.2023

Öz

With globalisation, the international fragmentation of production in world trade has come to the fore, and now different production stages occurred in different countries. Countries specialised at a certain stage of the production process rather than producing a final good or service. In the 2000s, the international fragmentation process of production gained more importance concomitant with the technological developments that provide low cost and the developments in ICT. In this context, the study’s main purpose is to analyse the position of the ICT sub-sectors in the CEE countries, that joined the EU in 2004, in the global production network. Based on WIOD, the HIY method proposed by Hummels, Ishii & Yi (2001) was applied to the input-output tables of CEE countries to appraise the vertical specialisation rate in ICT sub-sectors during the period from 2000 to 2014. The outcomes revealed that the ICT sectors’ vertical specialisation rate in CEE countries increased in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Poland. However, it decreased in Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Slovenia during the studied interval. In Latvia, the rate of vertical specialisation follows a fluctuating course. The highest vertical specialisation was accounted for the (J58) sector in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, and Slovakia, for the (J61) sector in Poland and Slovenia, for the (J59_J60) sector in Hungry, and for the (J62_J63) sector in Lithuania.

Kaynakça

  • Ali, E., & Gninigue, M. (2022). Global Value Chains Participation and Structural Transformation in Africa: Are We Advocating Environmental Protection? Journal of Cleaner Production, (366), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132914
  • Amador, J., Cappariello, R. & Stehrer, R. (2015). Global Value Chains: A View From The Euro Area. Asian Economic Journal, 29(2), 99-120. doi:10.1111/asej.12050
  • Aydoğuş, O. (2015). Girdi-Çıktı Modellerine Giriş. Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Butollo, F., Gereffi, G., Yang, C. & Krzywdzinski, M. (2022). Digital Transformation and Value Chains: Introduction. Global Networks, (22), 585-594. doi:10.1111/glob.12388
  • Cieślik, E. (2019). Shifting From The EU’s Production Networks? Electronics Industry Exports of Central and Eastern Europe. Applied Economics Letters, 27(1), 52-57. doi:10.1080/13504851.2019.1606406
  • Cieślik, E. (2022a). The Central and Eastern European Economies in the Era of Industry 4.0 and Chinese Digital Silk Road. 3rd International Conference Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future 2022, 210-213. Poland. doi:10.47063/EBTSF.2022.0018
  • Cieślik, E. (2022b). Towards the Industry 4.0: Have ICT Services Improved the Position of Central and Eastern Europe in Global Production Linkages? Manufacturing Letters, (28), 11-16. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.02.001
  • Cieślik, E. (2022c). A New Era is Beginning in Central and Eastern Europe: Information and Communication Technology Services Exceed Manufacturing in the Global Production Chain. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, (13), 2607-2639. doi:10.1007/s13132-021-00814-w
  • Cieślik, E., Biegańska, J. & Środa-Murawska, S. (2021). Central and Eastern European States from an International Perspective: Economic Potential and Paths of Participation in Global Value Chains. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 57, 3587-3603. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2019.1602519
  • Coe, N. M., Lai, K. P. & Wójcik, D. (2014). Integrating Finance into Global Production Networks. Regional Studies, 48(5), 761-777. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.886772
  • Coe, N. M. & Hess, M. (2013). Global Production Networks, Labour and Development. Geoforum, (44), 4-9. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.08.003
  • Coe, N. M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2015). Global Production Networks Theorizing Economic Development in an Interconnected World. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Coe, N. M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2019). Global Production Networks: Mapping Recent Conceptual Developments. Journal of Economic Geography, (19), 775-801. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbz018
  • Coe, N. M., Dicken, P., Hess, M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2010). Making Connections: Global Production Networks and World City Networks. Global Networks, 10(1), 138-149. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00278.x
  • Dağıstan, N. (2019). Türkiye'nin Dış Ticaretindeki Dikey Uzmanlaşmanın Girdi-Çıktı Modeli ile Analizi. Fiscaoeconomia, 3(2), 1-20. doi:10.25295/fsecon.2019.02.001
  • Dean, J. M., Fung, K. C. & Wang, Z. (2011). Measuring Vertical Specialisation: The Case of China. Review of International Economics, 19(4), 609-625. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00969.x
  • Dean, J., Fung, K. C. & Wang, Z. (2008). Measuring the Vertical Specialization in Vhinese Trade. (Working Paper, No. 08-06). http://hdl.handle.net/10419/64058
  • Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R., Timmer, M. & de Vries, G. (2013). The Construction of World Input–Output Tables in the WIOD Project. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), 71-79. doi: 10.1080/09535314.2012.761180
  • Domingues, T. (2019). Global Value Chains and Vertical Specialisation: The Case of Portuguese Textiles, Leather, and Shoes Exports. GEE Papers, (117). Portuguese.
  • Gerőcs, T. & Pinkasz, A. (2019). Relocation, Standardisation and Vertical Specialisation: Core–Periphery Relations in the European Automotive Value Chain. Society and Economy, 41(2), 171-192. doi:10.1556/204.2019.001
  • Gopalan, S., Reddy, K. & Sasidharan, S. (2022). Does Digitalisation Spur Global Value Chain Participation? Firm-Level Evidence from Emerging Markets. Information Economics and Policy, (59), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2022.100972
  • Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N. & Yeung, H.-C. (2002). Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development. Review of International Political Economy, 9(3), 436-464. doi: 10.1080/09692290210150842
  • Hess, M. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2006). Whither Global Production Networks in Economic Geography? Past, Present and Future. Environment and Planning, 38(7), 1-15. doi: 10.1068/a38463
  • Hummels, D., Ishii, J. & Yi, K.-M. (2001). The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialisation in World Trade. Journal of International Economics, 54, 75-96. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3
  • Hummels, D., Rapoport, D. & Yi, K.-M. (1998). Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 4(2), 79-99. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1023939
  • Jiang, X. & Liu, Y. (2015). Global Value Chain, Trade and Carbon: Case of Information and Communication Technology Manufacturing Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development, (25), 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2014.12.001
  • Kersan-Škabić, I. (2017). Trade in Value Added (TiVA) in EU New Member States (EU NMS). Croatian Economic Survey, 19(2), 105-133. doi:10.15179/ces.19.2.4
  • Kordalska, A. & Olczyk, M. (2018). CEE Trade in Services: Value-Added versus Gross Terms Approaches. Eastern European Economics, 56(4), 269-291. doi: 10.1080/00128775.2018.1459194
  • Kordalska, A. & Olczyk, M. (2022). Upgrading Low Value-Added Activities in Global Value Chains: A Functional Specialisation Approach. Economic Systems Research, 34(3), 1-28. doi: 10.1080/09535314.2022.2047011
  • Kwon, T. & Ryou, J.-W. (2015). Global Value Chains of East Asia: Trade in Value Added and Vertical Specialization. Asian Economic Journal, 29(2), 121-143. doi: 10.1111/asej.12051
  • Lamonica, G. R., Salvati, L. & Carlucci, M. (2020). Vertical Specialization Across the World: Evidence From the World Input-Output Table. Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, 74(1), 17-28. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ite/iteeco/200101.html
  • Li, Q. & Wu, Y. (2022). ICT, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth in Chinese Cities. 64(4), 1737-1768. doi:10.1007/s00181-022-02302-9
  • Lin, H.-C., Hsu, S.-H., Liou, R.-W. & Chang, C.-C. (2016). A Value-Added Analysis of Trade in Taiwan and Korea’s ICT Industries. Journal of Korea Trade, 20(1), 47-73. doi:10.1108/JKT-03-2016-004
  • Liu, C. & Saam, M. (2022). ICT and Productivity Growth Within Value Chains. Review of Income and Wealth, 68(3), 711-737. doi:10.1111/roiw.12533
  • Miller, R. E. & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-Output Analysis Foundation and Extensions. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nas, Ş. & Mualla, M. (2022). Vertical Specialisation in Manufacturing Industry: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1568-1586. doi:10.25295/fsecon.1069470
  • Neilson, J., Pritchard, B. & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2014). Global Value Chains and Global Production Networks in the Changing International Political Economy: An Introduction. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 1-8. doi:10.1080/09692290.2013.873369
  • Olczyk, M. & Kordalska, A. (2016). Gross Exports Versus Value Added Exports: Determinants and Policy Implications for Manufacturing Sectors in Selected CEE Countries. (GUT FME Working Paper Series A, No. 10/2016). http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173336
  • Olczyk, M. & Kordalska, A. (2017). Gross Exports Versus Value-Added Exports: Determinants and Policy Implications For Manufacturing Sectors In Selected CEE Countries. Eastern European Economics, 55, 91-109. doi:10.1080/00128775.2016.1254564
  • Pahl, S. & Timmer, M. P. (2019). Patterns of Vertical Specialisation in Trade: Long-Run Evidence For 91 Countries. Review of World Economics, 155, 459-486. doi:10.1007/s10290-019-00352-3
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2015). Türkiye'nin 200 Yıllık İktisadi Tarihi. İstanbul: Türkiye İşbankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Pekarčík, M., Ďurčová, J. & Glova, J. (2022). Intangible ICT and Their Importance within Global Value Chains: An Empirical Analysis Based on Longitudinal Data Regression. Mathematics, 10(7), 1-14. doi: 10.3390/math10071198
  • Peng, J. & Zhang, Y. (2020). Impact of Global Value Chains on Export Technology Content of China’s Manufacturing Industry. Sustainability, 12(1), 1-19. doi:10.3390/su12010432
  • Rodrik, D. (2011). Akıllı Küreselleşme (B. Aksu, Trans.). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Soydan, A. (2018). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Finansallaşma ve 'Sanayisizleşme Deneyimi'. In N. Engin, E. Aslanoğlu, O. Erdoğan, B. C. Karahasan & K. Tata (Eds.), Türkiye Ekonomisinde Kalkınma ve Dönüşüm: Taner Berksoy'a Armağan (s. 381-422). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Soyyiğit, S. (2019). Sektörel Katma Değer ve Yapısal Dönüşüm İlişkisi: CEE Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 377-393. http://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/45599/511710
  • Szymczak, S., Parteka, A. & Wolszczak-Derlacz, J. (2022). Position in Global Value Chains and Wages in Central and Eastern European Countries. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 28(2), 211-230. doi:10.1177/09596801211053798
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  • WIOD. (2022). Groningen Growth and Development Centre. Global Value Chains, World Input-Output Database. Erişim adresi: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/wiod-2016-release, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2023.
  • Yang, C., Dietzenbacher, E., Pei, J., Chen, X., Zhu, K. & Tang, Z. (2015). Processing Trade Biases the Measurement of Vertical Specialization in China. Economic Systems Research, 27(1), 60-76. doi:10.1080/09535314.2014.955463
  • Yeldan, E. (2016). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi: Bölüşüm, Birikim ve Büyüme. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Yeung, H. W.-C. (2014). Governing the Market in a Globalising Era: Developmental States, Global Production Networks and Inter-Firm Dynamics in East Asia. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 70-101. doi:10.1080/09692290.2012.756415
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  • Zaninović, P. A. (2022). The Determinants of Value Added Trade in the EU (EU-15 vs. CEE). Economic Thought and Practice, 30(1), 211-236. doi:10.17818/EMIP/2022/1.10
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şahin Nas 0000-0003-3267-4432

Maya Moalla 0000-0003-4076-2790

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Nas, Ş., & Moalla, M. (2023). The Vertical Specialisation in the Information and Communication Technologies Sectors of Central and Eastern European Countries. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 490-508. https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1261683