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Drivers of Political Radicalization and De-radicalization of Terrorism in Northern Nigeria

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 1 - 33, 13.05.2020

Öz

This
article sheds more light on the role of states and the bearing which political
and elite interests may have exerted on public support for Boko Haram. It
examines the political, socio-economic, and ideological context of the crisis
and moves on to map the two dominant de-radicalization approaches; top-down and
bottom-up approaches. The article exposes the fault lines of realism’s top-down
approaches toward national security in Northern Nigeria and proposes a bottom-up
approach as a complement to the earlier top-down model. An evaluation of both
approaches reveals that top-down approaches are state-centric and are
predisposed to realist techniques of wars centred on threat, use and control of
military force. The work specifically argues for a hybrid security model that
incorporates both elements on top down and bottom up security approaches.  The key theoretical considerations employed
in the article relates to micro and macro theories of collective political
violence. The theories provide a better understanding of the underlying drivers
of violent extremism and radicalization that leads to terrorism and also
justification for the approaches used in countering them. The article answered
key research questions related to Top-down and Bottom-up security approaches.

Kaynakça

  • References
  • Aaron, K. K. (2015). Relative deprivation and insurgency: What lessons from Nigeria’s flawed federalism?. International Area Studies Review, 18(2), 164-181.Adenrele, A. R. (2012). Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria as a symptom of poverty and political alienation. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(5), 21-26.Agbiboa, D. (2016). The ongoing campaign of terror in Nigeria: Boko Haram versus the state. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(3).Agbiboa, D. E. (2013) Why Boko Haram exists: The relative deprivation perspective. African Conflict & Peacebuilding Review, 3(1), 144-157.Aigbokhan, B. E. (2008). Growth, inequality and poverty in Nigeria. Prepared for United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Campbell, J. (2014). Boko Haram: origins, challenges and responses. NOREF Policy Brief.Conteh-Morgan, E. (2004). Collective political violence: an introduction to the theories and cases of violent conflicts. Psychology Press.El-Said, H. (2015). New approaches to countering terrorism: designing and evaluating counter radicalization and de-radicalization programs. Springer.Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of peace research, 27(3), 291-305Galtung, J. (2004). Violence, war, and their impact: On visible and invisible effects of violence. In Polylog: Forum for Intercultural Philosophy Vol. 5Gent, B. (2017). Contemporary Muslim-Christian encounters: developments, diversity & dialogues.Global Terrorism Index (2016) Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, Institute for Economics and Peace. http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf accessed on 3/9/2017. Global Terrorism Index (2017) Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, Institute for Economics and Peace. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Global%20Terrorism%20Index%202017%20%284%29.pdf accessed on 7/12/2017Gurr, T. R. (1970). Relative deprivation and the impetus to violence. Why Men Rebel, 22-58.Hopkins, T. K., & Wallerstein, I. M. (1982). World-systems analysis: theory and methodology (Vol. 1). Sage Publications, Inc.Hough, P., Malik, S., Moran, A., & Pilbeam, B. (2015). International security studies: theory and practice. Routledge.Husain, T. (2017). Counter Terrorism Approaches: With Reference to Bangladesh. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 6(1), 9-16.International Center for the Study of Radicalization-ICSR (2019) Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region; https://icsr.info/2017/12/07/countering-violent-extremism-radicalisation-lead-terrorism-ideas-recommendations-good-practices-osce-region/ accessed on 13/02/2019. Kaldor, M., & Rangelov, I. (Eds.). (2014). The handbook of global security policy. John Wiley & Sons.Kaldor, M., Martin, M., & Selchow, S. (2007). Human security: a new strategic narrative for Europe. International affairs, 83(2), 273-288.Lewis, J. (2005). Language wars: The role of media and culture in global terror and political violence. Pluto Press.Lin, A. C. (1998). Bridging positivist and interpretivist approaches to qualitative methods. Policy studies journal, 26(1), 162-180.Marsden, S. V. (2017). Introduction. In Reintegrating Extremists (pp. 1-20). Palgrave Macmillan UK.Marsden, S. V. (2017). Introduction. In Reintegrating Extremists (pp. 1-20). Palgrave Macmillan UK.Muller, E. N. (1985). Income inequality, regime repressiveness, and political violence. American sociological review, 47-61.Ogbeide, F. I., Kanwanye, H., & Kadiri, S. (2016). Revisiting the Determinants of Unemployment in Nigeria: Do Resource Dependence and Financial Development Matter?. African Development Review, 28(4), 430-443.Olojo, A. (2013). Nigeria’s troubled North: interrogating the drivers of public support for Boko Haram. Retrieved August, 12, 2014Omotola, J. S. (2008). Combating poverty for sustainable human development in Nigeria: The continuing struggle. Journal of poverty, 12(4), 496-517.Rogers, P. (2012). Nigeria: The generic context of the Boko Haram violence. Monthly Global Security Briefing, 1-5.Stonawski, M., Potančoková, M., Cantele, M., & Skirbekk, V. (2016). The changing religious composition of Nigeria: causes and implications of demographic divergence. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 54(3), 361-387.Walker, I., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1984) Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 301-310.Walsham, G. (1995). Interpretive case studies in research: nature and method. European Journal of information systems, 4(2), 74-81.Weigert, K. M. (2010). Structural violence. Stress of war, conflict and disaster, 126-133.
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 1 - 33, 13.05.2020

Öz

Destekleyen Kurum

African Foundation Research Institute

Kaynakça

  • References
  • Aaron, K. K. (2015). Relative deprivation and insurgency: What lessons from Nigeria’s flawed federalism?. International Area Studies Review, 18(2), 164-181.Adenrele, A. R. (2012). Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria as a symptom of poverty and political alienation. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(5), 21-26.Agbiboa, D. (2016). The ongoing campaign of terror in Nigeria: Boko Haram versus the state. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(3).Agbiboa, D. E. (2013) Why Boko Haram exists: The relative deprivation perspective. African Conflict & Peacebuilding Review, 3(1), 144-157.Aigbokhan, B. E. (2008). Growth, inequality and poverty in Nigeria. Prepared for United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Campbell, J. (2014). Boko Haram: origins, challenges and responses. NOREF Policy Brief.Conteh-Morgan, E. (2004). Collective political violence: an introduction to the theories and cases of violent conflicts. Psychology Press.El-Said, H. (2015). New approaches to countering terrorism: designing and evaluating counter radicalization and de-radicalization programs. Springer.Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of peace research, 27(3), 291-305Galtung, J. (2004). Violence, war, and their impact: On visible and invisible effects of violence. In Polylog: Forum for Intercultural Philosophy Vol. 5Gent, B. (2017). Contemporary Muslim-Christian encounters: developments, diversity & dialogues.Global Terrorism Index (2016) Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, Institute for Economics and Peace. http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf accessed on 3/9/2017. Global Terrorism Index (2017) Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, Institute for Economics and Peace. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Global%20Terrorism%20Index%202017%20%284%29.pdf accessed on 7/12/2017Gurr, T. R. (1970). Relative deprivation and the impetus to violence. Why Men Rebel, 22-58.Hopkins, T. K., & Wallerstein, I. M. (1982). World-systems analysis: theory and methodology (Vol. 1). Sage Publications, Inc.Hough, P., Malik, S., Moran, A., & Pilbeam, B. (2015). International security studies: theory and practice. Routledge.Husain, T. (2017). Counter Terrorism Approaches: With Reference to Bangladesh. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 6(1), 9-16.International Center for the Study of Radicalization-ICSR (2019) Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism: Ideas, Recommendations, and Good Practices from the OSCE Region; https://icsr.info/2017/12/07/countering-violent-extremism-radicalisation-lead-terrorism-ideas-recommendations-good-practices-osce-region/ accessed on 13/02/2019. Kaldor, M., & Rangelov, I. (Eds.). (2014). The handbook of global security policy. John Wiley & Sons.Kaldor, M., Martin, M., & Selchow, S. (2007). Human security: a new strategic narrative for Europe. International affairs, 83(2), 273-288.Lewis, J. (2005). Language wars: The role of media and culture in global terror and political violence. Pluto Press.Lin, A. C. (1998). Bridging positivist and interpretivist approaches to qualitative methods. Policy studies journal, 26(1), 162-180.Marsden, S. V. (2017). Introduction. In Reintegrating Extremists (pp. 1-20). Palgrave Macmillan UK.Marsden, S. V. (2017). Introduction. In Reintegrating Extremists (pp. 1-20). Palgrave Macmillan UK.Muller, E. N. (1985). Income inequality, regime repressiveness, and political violence. American sociological review, 47-61.Ogbeide, F. I., Kanwanye, H., & Kadiri, S. (2016). Revisiting the Determinants of Unemployment in Nigeria: Do Resource Dependence and Financial Development Matter?. African Development Review, 28(4), 430-443.Olojo, A. (2013). Nigeria’s troubled North: interrogating the drivers of public support for Boko Haram. Retrieved August, 12, 2014Omotola, J. S. (2008). Combating poverty for sustainable human development in Nigeria: The continuing struggle. Journal of poverty, 12(4), 496-517.Rogers, P. (2012). Nigeria: The generic context of the Boko Haram violence. Monthly Global Security Briefing, 1-5.Stonawski, M., Potančoková, M., Cantele, M., & Skirbekk, V. (2016). The changing religious composition of Nigeria: causes and implications of demographic divergence. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 54(3), 361-387.Walker, I., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1984) Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 301-310.Walsham, G. (1995). Interpretive case studies in research: nature and method. European Journal of information systems, 4(2), 74-81.Weigert, K. M. (2010). Structural violence. Stress of war, conflict and disaster, 126-133.
Toplam 2 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Neba Ridley Ngwa 0000-0003-3121-7766

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 13 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Ngwa, Neba Ridley. “Drivers of Political Radicalization and De-Radicalization of Terrorism in Northern Nigeria”. International Journal of Politics and Security 2, sy. 3 (Mayıs 2020): 1-33.

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