Ethnobotany and Phytochemical Composition of Alchornea Cordifolia in Abia State Nigeria

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 6 - 18, 29.04.2024

David Nwazuo Enyiukwu Anderson Chidi Amadioha Inemesit Ndarake Bassey

https://doi.org/10.53811/ijtcmr.1332261

Öz

Alchornea cordifolia is one of the medicinal plants used in treatment of several medical challenges in Nigeria. The study was carried out to document the medicinal values of different parts of A. cordifolia in Ekebedi Oboro ancient Kingdom, and profile its bioactive constituents. The ethno-botanical survey involved oral interview of 81 randomly selected traditional medicine doctors and natives on medicinal values of A. cordifolia. The survey showed that A cordifolia is a major herb used in the treatment of various diseases in the ancient Kingdom and it is prescribed in different treatment regimens; coughs, bronchitis, post-partum bleeding, lacerations, wounds, vaginitis, diarrhea, sickle cell anaemia, venereal diseases including gonorhhea, and syphilis, and prostatitis. GC-MS fingerprinting was adopted to determine the bioactive constituents of methanol leaf extract of the plant. Phytochemical fingerprinting revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds as the major active ingredients of the plant. A total of 27 fatty acids and volatile hydrocarbons were detected in the leaf extract of the plant with 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- methyl ester (18.42%), 9-Octadecanoic acid methyl ester (19.93%), Dodecanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetrieyl (15.87%) as most abundant ingredients. These phytochemical compounds of A. cordifolia possibly underscored its antimicrobial and therapeutic action and explains why natives use them in traditional medicine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alchornea cordifolia, Ethnobotany, Phytochemical Composition, Therapeutics

Kaynakça

• Okwu DE, Ukanwa N. Isolation and characterization of flavonoids chalcones and anthocyanidines from Bridelia ferruginea Benth. Der Chem. Sin. 2010;1(2): 21-28.
• Mavar-Manga H, Lejoly J, Quetin-Leclerq J, Schmelzer GH. Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull Arg. In: Schmelzer HG, Gurib-Fakim A, eds. Medicinal plants/Plantes medicinales 1. (CD-ROM) PROTA Wageningen 2007; 11(1).
• Green Institute. Medicinal uses of Alchornea cordifolia. https://greeninstitute.ng.plants/2018/9/16alchornea.cordifolia Accessed June 6, 2022.
• Personal Communication. Food value of Alchornea cordifolia. Interview with Prof. Dike of the Forestry and Environmental Management, MOUA, Umudike April 2017.
• Abdullahi M, Mohammad G, Abdukadir NU. Medicinal and Economic Plants of Nupe Land. 1st ed. Jube-Evans Books and Publications; 2003.
• Mavar-Manga H, Brkic D, Marie DEP, Quetin-leclerecq J. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Alchornea cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;92: 209-214.
• Amos-Tautaua BMW, Angaye SS, Jonathan G. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the methanol and chloroform extracts of Alchornea cordifolia. J Emerging Trends Engr Appl Sci. 2003;2(3): 445-447.
• Adeshina GO, Onaolapo JA, Ehinmidu JO, Odiama LE. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of the ethyl-acetate extract of Achornea cordifolia leaf found in Abuja, Nigeria. J Med Plant Res. 2010; 4(8): 649-658.
• Adeshina GO, Kunle OF, Onaolapo JO, Ehinmidu JO, Odama LE. Phytochemical and antibacterial studies of the hexane extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf. In: Rao V, ed. Phytochemicals as nutraceuticals – Global approaches to their role in nutrition and health. Intechopen 2012;89-96.
• Olaleye MT, Adegboye OO, Akindahunsi AA. Alchornea cordifolia extracts protects Wistar albino rats against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Afr J Biotechnol. 2006;5(24): 2439-2445.
• Osadebe PO, Okoye FBC. Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanol extracts and fractions of Alchornea cordifolia leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89:11-24.
• Osadebe PO, Okoye FBC, Uzor PF, Nnamani NR, Adiele IE, Obiano NC. Phytochemical analysis, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Alchornea cordifolia methanol leaf extract on tetrachloromethane-induced hepatic damage in rats. Asian J Trop Med. 2012;289-293.
• Lamikara A, Ogundaini AO, Ogungbamila FO. Antibacterial constituents of Alchornea cordifolia leaves. Phytotherapy Res. 1990;4(5):198–200.
• Okwu DE, Ukanwa N. Isolation, characterization and antibacterial activity screening of anthocyanidine glycoside from Alchornea cordifolia leaves. E-Journal Chem. 2010;7(1):41- 48.
• Nwaoguikpe RN, Braide W, Okwu GN, Anyanwu BO, Ujowundu CO. The effects of extracts of Alchornea cordifolia (Christmas bush) on sickle cell haemoglobin. British J Pharm Res. 2014;4(1):001-015.
• Agyare C, Owusu-Ansah A, Osse PPS, Apenteng JA, Boakye Y D. (2014). Wound healing and anti-infective properties of Myrianthus aboreus and Alchornrea cordifolia. J Med Chem. 2014;4(7):533-539.
• Amin MA, Khuram M, Khattak R, Khan J. Antibiotic additive and synergistic action of rutin, morin, and quercitin against antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Complim Altern Med J. 2015; 15: 59-64.
• Ahmadu AA, Aguru A, Abdurahman EM. Antiinflammatory constituents of Alchornea cordofoilia. Nig. J. Nat Prod Med. 2015;19: DOI: 10.4314/njnpm.v19i0.5.
• Jain NK, Tailang M…Chidambararam K. Appraising the therapeutic potentials of Alchornea laxifolia (Benth) Pax and K. Hoffim, and underexplored medicinal herb: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:DOI: 10.3389/fpharm.2022.958453.
• Enyiukwu DN, Amadioha AC, Bassey IN. Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia against aspergillus flavus the causal agent of yam tuber rot. J Fitopatol Ind. DOI: 10.14692/jfi.19.6.253-264.
• Sinan KI, Gumes AK, Deeper insights on Alchornea cordifolia extracts: Chemical profiles, biological abilities, network analysis and molecular docking. MPDI Molecules 2021;11:219. DOI: 10.3390/biom11020219.
• Abudulahi U, Mohammad UN, Ahmad AA, Aliyu A. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Christmas bush) against selected bacteria isolates. Int J Biol Phys Stud. 2020;2(1):23-28.
• Okeke IN, Ogundami AO, Ogungbamila FO, Lamikara A. 1999. Antimicrobial spectrum of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract. Phytother Res. 1999;13(1):67-69.
• Noundou XS, Krause RWM, van Wuuren SF, Nditeh DT, Olivier DK. Antibacterial activity of the roots, stems and leaves of Alchornea floribunda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 151(2): 1023-1027.
• PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa). Ethno-medicinal uses of Alchornea cordifolia https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/alchornea… Accessed June 30, 2020
• Zofou DA, Kuate V, Titanji VPK. Antimicrobial and other antiprotozoal products from African medicinal plants. Plants Res Afr. 2013;661-709.
• SHI (Sophia Health Institute) 2019). Alchornea cordifolia – Medicinal plants. www.sophiahi.com. Accessed August 29, 2019.
• Lee DY-W, Lin X…Canki M. Palmitic acid is a novel CD4 fusion inhibitor that bocks HIV-1 entry and infection. AIDS Res. Human Retrov. 2009;25(12):1231-1241.
• Amienyo CA, Ataga AE. Use of indigenous plant extracts for the protection of mechanically injured sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) tubers. Sci Res Essays 2007;2(5):167-170.
• Enyiukwu DN, Ononuju CC, Maranzu JO. Plant pathogenic fungi – Novel agents of human diseases: Implications for public health. Greener J Epidem Publ Health 2018;6(1):001-019.
• Yang H-T, Chen W, Rathod J…Ko W-C. Lauric acid is an inhibitor of Clostridium difficile growth in vitro and reduces inflammation in a mouse model. Front Microbiol Sec. Antimicrob Resisis Chemother. 2017;8: DOI: 10.3389/fmcb.2017.02635.
• Enyiukwu DN, Amadioha AC, Bassey IN. Antifungal activity of leaf exracts of Alchornea cordifolia against Aspergillus flavus the causal agent of yam tuber rot. J Fitopatol Ind. 2023;19(3):253-264. DOI: 10.14692/jfi.19.6.253-264.
• Oli AN, Obaji M, Emeani IB. Combinations of Alchornea cordifolia, Cassytha filiformis and Pterocarpus sentaliniodes in diarrhoegenic bacterial infections. BMC Res Notes 2019;12: Article ID 649.
• Kadija EO, Adelfattah EM, Laila B, Dalila B. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the treatment of cancers in the city of Casablanca (West-Central Morocco). Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2021;5(6):1044-1054.
• Enyiukwu DN, Awurum AN Ononuju CC, Nwaneri JA. Significance of characterization of secondary metabolites from higher plants in plant disease management. Int J Adv Agric Res. 2014;2(2):30-46.
• Mgbeahuruike EE, Yrjonen T, Vourela H, Holm Y. Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants: focus on Piper species. South Afr J Bot. 2017;112:54-59.
• Mgbeahuruike EE, Holm Y, Vourela H, Amandikwa C, Fyrquist P. An ethnobotanical survey and antifungal activity of Piper guineense used for the treatment of fungal infections in West African traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2018;229:157-166.
• Adulrahaman AA, Kolawole OM. Traditional preparations and uses of maize in Nigeria. Ethnobotan Leaflets 2006;10:219-227.
• Gopinath S, Sakthidevi G, Muthukumaraswamy S, Mohan V R. GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of Hypericum mysorense (Hypericaceae). J Curr Chem Pharm Sci. 2013;3(1):6-15.
• Omotosho AE, Oluwafemi EO, Maikailu S. Phytochemical analysis of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Euphobiaceae) leaf with spectrometric techniques. Nig J Pharm Appl Res. 2014;3(1):38-49.
• Ahuchaogu AA, Ogbuehi GI, Obike AI, Egedeuzo CS, Chukwu OJ, Echeme JO. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from whole plant chloroform extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Int. J. Med. Plants Nat. Prod. 2018; 4(2):13-24.
• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Names and structural patterns of phytochemicals. In: Dr Jim Dukes Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, UDSA, 1995. http://phytochemicals.nal.usda.gov, Accessed September 23, 2017.
• NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology). https://www.nist.gov/pml...Accessed June 30, 2017.
• Umukoro S, Aladeokin AC. Evaluation of antistress and anticonvulsant activities of leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(3):768-770. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.023.
• Mulazudzi RB, Ndhalala AR, Kulkarmi MG, van Staden J. Pharmacological properties and protein binding capacity of phenolic extracts of some Venda medicinal plants used against cough and fever. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143(1):185-193.
• Noundou XS, Krause RWM, van Wuuren SF, Nditeh DT, Olivier DK. Antibacterial effects of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. And Thonn.) Mull. Arg. extracts and compounds on gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary tract pathogens. J. Ethnopharmacol 2016;179:76-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.043
• Djimeli MN, Fodloup SPC, Njateng GSS, Fokunanag C, Tala DS, Kengni F, Gatsing D. Antibacterial activities and toxicological study of aqueous extracts from leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphobiaceae). BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017;17(1):349. DOI: 10.1189/s/12906-017-1854-5.
• Martinez CA, Mosquera OM, Nino J. Medicinal plants from the genius Alchornea (Euphorbeaceae): A review of their ethnopharmarcology, uses and phytochemistry. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Carbe de Plantes Medicales y Aromatica (BLOCPMA) 2017;16(3):162-205.
• Ayisi NK, Nyadedzor C. Comparative in vitro effects of AZT and extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Ficus polita, Clausena anisata, Alchornea cordifolia and Eleophorbia drupfera against HIV-1 and 2 infections. Antiviral Res. 2003;58(1):25-33.
• Enyiukwu D N, Awurum A N, Ononuju C C, Nwaneri J A. Modes of action of potential phyto-pesticides from tropical plants in plant health management. IOSR J Pharm. 2016; 6(7): 01-17.
• Noundou X S, Musyoka TM… Krause RWM. Anti HIV-1 Integrase potency of methylgallate from Alchornea cordifolia using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Sci. Rep. 2019;9: Article ID 4718.
• Adounkpe F, Ayena AC, Aholoukpe V, Dougnon V, Klotoe J-R, Madehouenou M, Baba-Moussa L. Use of leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Scumach & thonn.) Mull (Euphorbiaceae) and prospects for treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Bull Nat Res Cent. 2022;46:132 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00821-0.
• Pohl CH, Kock JLF, Thiabane VS. Antifungal free fatty acids: A review. In: Mendez-Villas A, ed. Science against Microbial Pathogens, Communicating Current and Technological Advances, 2011; 62-71.
• Boniface PK, Ferriera SB, Kaiser CR. Recent trends in phytochemistry, ethnobotany, and pharmacological significance of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. And Thonn.) Muell. Arg. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;91:216-244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.021.
• Arunsi UO, Chioma SE, Etisim PE, Owumi SE. Indigenous Nigerian herbal remedies: A potential source for therapeutics against rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Bio Med. (Maywood) 247(13):1148-1178. DOI: 10.1177/15353702221102902.
• Adeleye AA, Oreagba AI, Ishiola IO, Kalejaiiye HA. Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. DOI: 10.3314/ajtcamv11i2.26.
• Kouakou-Siransy G, Sahpaz S, Ngussan GI…Gressier B, Bailieul F. Effects of Alchornea cordifolia on elastase and superoxide anion produced by human neutrophils. Pharm Biol 48(2):128-133. DOI: 10.310/13880200903051609.
• Muanya C. Pioneering herbal cures for prostate cancer, sickle cell anemia in Nigeria. The Guardian Online, accessed January 16, 2022.
• Muanya C. Sickle cell could be treated with local plant. The Guardian online, accessed July 22, 2022.
• Amad MS, Amad S, Arshad M, Afzal M. Andrographia paniculata a miracle herb for cancer treatment : In vivo and in vitro studies against aflatoxin B1. Egypt J Med Human Gen. 2014;15(2):163-171. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2013.12.006.
• Akanu AA, Adeloye AO, Obuotor EM, Adelusola KA, Iwalewa HO, Ukponmwan OE, Lamikanra A. Neuro-pharmacolical effects of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. And Thonn.) Mull. Arg. Int J Biol Chem Res. 2011;5(6):2250-2262.
• Anyanwu MU, Okoye RC. Antimicrobial activity of Nigerian medicinal plants. J. Intercul. Ethnopharmacol. 2017;8(2):240-259. DOI: 10.5455/jice.2017.0106073231.
• Telefo PB, Lienou LL, Yamele MD, Lemfack M, Mouokeu C, Goka CS, Tagne SR, Moundipa FP. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used for the treatment of female infertility in Baham, Cameroun. J. Ethnopharmcol. 2011; 136: 178-187.
• Omara T, Kiprop A K, Ramkat RC…Kiptul BJ. Medicinal plants used in traditional management of cancer in Uganda: A review of ethnobotanical surveys, prevention and anticancer studies. Evidence-Based Comple Altern. Med. 2020 Article ID 3529081 DOI: 10.1155/2020.3529081.
• Orishapide AT, Ibekwe NN, Adesomoju AA, Okogun JI. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the seed oil extract of Entandrophragma angolense (Welw) C.D.C. Afr J Pure Appl Chem. 2012;6(13):184-187.
• Shilov SV, Ustenova GO, Kiyelabayeva LN…Keneshera S. Component composition and biological activity of various extract of onosma gmelini (Boraginaceae). Int J Biomaters 2022;4427804. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4427804.
• Huang CY, Hong P, Zhang ZY, Song J. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-tumor activities of lemon essential oil. J Med Plant Res. 2010;4(18):910-915.
• Lifongo LL, Simoben CV, Ntie-Nkang F, Babiaka SB, Judson PN. A bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of medicinal from Niger, West Africa. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2014;4(1):001-019.
• Okwu DE Ighodaro BU. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the leaf of Alstonia boonei De Wild. Der Pharma Chemica 2010;2(10):261-272.
• Rajeswari G, Murugan M, Moghan VR. GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of Hugonia mystax L. (Linaceae). Res Pham Biol Chem Sci. 2012;3(4):301-308.
• Yenser AA. Screening and detecton of antiviral activity in Alchornea cordifolia against herpes simplex virus type -2 in vitro. MSc Thesis, West Chester University, 173.
• Dayrit FM, Newport MT. The potential of coconut oil and its derivatives as effective and safe antiviral agent against the novel coronavirus (nCov-2019). www.icp.org.ph... Accessed September 8, 2022.
• Ramesh SV. Coconut oil as a virucidal agent: Prospects and challenges in COVID-19. www.authorea.com Accessed September 8, 2022.
• Ugbogu OC, Onyeagba RA, Chigbu AO. Lauric acid content and inhibitory effects of palm kernel oil on two bacterial and Candida albicans. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006;5(11):1045-1047.
• Nitibani FE, Siswanta JD, Solikhah EN. Isolation and antibacterial activity test of lauric acid from crude coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L). Procedia Chem. 2016;18:132-140.
• Nino J, Mosquera OM, Concea YM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of crude plant extracts from Columbia biodiversity. Rev Biol Trop (Int J Trop. Biol) 2012;60(4):1535-1542.
• Agoramoorthy G, Chandrasekaran M, Venkatesahu V, Hisu MJ. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of fatty acid methyl esters of blind-your-eye mangrove from India. Braz J Exp. Microbiol. 2007;38:739-742.
• Atieri C, Bevilacque A, Cardillo D, Sinigaglia M. Antifungal activity of fatty acids and their monoglycerides against Fusarium spp. in a laboratory medium. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2009; DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01639.x.
• Chandrasekaran M, Senthilkumar A, Venkatesalu V. Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of fatty acid methyl esters from leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Euro Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15:77-780.
• Era M, Sakai S, Tanaka A, Kawahara T, Kanyama T, Morita H. Antifungal activity of fatty acid salts against Penicillium pinopilium. Jap J Food Engr. 2015;16(2):99-108.
• Walters D, Raymor L, Mitchell A, Waltter R, Waker K. Antibacterial activities of four fatty acids against plant pathogenic fungi. Mycopathologia 2015;157(1):87-90. DOI: 10.1023/bmyco.0000012222.68156.2c.
• Liu S, Ruan W, Li J, Xu H, Wang J, Gao Y, Wang J. Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi by fatty acids. Mycopathologia 2008;16(2):95-102.
• Bhattacharyya A, Sinha M, Singh H, Patal RS, Ghosh S, Sardana K, Ghosh S, Sengupta S. Mechanistic insight into the antifungal effects of a fatty acid derivative against drug resistant fungal infections. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:2116. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02116.
• Golebooski M, Urbanek A, Oleszczak A, Dangul M, Kamysz W, Bogus MI, Strepnonski P. The antifungal activity of fatty acids of all stages of Sacrophaga carnaria L. (Diptera: Sacrophagidae). Microbiol Res. 2014;169(4):279-286.
• Mazumber K, Nabila A, Aktar A, Farahnaky A. Bioactive variability and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of unprocessed and processed flour of nine cultivars of Australian lupin species: A comprehensive substantiation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020;9(4):282: DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040282.
• Ezekwe SA, Chikezie PC. GC-MS analysis, hypoglycemic activity of root extract of Carica papaya and its effects on blood lipid profile and hepatorenal tissues biomarkers of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab. 2017;8(5): DOI: 10.4172/2155-6155.1000740.
• Ezekwe SA, Chikezie PC. GC-MS analysis of aqueous extract of unripe fruit of Carica papaya. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2017;7(3): Doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000602.
• Paul MR, Chand MB, Pant B, Pant B. Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts of Dendrobium crepidatum. Biomolecules 2019;9(9): 478 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090478.
• Lomart P, Sirrat C, Anantachoke N, Kitphati W, Shripha K, Nuntavan B. Bioactivity–guided separation of the active compounds in Acacia pennata responsible for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Prod. Comm. 2015;10(8):1431-1434.
• Ganesh M, Mohankumar M. Extraction and identification of bioactive compounds in Sida cordata using GC-MS. J Food Sci Technol. 2022;54(10):3002-3091. DOI: 10.1007/s1319-017-2744-2.
• Momodu IB, Okungbowa ES, Agoreyo BO, Maliki MM. GC-MS identification of bioactive compounds in methanol and aqueous seed extracts of Azanza garckeana fruits. Nig J Biotechnol (Special Edition) 2022;1:25-38. Doi: 10:4314/njbv38.i.35.
• Haliu ME, Muhammad I, Dangoggo SM, Farouq AA, Ahmed A, Shamsuddeen AA, Suleiman M, Yahaya M. Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Sida cordifolia. J Chem Soc Nig. 2016;41(2):137-142.
• Sumanth M, Mustafa SS. Anti-stress, adoptogenic activity of Sida cordifolia roots in mice. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2009;71(3):323-324. Doi: 4103/0250-474x.56027.