Araştırma Makalesi
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Eski Mısır’da Asur Hakimiyetinin Başlangıcı ve Sonrasında Oluşturulan İdari Organizasyon

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18, 16.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51533/insanbilimleri.1199409

Öz

Bronz Çağı’nın güçlü krallıklarını ortadan kaldıran Ege Göçlerinden sonra Asur Krallığı, askeri ve siyası açıdan hızla güçlenerek Ön Asya’nın tek siyasi ve askeri gücü olmaya çalışmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Asur kralları her yıl komşu bölgelere askeri seferler düzenlemiştir. Bu seferlerin sonucunda, Asur hegemonyası doğuda Hazar Denizi’ne kuzeyde Van Gölü’ne batıda Akdeniz’e ulaşmıştır. Mısır Krallığı, Asur karşısında mücadele verebilecek tek siyasi güç olarak kalmıştır. Asarhaddon döneminde başlatılan ilk Mısır seferi başarılı olmasa da üç yıl sonraki geri dönüşte Asur ordusu Memfis kenti dahil olmak üzere Delta bölgesini ele geçirmeyi başarmıştır. Sonrasında Asarhaddon, Delta bölgesindeki şehirleri hakimiyetinde tutan Mısır kökenli soylu ailelere vergi ödemeleri karşılığında siyasi güçlerini korumalarına izin vermiştir. Asur’un birçok bölgede uyguladığı bu idari organizasyonda, el geçirilen bölgeler küçük yönetim birimlerine ayrıldıktan sonra her birinin başına Asur’a sadakat sözü vermiş kişiler atanmıştır. Asur krallarına bağlı, bu yerli yöneticilerin en önemli görevi yıllık vergiyi toplayıp krala teslim etmekti. İsyan etmediği sürece göreve devam eden bu yöneticiler eli ile geniş coğrafyalar idare edilebilmiştir. Asarhaddon’un ele geçirdiği bölgeler önce Nübye Kralı Taharka sonra Tanutamun tarafından geri alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Asur kralına isyan olarak kabul edilen bu girişimler askeri seferler ile bastırılmıştır. Asarhaddon’dan sonra Asur Kralı olan Asurbanipal, ilk denemesinde ele geçiremediği Teb kentinin surlarını aşmayı başarıp, şehri yağmalatmıştır. Asurbanipal’in bu başarısına rağmen Mısır’ın güneyi uzun süre elde tutulamamıştır. Fakat Asur metinlerine göre Delta ve Vadi bölgelerine çok sayıda vekil yönetici atanmıştır. Asur krallarının kuzeyden gelen Kimmer akınları ile uğraştığı dönemlerde Asur’a bağlı bir yönetici olan I. Necho, diğer vekil yöneticilerin üstünde bir konum elde etmeyi başarmıştır. I. Necho’nun oğlu I. Psamtik ise Delta ve Vadi bölgelerini bir yönetim altında toplayıp bağımsız bir Mısır kralı olmayı başarmıştır. Bu çalışma, Asur ordularının Mısır’a düzenlediği seferleri Mısır kaynakları üzerinden aktarmaya gayret göstermiş ve Mısır’ın, Asur yönetimine girmesinden sonra oluşturulan vekalet ile idare organizasyonunun nasıl geliştirildiğini açıklamayı amaçlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ADAMS, M. J., “Manetho’s Twenty-third Dynasty and the Legitimization of Kushite Rule over Egypt”, Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente, 9, 2011, ss. 19-46.
  • ASTER, Shawn Zelig, “Isaiah 19: The ‘Burden of Egypt’ and Neo-Assyrian Imperial Policy”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 135/3, 2015, ss. 453-470.
  • AYAD, M. F., God’s Wife, God’s Servant: The God’s Wife of Amun (ca. 740–525 BC), Routledge, London 2009.
  • BAER, Klaus, “The Libyan and Nubian Kings of Egypt: Notes on the Chronology of Dynasties XXII to XXVI”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 32/1-2, 1973, ss. 4-25.
  • BÁRTA, Miroslav, “Kings, Viziers, and Courtiers: Executive Power in the Third Millennium BC.”, Ed. J. C. M. García, Ancient Egyptian Administration, Brill, Leiden 2013, ss.153-175.
  • BENNETT, J. E., The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019.
  • BİANCHİ, R. S., Daily Life of the Nubians, Greenwood Publishing Group, Santa Barbara 2004.
  • BLACKMAN, A. M., “The Stela of Shoshenḳ, Great Chief of the Meshwesh”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 27/1, 1941, ss. 83-95.
  • BODİNE, J. J., “The Shabaka Stone: An Introduction”, Studia Antiqua, 7/1, 2009, ss. 1-21.
  • BROEKMAN, G. P. F., “Libyan Rule Over Egypt. The Influence of the Tribal Background of the Ruling Class on Political Structures and Developments during the Libyan Period in Egypt”, Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 39, 2010, ss. 85-99.
  • BUNSON, Margaret, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, New York 2014.
  • COOK, Gregory, “Ashurbanipal’s Peace and the Date of Nahum”, The Westminster Theological Journal, 79/1, 2017, 137-145.
  • COOPER, Julien, “Kushites Expressing ‘Egyptian’ Kingship: Nubian Dynasties In Hieroglyphic Texts And A Phantom Kushite King”, Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, 28, 2018, ss. 143-168.
  • DAVİD, Ann Rosalie, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999.
  • DEPUYDT, Leo, “The Date of Piye’s Egyptian Campaign and the Chronology of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 79, 1993, ss. 269-274.
  • DEZSŐ, Tamás, “The Reconstruction of the Neo-Assyrian Army. As Depicted on the Assyrian Palace Reliefs, 745 612 BC.”, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 57/1-3, 2006, ss. 87-130.
  • DODSON, Aidan, Afterglow of Empire: Egypt from the Fall of the New Kingdom to the Saite Renaissance, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012.
  • EPHʿAL, Israel, “Asarhaddon, Egypt, and Shubria: Politics and Propaganda”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 57/1, 2005, 99-111.
  • FAZZİNİ, R. A., Egypt, Dynasty XXII-XXV, Brill, Leiden 1988.
  • FELDMAN, M. H., “Nineveh to Thebes and Back: Art and Politics Between Assyria and Egypt in the Seventh Century BCE”, Iraq, 66, 2004, 141-150.
  • GALPAZ-FELLER, Pnina, “The Stela Of King Piye: A Brief Consideration Of ‘Clean’ And ‘Unclean’ in Ancient Egypt And The Bible”, Revue Biblique, 1946, 102/4, 1995, ss. 506-521.
  • GOODSPEED, G. S., “A Sketch of Assyrian History, with Special Reference to Palestine, from the Division of the Kingdom”, The Biblical World, 9/6, 1897, ss. 401-414.
  • GÖKÇEK, L. G. ve F. Akyüz, Asur Ordusu, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 32/54, 2013, ss. 41-62.
  • GÖKÇEK, L.G., Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara 2015.
  • HÖFLMAYER, Felix, “Assyria in Egypt: How to Trace Defeat in Ancient Egyptian Sources”, Ed. Katharina Streit ve Marianne Grohmann, Culture of Defeat Submission in Written Sources and the Archaeological Record. Proceedings of a Joint Seminar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Vienna, October 2017. Gorgias Press, London 2021, ss. 192-193.
  • JANSEN-WİNKELN, Karl, “The Chronology of the Third Intermediate Period: Dyns. 22-24”, Ed. Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss ve David A. Warburton, Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Oriental Studies, Leiden 2006, ss. 234-264.
  • KAHN, D. E. ve O. Tammuz, “Egypt is Difficult to Enter: Invading Egypt – A Game plan (Seventh-fourth Centuries BCE)”, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, 35, 2008, ss. 37-66.
  • KAHN, Dan’el, “Divided Kingdom, Co-Regency, Or Sole Rule In The Kingdom (S) Of Egypt-And-Kush?”, Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, 16, 2006, ss. 275-291.
  • KAHN, Dan’el, “Tirhakah, King of Kush and Sennacherib”, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 6/1, 2014, ss. 29-41.
  • KAHN, Dan’el. “Taharqa, King of Kush and the Assyrians”, JSSEA 31, 2004, ss. 109-128.
  • KAHN, Dan’el, “The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt (673-663 BC) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites”, Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur, 34, 2006, 251-267.
  • KANTOR, H. J., “A Fragment of Relief from the Tomb of Mentuemhat at Thebes (no. 34)”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 19/3, 1960, 213-216.
  • KİTCHEN, K. A., The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, Aris & Phillips, Warminster 1973.
  • LLOYD, A. B., Ancient Egypt: State and Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014.
  • LOBBAN, R. A., Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, Scarecrow Press, Maryland 2003.
  • MARRİOTT, John ve Karen Radner, “Sustaining the Assyrian Army Amount Friends and Enemies in 714 BCE.”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 67/1, 2015, ss.127-143.
  • MİTTO, Tonio ve Jamie Novotny, “Ashurbanipal, the King Who Is Resplendent like a Bright Light”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 27, 2021, ss. 133-158.
  • MORKOT, Robert, The A to Z of Ancient Egyptian Warfare, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, 2010.
  • MORKOT, Robert, The Egyptians: an Introduction, Routledge, London 2004.
  • NAUNTON, Christopher, “Libyans and Nudians”, Ed. A. B. Lloyd, A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden 2010, ss. 120-139.
  • NİCOLAS Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell, Oxford 1992, ss. 330-333.
  • PEKŞEN, Okay, “Asurlularda Kralların Tanrılar Tarafından Seçilmesi ve Halka İlânı”, Ed. Abidin Temizer ve İbrahim Serbestoğlu, Multidisciplinary Studies – 4, Institutza Geografiju, Montenegro 2018, ss. 549-565. PERDU, Oliver, “Saites and Persians (664–332)”, Ed. Alan B. Lloyd, A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Wiley Blackwell. Malden 2010, ss. 140-158.
  • PORTER, B. N., “Images, Power and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Asarhaddon’s Babylonian Policy”, American Philosophical Society, 208, 1993, ss. 153-157.
  • RAY, J. D., “The Names Psammetichus and Takheta”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 76, 1990, ss. 196-99.
  • REDFORD, D. B., “Sais and the Kushite Invasions of the Eighth Century BC”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 22, 1985, ss. 5-15.
  • REDFORD, D. B., From Slave to Pharaoh: the Black Experience of Ancient Egypt, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2004.
  • RİCE, Michael, Who’s who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge, London 2002.
  • RUSSMANN,.E. R, “Mentuemhat’s Kushite Wife (Further Remarks on the Decoration of the Tomb of Mentuemhat, 2)”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 34, 1997, 21-39.
  • RUZİCKA, Stephen, Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire 525-332 BC. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, 7-8.
  • SAGGS, Henri Willia Frederick, “Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period”, Iraq, 25/2, 1963, ss. 145-154.
  • SCHNEİDER, Thomas, “Contributions To The Chronology Of The New Kingdom And The Third Intermediate Period”, Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, 20, 2010, ss. 373-403.
  • SHAW, Ian, (Ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003.
  • SPALİNGER, Anthony, “Assurbanipal and Egypt: A Source Study”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94/3, 1974, ss. 316-328.
  • SPALİNGER, Anthony, “Asarhaddon and Egypt: An Analysis of the First Invasion of Egypt”, Orientalia, 43, 1974, ss. 295-326.
  • SPALİNGER, Anthony, “Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 13, 1976, ss. 133-147.
  • SPALİNGER, Antony, “The Foreign Policy of Egypt Preceding the Assyrian Conquest”, Chronique d’Egypte, 53/105, 1978, ss. 22-30.
  • STİEBİNG JR, W. H., Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture, Routledge, London 2009.
  • TADMOR, Hayim, “Philistia Under Assyrian Rule”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 29/3, 1966, ss. 86-102.
  • TAYLOR, Jhon, “The Third Intermediate Period”, Ed. Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, (ss. 330-368), Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2000, ss. 353-354.
  • TRİGGER, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O’Connor, D. ve A. B. Lloyd, Ancient Egypt: A Social History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983.
  • VERNUS, Pascal ve Jean Yoyotte, The book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press, Cornell 2003.
  • VERRETH, Herbert, “The Egyptian Eastern Border Region in Assyrian Sources”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119/2, 1999, ss. 234-247.
  • WAİNWRİGHT, G. A., “The Meshwesh”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 48/1, 1962, ss. 89-99.
  • WİLKİNSON, Toby, Eski Mısır, Say Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • WİSEMAN, D. J., “The vassal-treaties of Asarhaddon”, Iraq, 20/1, 1958, ss. 3-9.

The Beginning of the Assyrian Domination in Ancient Egypt and the Administrative Organization Created After

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18, 16.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51533/insanbilimleri.1199409

Öz

After the Sea People Migrations that eliminated the powerful kingdoms of the Bronze Age, the Assyrian Kingdom rapidly strengthened militarily and politically and tried to become the only political and military power in Near East. For this purpose, the Assyrian kings organized military expeditions to neighboring regions every year. As a result of these campaigns, Assyrian hegemony reached the Caspian Sea in the east, Lake Van in the north, and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. The Kingdom of Egypt remained the only political power that could fight against Assyria. Although the first Egyptian expedition launched during the reign of Asarhaddon was not successful, the Assyrian army managed to capture the Delta region, including the city of Memphis, on its return three years later. Later, Asarhaddon allowed the noble families of Egyptian origin, who dominated the cities in the Delta region, to maintain their political power in exchange for paying taxes. In this administrative organization, which Assyria implemented in many regions, after the seized regions were divided into small administrative units, people who pledged loyalty to Assyria were appointed to head each of them. Attached to the Assyrian kings, the most important task of these native rulers was to collect the annual tax and deliver it to the king. As long as they did not rebel, wide regions could be managed by the hand of these rulers who continued to serve. The regions captured by Asarhaddon were first tried to be retaken by the Nubian King Taharka and then by Tanutamun. These attempts, which were considered a rebellion against the Assyrian king, were suppressed by military expeditions. Ashurbanipal, who became the King of Assyria after Asarhaddon, managed to overcome the walls of Thebes, which he could not capture at his first attempt, and plundered the city. Despite this success of Ashurbanipal, the south of Egypt was not held for a long time. However, according to Assyrian texts, a large number of deputy rulers were appointed to the Delta and Valley regions. During the periods when the Assyrian kings were dealing with the Cimmerian raids coming from the north, Necho I., who was a ruler attached to Assyria, managed to achieve a position above other proxy rulers. Necho’s I. son Psamtik I., on the other hand, managed to gather the Delta and Valley regions under one rule and become an independent Egyptian king. This study has tried to transfer the campaigns organized by the Assyrian armies to Egypt through Egyptian sources and aimed to explain how the organization of administration was developed by proxy, which was created after Egypt came under Assyrian rule.

Kaynakça

  • ADAMS, M. J., “Manetho’s Twenty-third Dynasty and the Legitimization of Kushite Rule over Egypt”, Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente, 9, 2011, ss. 19-46.
  • ASTER, Shawn Zelig, “Isaiah 19: The ‘Burden of Egypt’ and Neo-Assyrian Imperial Policy”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 135/3, 2015, ss. 453-470.
  • AYAD, M. F., God’s Wife, God’s Servant: The God’s Wife of Amun (ca. 740–525 BC), Routledge, London 2009.
  • BAER, Klaus, “The Libyan and Nubian Kings of Egypt: Notes on the Chronology of Dynasties XXII to XXVI”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 32/1-2, 1973, ss. 4-25.
  • BÁRTA, Miroslav, “Kings, Viziers, and Courtiers: Executive Power in the Third Millennium BC.”, Ed. J. C. M. García, Ancient Egyptian Administration, Brill, Leiden 2013, ss.153-175.
  • BENNETT, J. E., The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019.
  • BİANCHİ, R. S., Daily Life of the Nubians, Greenwood Publishing Group, Santa Barbara 2004.
  • BLACKMAN, A. M., “The Stela of Shoshenḳ, Great Chief of the Meshwesh”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 27/1, 1941, ss. 83-95.
  • BODİNE, J. J., “The Shabaka Stone: An Introduction”, Studia Antiqua, 7/1, 2009, ss. 1-21.
  • BROEKMAN, G. P. F., “Libyan Rule Over Egypt. The Influence of the Tribal Background of the Ruling Class on Political Structures and Developments during the Libyan Period in Egypt”, Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 39, 2010, ss. 85-99.
  • BUNSON, Margaret, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, New York 2014.
  • COOK, Gregory, “Ashurbanipal’s Peace and the Date of Nahum”, The Westminster Theological Journal, 79/1, 2017, 137-145.
  • COOPER, Julien, “Kushites Expressing ‘Egyptian’ Kingship: Nubian Dynasties In Hieroglyphic Texts And A Phantom Kushite King”, Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, 28, 2018, ss. 143-168.
  • DAVİD, Ann Rosalie, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999.
  • DEPUYDT, Leo, “The Date of Piye’s Egyptian Campaign and the Chronology of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 79, 1993, ss. 269-274.
  • DEZSŐ, Tamás, “The Reconstruction of the Neo-Assyrian Army. As Depicted on the Assyrian Palace Reliefs, 745 612 BC.”, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 57/1-3, 2006, ss. 87-130.
  • DODSON, Aidan, Afterglow of Empire: Egypt from the Fall of the New Kingdom to the Saite Renaissance, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012.
  • EPHʿAL, Israel, “Asarhaddon, Egypt, and Shubria: Politics and Propaganda”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 57/1, 2005, 99-111.
  • FAZZİNİ, R. A., Egypt, Dynasty XXII-XXV, Brill, Leiden 1988.
  • FELDMAN, M. H., “Nineveh to Thebes and Back: Art and Politics Between Assyria and Egypt in the Seventh Century BCE”, Iraq, 66, 2004, 141-150.
  • GALPAZ-FELLER, Pnina, “The Stela Of King Piye: A Brief Consideration Of ‘Clean’ And ‘Unclean’ in Ancient Egypt And The Bible”, Revue Biblique, 1946, 102/4, 1995, ss. 506-521.
  • GOODSPEED, G. S., “A Sketch of Assyrian History, with Special Reference to Palestine, from the Division of the Kingdom”, The Biblical World, 9/6, 1897, ss. 401-414.
  • GÖKÇEK, L. G. ve F. Akyüz, Asur Ordusu, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 32/54, 2013, ss. 41-62.
  • GÖKÇEK, L.G., Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara 2015.
  • HÖFLMAYER, Felix, “Assyria in Egypt: How to Trace Defeat in Ancient Egyptian Sources”, Ed. Katharina Streit ve Marianne Grohmann, Culture of Defeat Submission in Written Sources and the Archaeological Record. Proceedings of a Joint Seminar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Vienna, October 2017. Gorgias Press, London 2021, ss. 192-193.
  • JANSEN-WİNKELN, Karl, “The Chronology of the Third Intermediate Period: Dyns. 22-24”, Ed. Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss ve David A. Warburton, Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Oriental Studies, Leiden 2006, ss. 234-264.
  • KAHN, D. E. ve O. Tammuz, “Egypt is Difficult to Enter: Invading Egypt – A Game plan (Seventh-fourth Centuries BCE)”, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, 35, 2008, ss. 37-66.
  • KAHN, Dan’el, “Divided Kingdom, Co-Regency, Or Sole Rule In The Kingdom (S) Of Egypt-And-Kush?”, Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, 16, 2006, ss. 275-291.
  • KAHN, Dan’el, “Tirhakah, King of Kush and Sennacherib”, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 6/1, 2014, ss. 29-41.
  • KAHN, Dan’el. “Taharqa, King of Kush and the Assyrians”, JSSEA 31, 2004, ss. 109-128.
  • KAHN, Dan’el, “The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt (673-663 BC) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites”, Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur, 34, 2006, 251-267.
  • KANTOR, H. J., “A Fragment of Relief from the Tomb of Mentuemhat at Thebes (no. 34)”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 19/3, 1960, 213-216.
  • KİTCHEN, K. A., The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, Aris & Phillips, Warminster 1973.
  • LLOYD, A. B., Ancient Egypt: State and Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014.
  • LOBBAN, R. A., Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, Scarecrow Press, Maryland 2003.
  • MARRİOTT, John ve Karen Radner, “Sustaining the Assyrian Army Amount Friends and Enemies in 714 BCE.”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 67/1, 2015, ss.127-143.
  • MİTTO, Tonio ve Jamie Novotny, “Ashurbanipal, the King Who Is Resplendent like a Bright Light”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 27, 2021, ss. 133-158.
  • MORKOT, Robert, The A to Z of Ancient Egyptian Warfare, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, 2010.
  • MORKOT, Robert, The Egyptians: an Introduction, Routledge, London 2004.
  • NAUNTON, Christopher, “Libyans and Nudians”, Ed. A. B. Lloyd, A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden 2010, ss. 120-139.
  • NİCOLAS Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell, Oxford 1992, ss. 330-333.
  • PEKŞEN, Okay, “Asurlularda Kralların Tanrılar Tarafından Seçilmesi ve Halka İlânı”, Ed. Abidin Temizer ve İbrahim Serbestoğlu, Multidisciplinary Studies – 4, Institutza Geografiju, Montenegro 2018, ss. 549-565. PERDU, Oliver, “Saites and Persians (664–332)”, Ed. Alan B. Lloyd, A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Wiley Blackwell. Malden 2010, ss. 140-158.
  • PORTER, B. N., “Images, Power and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Asarhaddon’s Babylonian Policy”, American Philosophical Society, 208, 1993, ss. 153-157.
  • RAY, J. D., “The Names Psammetichus and Takheta”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 76, 1990, ss. 196-99.
  • REDFORD, D. B., “Sais and the Kushite Invasions of the Eighth Century BC”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 22, 1985, ss. 5-15.
  • REDFORD, D. B., From Slave to Pharaoh: the Black Experience of Ancient Egypt, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2004.
  • RİCE, Michael, Who’s who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge, London 2002.
  • RUSSMANN,.E. R, “Mentuemhat’s Kushite Wife (Further Remarks on the Decoration of the Tomb of Mentuemhat, 2)”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 34, 1997, 21-39.
  • RUZİCKA, Stephen, Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire 525-332 BC. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, 7-8.
  • SAGGS, Henri Willia Frederick, “Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period”, Iraq, 25/2, 1963, ss. 145-154.
  • SCHNEİDER, Thomas, “Contributions To The Chronology Of The New Kingdom And The Third Intermediate Period”, Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, 20, 2010, ss. 373-403.
  • SHAW, Ian, (Ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003.
  • SPALİNGER, Anthony, “Assurbanipal and Egypt: A Source Study”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94/3, 1974, ss. 316-328.
  • SPALİNGER, Anthony, “Asarhaddon and Egypt: An Analysis of the First Invasion of Egypt”, Orientalia, 43, 1974, ss. 295-326.
  • SPALİNGER, Anthony, “Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 13, 1976, ss. 133-147.
  • SPALİNGER, Antony, “The Foreign Policy of Egypt Preceding the Assyrian Conquest”, Chronique d’Egypte, 53/105, 1978, ss. 22-30.
  • STİEBİNG JR, W. H., Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture, Routledge, London 2009.
  • TADMOR, Hayim, “Philistia Under Assyrian Rule”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 29/3, 1966, ss. 86-102.
  • TAYLOR, Jhon, “The Third Intermediate Period”, Ed. Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, (ss. 330-368), Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2000, ss. 353-354.
  • TRİGGER, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O’Connor, D. ve A. B. Lloyd, Ancient Egypt: A Social History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983.
  • VERNUS, Pascal ve Jean Yoyotte, The book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press, Cornell 2003.
  • VERRETH, Herbert, “The Egyptian Eastern Border Region in Assyrian Sources”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119/2, 1999, ss. 234-247.
  • WAİNWRİGHT, G. A., “The Meshwesh”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 48/1, 1962, ss. 89-99.
  • WİLKİNSON, Toby, Eski Mısır, Say Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • WİSEMAN, D. J., “The vassal-treaties of Asarhaddon”, Iraq, 20/1, 1958, ss. 3-9.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eskiçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ercüment Yıldırım 0000-0001-5376-4061

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Kasım 2022
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yıldırım, Ercüment. “Eski Mısır’da Asur Hakimiyetinin Başlangıcı Ve Sonrasında Oluşturulan İdari Organizasyon”. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 4, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.51533/insanbilimleri.1199409.