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The White Ship Disaster and Succession Issue in Medieval England

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5, 2969 - 2991, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1312611

Öz

In November 1120, the White Ship sank in an unfortunate accident while attempting to cross the English Channel from Barfleur on the Normandy coast. As a result of this incident, one of the most dramatic shipwrecks in British history, almost all of the passengers and crew lost their lives. Among the passengers, mostly nobles of England and Normandy, was William Ætheling, the rightful heir to the throne of England, who had just been recognised by King Louis VI of France as heir to the Duchy of Normandy. William was the only legitimate son of Henry I, King of England and Duke of Normandy. Although Henry had more than twenty illegitimate children, his only legitimate child other than William was his daughter Matilda, who was married to the Holy Roman-German Emperor Heinrich V. Since 1106, William Clito, the son of his brother Robert Curthose, whom he had held in captivity, threatened the throne of both Normandy and England. Moreover, Henry had lost his wife, Queen Edith-Matilda, two years before the crash of the White Ship and had not remarried. Henry was facing one of the worst situations that could happen to a king sitting on the throne in medieval Europe; there was no heir to leave his throne and lands after him. In order to remedy this situation, Henry even remarried, but due to his advancing age, he was unable to have children again. Five years after the accident, the death of Heinrich V and the widowhood of his daughter Matilda gave King Henry of England an unprecedented idea and he tried to declare his daughter the rightful heir to the throne of England, but it would not be so easy. This study aims to analyse Henry I's efforts to solve the problem of succession after the White Ship disaster in 1120 with the help of contemporary sources.

Kaynakça

  • Bartlett, R. (2020). Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in Medieval Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Beem, C. (2009) “Greater by Marriage: The Matrimonial Career of the Empress Matilda”, Queens & Power in Medieval and Early Modern England, Carole Levin and Robert Bucholz (Eds.), 1-15, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London.
  • Bethell, D. (1968). “William of Corbeil and the Canterbury York Dispute”, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 19(02), (Oct.), 145-159.
  • Bradbury, J. (1988). “The Early Years of the Reign of Stephen, 1135–39”, England in the Twelfth Century: Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, 17-30, Daniel Williams (Ed.), Woodbridge.
  • Bradbury, J. (1990). “Geoffrey V of Anjou, Count and Knight”, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood, III, 21-38, C. Harper-Bill and R. Harvey (Eds.), Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • Bradbury, J. (2005). Stephen and Matilda: The Civil War of 1139-1153, The History Press, Gloucestershire.
  • Chibnall, M. (1991). The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother, and Lady of the English, Blackwell, Cambridge.
  • Crouch, D. (1985). "Robert, earl of Gloucester, and the daughter of Zelophehad", Journal of Medieval History, 11, 227-243.
  • Crouch, D. (2002). The Normans: History of a Dynasty, Hambledon Continuum, London.
  • Crouch, D. (2013). The Reign of King Stephen, 1135-1154, [Elektronik Sürüm], Routledge, New York.
  • Daniell, C. (2003). From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta: England 1066–1215, Routledge, London and New York.
  • David, C.W. (1920). Robert Curthose: Duke of Normandy, Oxford University Press, London.
  • Davis, R.H.C. (2013). King Stephen 1135-1154, Routledge, New York and London.
  • Florence of Worcester. (1854). The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, Thomas Forrester (Trans.), Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • Forester, T. (Ed. & Trans.) (1853). The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon Also The Acts of Stephen, Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • Gaimar. (1854). The Church Historians of England, Vol. II, Part II, Joseph Stevenson (Ed. & Trans.), Seeleys, London.
  • Gervase of Canterbury. (1879-80). Opera, William Stubbs (Ed.), 2 Vols, Rolls Series, No. 73, London.
  • Given-Wilson, C., Curteis, A. (1984). The Royal Bastards of Medieval England, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley.
  • Gillingham, J. (1989). “Love, Marriage and Politics in the Twelfth Century,” Forum for Modern Language Studies, 25, 292–303.
  • Gillingham, J. (2001). The Angevin Empire, Arnold, London.
  • Green, J. (1986). The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
  • Green, J.A. (2006). Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Henry of Huntingdon. (1879). Historia Anglorum, T. Arnold (Ed.), Rolls Series, No. 74.
  • Hollister, C.W. (1973) “The Strange Death of William Rufus”, Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies, Vol. XLVIII, No. 4, October, 637-653.
  • Hollister, C.W. (1992). The Making of England: 55 BC to 1399, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington.
  • Hollister, C.W. (2001). Henry I, Amanda Clark Frost (Ed.) Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
  • Hollister, C.W., Keefe, T.K. (1973). ‘The Making of the Angevin Empire’, Journal of British Studies, XII, 1–25.
  • Holweck, F. (1912). “Pentecost (Whitsunday)”, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York.
  • Howlett, R. (Ed.) (1886). The Gesta Stephani Regis Anglorum, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., Vol. III, Longman & CO., London.
  • Ingulf. (1854). The History of Ingulf, The Church Historians of England, Vol. II, Part II, Joseph Stevenson (Ed. & Trans.), Seeleys, London.
  • Jansen, S. L. (2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
  • John of Salisbury. (1956). Historia Pontificalis, Marjorie Chibnall (Ed. & Trans.), Edinburgh.
  • John of Worcester. (1995). The Chronicle of John of Worcester, J. Bray and P. McGurk (Trans.), 3 Vols., Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Johnson, C. & Cronne, H. A. (Eds.). (1968). Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 3 Vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Lapidge, M. (2014). “Hide”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, M. Lapidge, J. Blair, S. Keynes, D. Scragg (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Leyser, K. (1991). “The Anglo-Norman Succession, 1120–1126” Anglo-Norman Studies VIII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990, Marjorie Chibnall (Ed.), The Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • Mershman, F. (1907) “Advent”, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, Robert Appleton Company, New York.
  • Miller, S. (2014). “Ætheling”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, M. Lapidge, J. Blair, S. Keynes, D. Scragg (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Norton, E. (2009). She Wolves: The Notorious Queens of England, The History Press, Gloucestershire.
  • O'Callaghan, J.F. (1983). A History of Medieval Spain, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.
  • Orderic Vitalis. (1980). The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, Marjorie Chibnall (Ed.), 6 Vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Patourel, J. L. (1971). “The Norman Succession, 996-1135”, The English Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 339, 225-250.
  • Patterson, R.B. (1965) “William of Malmesbury's Robert of Gloucester: A Re-evaluation of the Historia Novella”, The American Historical Review, Jul., 1965, Vol. 70, No. 4, 983-997.
  • Patterson, R.B. (2019). The Earl, The Kings & The Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Robert of Torgni. (1856). The Chronicles of Robert de Monte, The Church Historians of England, Joseph Stevenson (Ed. & Trans.), Seeleys, London.
  • Spencer, C. (2020). The White Ship: Conquest, Anarchy and the Wrecking of Henry I’s Dream [Elektronik Sürüm], HarperCollins Publishers, London.
  • Taylor, C. (2006) “The Salic Law, French Queenship, and the Defense of Women in the Late Middle Ages”. French Historical Studies, 29, 543–564.
  • Thompson, K. (2003). “Affairs of State: The Illegitimate Children of Henry I”, Journal of Medieval History, 29, 129–151.
  • van Houts, E.M.C. (1988). “The Ship List of William the Conqueror”, Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987, R. Allen Brown (Ed.), The Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • van Houts. E.M.C. (Ed. & Trans.). (2003). The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigny, 2 Vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Watkins, C. (2015). Stephen: The Reign of Anarchy, Penguin Press, London.
  • Whitelock, D. (Ed.). (1961) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
  • William of Malmesbury. (1847). William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of the Kings of England, J. A. Giles (Trans.), Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • Wood, L. (2020). "The Very Next Blood of the King: The Rules Governing Female Succession to the Throne in English History", Dynastic Change: Legitimacy and Gender in Medieval and Early Modern Monarchy, A. M. S. A. Rodrigues, M. S. Silva, J. Spangler (Eds.), Routledge, New York.

Beyaz Gemi Faciası ve Orta Çağ İngilteresi’nde Veraset Sorunu

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5, 2969 - 2991, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1312611

Öz

1120 yılının Kasım ayında Normandiya kıyısındaki Barfleur'dan hareket ederek İngiliz Kanalı’nı geçmek isteyen Beyaz Gemi talihsiz bir kaza sonucunda batmıştı. İngiltere tarihinin en dramatik gemi kazalarından biri olan bu hadisenin sonucunda neredeyse yolcuların ve mürettebatın tamamı hayatını kaybetmişti. Büyük çoğunluğu İngiltere ve Normandiya’nın soylularından oluşan yolcular arasında, Fransa Kralı VI. Louis tarafından Normandiya Dukalığı için veliahtlığı henüz tanınmış olan ve İngiltere tahtının yasal vârisi William Ætheling de buluyordu. William, İngiltere kralı ve Normandiya dükü I. Henry’nin meşru tek erkek evladıydı. Henry’nin yirmiden fazla gayrimeşru çocuğu olsa da, William dışında tek meşru çocuğu Kutsal Roma-Germen İmparatoru V. Heinrich ile evli olan kızı Matilda’ydı. 1106 yılından beri esaret altında tuttuğu abisi Robert Curthose’un oğlu William Clito ise hem Normandiya hem de İngiltere tahtını tehdit ediyordu. Üstelik Henry, Beyaz Gemi kazasından iki sene önce eşi Kraliçe Edith-Matilda’yı kaybetmişti ve tekrar evlenmemişti. Henry Orta Çağ Avrupası’nda tahtta oturan bir kralın başına gelebilecek en kötü durumlardan biri ile karşı karşıyaydı; kendisinden sonra tahtını ve topraklarını bırakabileceği bir vâris artık yoktu. Bu duruma çare bulmak adına Henry yeni bir evlilik dahi yapmış fakat ilerleyen yaşından dolayı tekrar çocuk sahibi olamamıştı. Kazadan beş sene sonra V. Heinrich’in ölümü ile kızı Matilda’nın dul kalması, İngiltere Kralı Henry’ye emsaline rastlanılmamış bir fikir verdi ve kızını İngiltere tahtının yasal vârisi ilan etmeye çalıştı; fakat bu o kadar kolay olmayacaktı. Bu çalışma 1120 yılında gerçekleşen Beyaz Gemi kazası ve sonrasında ortaya çıkan veraset sorununu çözmek için I. Henry’nin gayretlerini çağdaş kaynakların yardımı ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bartlett, R. (2020). Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in Medieval Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Beem, C. (2009) “Greater by Marriage: The Matrimonial Career of the Empress Matilda”, Queens & Power in Medieval and Early Modern England, Carole Levin and Robert Bucholz (Eds.), 1-15, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London.
  • Bethell, D. (1968). “William of Corbeil and the Canterbury York Dispute”, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 19(02), (Oct.), 145-159.
  • Bradbury, J. (1988). “The Early Years of the Reign of Stephen, 1135–39”, England in the Twelfth Century: Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, 17-30, Daniel Williams (Ed.), Woodbridge.
  • Bradbury, J. (1990). “Geoffrey V of Anjou, Count and Knight”, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood, III, 21-38, C. Harper-Bill and R. Harvey (Eds.), Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • Bradbury, J. (2005). Stephen and Matilda: The Civil War of 1139-1153, The History Press, Gloucestershire.
  • Chibnall, M. (1991). The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother, and Lady of the English, Blackwell, Cambridge.
  • Crouch, D. (1985). "Robert, earl of Gloucester, and the daughter of Zelophehad", Journal of Medieval History, 11, 227-243.
  • Crouch, D. (2002). The Normans: History of a Dynasty, Hambledon Continuum, London.
  • Crouch, D. (2013). The Reign of King Stephen, 1135-1154, [Elektronik Sürüm], Routledge, New York.
  • Daniell, C. (2003). From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta: England 1066–1215, Routledge, London and New York.
  • David, C.W. (1920). Robert Curthose: Duke of Normandy, Oxford University Press, London.
  • Davis, R.H.C. (2013). King Stephen 1135-1154, Routledge, New York and London.
  • Florence of Worcester. (1854). The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, Thomas Forrester (Trans.), Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • Forester, T. (Ed. & Trans.) (1853). The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon Also The Acts of Stephen, Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • Gaimar. (1854). The Church Historians of England, Vol. II, Part II, Joseph Stevenson (Ed. & Trans.), Seeleys, London.
  • Gervase of Canterbury. (1879-80). Opera, William Stubbs (Ed.), 2 Vols, Rolls Series, No. 73, London.
  • Given-Wilson, C., Curteis, A. (1984). The Royal Bastards of Medieval England, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley.
  • Gillingham, J. (1989). “Love, Marriage and Politics in the Twelfth Century,” Forum for Modern Language Studies, 25, 292–303.
  • Gillingham, J. (2001). The Angevin Empire, Arnold, London.
  • Green, J. (1986). The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
  • Green, J.A. (2006). Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Henry of Huntingdon. (1879). Historia Anglorum, T. Arnold (Ed.), Rolls Series, No. 74.
  • Hollister, C.W. (1973) “The Strange Death of William Rufus”, Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies, Vol. XLVIII, No. 4, October, 637-653.
  • Hollister, C.W. (1992). The Making of England: 55 BC to 1399, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington.
  • Hollister, C.W. (2001). Henry I, Amanda Clark Frost (Ed.) Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
  • Hollister, C.W., Keefe, T.K. (1973). ‘The Making of the Angevin Empire’, Journal of British Studies, XII, 1–25.
  • Holweck, F. (1912). “Pentecost (Whitsunday)”, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York.
  • Howlett, R. (Ed.) (1886). The Gesta Stephani Regis Anglorum, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., Vol. III, Longman & CO., London.
  • Ingulf. (1854). The History of Ingulf, The Church Historians of England, Vol. II, Part II, Joseph Stevenson (Ed. & Trans.), Seeleys, London.
  • Jansen, S. L. (2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
  • John of Salisbury. (1956). Historia Pontificalis, Marjorie Chibnall (Ed. & Trans.), Edinburgh.
  • John of Worcester. (1995). The Chronicle of John of Worcester, J. Bray and P. McGurk (Trans.), 3 Vols., Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Johnson, C. & Cronne, H. A. (Eds.). (1968). Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 3 Vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Lapidge, M. (2014). “Hide”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, M. Lapidge, J. Blair, S. Keynes, D. Scragg (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Leyser, K. (1991). “The Anglo-Norman Succession, 1120–1126” Anglo-Norman Studies VIII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990, Marjorie Chibnall (Ed.), The Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • Mershman, F. (1907) “Advent”, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, Robert Appleton Company, New York.
  • Miller, S. (2014). “Ætheling”, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, M. Lapidge, J. Blair, S. Keynes, D. Scragg (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Norton, E. (2009). She Wolves: The Notorious Queens of England, The History Press, Gloucestershire.
  • O'Callaghan, J.F. (1983). A History of Medieval Spain, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.
  • Orderic Vitalis. (1980). The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, Marjorie Chibnall (Ed.), 6 Vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Patourel, J. L. (1971). “The Norman Succession, 996-1135”, The English Historical Review, Vol. 86, No. 339, 225-250.
  • Patterson, R.B. (1965) “William of Malmesbury's Robert of Gloucester: A Re-evaluation of the Historia Novella”, The American Historical Review, Jul., 1965, Vol. 70, No. 4, 983-997.
  • Patterson, R.B. (2019). The Earl, The Kings & The Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Robert of Torgni. (1856). The Chronicles of Robert de Monte, The Church Historians of England, Joseph Stevenson (Ed. & Trans.), Seeleys, London.
  • Spencer, C. (2020). The White Ship: Conquest, Anarchy and the Wrecking of Henry I’s Dream [Elektronik Sürüm], HarperCollins Publishers, London.
  • Taylor, C. (2006) “The Salic Law, French Queenship, and the Defense of Women in the Late Middle Ages”. French Historical Studies, 29, 543–564.
  • Thompson, K. (2003). “Affairs of State: The Illegitimate Children of Henry I”, Journal of Medieval History, 29, 129–151.
  • van Houts, E.M.C. (1988). “The Ship List of William the Conqueror”, Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987, R. Allen Brown (Ed.), The Boydell Press, Woodbridge.
  • van Houts. E.M.C. (Ed. & Trans.). (2003). The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigny, 2 Vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Watkins, C. (2015). Stephen: The Reign of Anarchy, Penguin Press, London.
  • Whitelock, D. (Ed.). (1961) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.
  • William of Malmesbury. (1847). William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of the Kings of England, J. A. Giles (Trans.), Henry G. Bohn, London.
  • Wood, L. (2020). "The Very Next Blood of the King: The Rules Governing Female Succession to the Throne in English History", Dynastic Change: Legitimacy and Gender in Medieval and Early Modern Monarchy, A. M. S. A. Rodrigues, M. S. Silva, J. Spangler (Eds.), Routledge, New York.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökmen Günay Gökbayır 0000-0002-9861-2632

Sayime Durmaz 0000-0003-0989-4189

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökbayır, G. G., & Durmaz, S. (2023). Beyaz Gemi Faciası ve Orta Çağ İngilteresi’nde Veraset Sorunu. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(5), 2969-2991. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1312611
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.