Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

‘Urban’ and ‘Rural’ in Byzantium: The Gulf of Mandalya (Güllük Körfezi) in light of Archaeological Evidence

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 20, 531 - 560, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.20.1292488

Öz

This paper, focusing on the results of a long-term and interdisciplinary archaeological research project conducted in theGulf of Mandalya, investigates the transformation of rural settlements and the countryside in coastal Caria from Late Antiquity to Byzantine times, together with the economic activities and forms of labour, including the quarrying and exploitation of Iasos marble, on which the survival of rural communities had depended. Despite considerable changes in settlement patterns over time, the literary, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence suggest that this region was widely occupied, with numerous sites located both inland and in coastal areas. The most notable among these sites, whose history and experiences contributed to the formation and profound modification of the settlement features of the land surrounding the gulf, were Iasos and Kazıklı to the north and Bargylia to the south. The Mandalya Archaeological Survey Project (1988-2011) revealed an almost uninterrupted continuity of settlement and land exploitation in this micro-region from the Late Bronze Age through to the 18th/19th centuries CE, with a major concentration of archaeological evidence from the 6th century BCE to 7th century CE. Within this wide chronological context, the paper focuses on the continuity/ discontinuity of rural settlements, closely or more loosely affected by multiple factors, in the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (7th and 9th centuries) and beyond. It also attempts to explain the changing nature of settlements through transformation and adaptation, involving abandonment and resettlement (within or around the ruins of the now largely deurbanised and ruralised urban fabric) or relocation.

Kaynakça

  • Alcock, Susan E., John F. Cherry ve Jack L. Davis. “Intensive Survey, Agricultural Practice and the Classical Landscape of Greece,” Classical Greece. Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies. Ed. Ian Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 137-170. google scholar
  • Akyürek, Engin. “Palamutdüzü: A Medieval Byzantine Village Settlement in the Bey Mountains.” Adalya 11 (2008): 295-316. google scholar
  • Andreoli, Alberto, Fede Berti, Lorenzo Lazzarini ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. “New Contributions on Marmor Iassense,” Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, ASMOSIA VI. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Venice, June 15-18, 2000. Ed. Lorenzo Lazzarini. Padova: A. Ausilio, 2002, 13-18. google scholar
  • Antik Dönemde Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent. Sempozyum Bildirileri 4-7 Nisan 2016, Mersin, Türkiye. Ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu ve Ahmet Mörel. Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi, 2017. google scholar
  • Aydın, Ayşe. “Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi Geç Antik Dönem Kırsal Yerleşimlerindeki Hıristiyan Dini Yapıları ve İşlevleri,” Antik Dönemde Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent. Sempozyum Bildirileri 4-7 Nisan 2016, Mersin, Türkiye. Ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu ve Ahmet Mörel. Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi, 2017, 78-94. google scholar
  • Aydın, Ayşe. “Dağlık Kilikia’daki Geç Antik Dönem Kırsal Yerleşimlerinde Kiliselerin Rolü: Seyranlık-Bağlıalan Örneği.” Sanat Tarihi Dergisi 28/2 (Ekim/October 2019): 521-547. google scholar
  • Baird, Douglas. “Settlement Expansion on the Konya Plain, Anatolia: 5th-7th Centuries AD,” Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Ed. William Bowden, Luke Lavan ve Carlos Machado. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004, 219-246. google scholar
  • Baldoni, Daniela. “Materiali dallo scavo della torre del porto occidentale di Iasos.” Iasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di Studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico 188 (2010-2011): 285-318. google scholar
  • Bean, George E. ve John M. Cook. “The Carian Coast III.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 52 (1957): 58-146. google scholar
  • Benedetti, Enrico. “Le cisterne turche della Caria: tipologia e contesto architettonico regionale.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Serie III 23/3-4 (1993): 971-986. google scholar
  • Benoit, Jean ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. “Il territorio a Nord di Iasos: ricognizioni 1988.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Serie III 23/3-4 (1993): 902-919. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Marmo Iasio I.” XLIII Corso di Cultura sull’Arte bizantina e ravennate. Seminario internazionale di studi sul tema: Ricerche di archeologia e topografia, in memoria del prof. Nereo Alfieri. Ravenna, 22-26 marzo 1997. Ed. Raffaella Farioli Campanati. Ravenna: Edizioni del Girasole, 1998, 61-74. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “2008: Works of the Italian Archaeological Expedition at Iasos,” 31. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 25-29 Mayıs 2009 Denizli. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2010, 2: 91-100. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Iasos, 2009 Campaign,” 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 24-28 Mayıs 2010 İstanbul. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2011, 1: 178-187. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Work at Iasos, the 2010 Campaign,” 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 23-28 Mayıs 2011 Malatya. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2012, 1: 221-231. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Grave Goods from the Necropolis in the Agora of Iasos,” Byzantine Small Finds in Archeological Contexts. BYZAS 15. Ed. Beate Böhlendorf-Arslan ve Alessandra Ricci. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2012, 187-211. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “La “stoâ” occidentale dell’agorâ di lasos in etâ romana.” Studi Classici e Orientali 61/2 (2015): 5-22. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede, Davide Mengoli ve Maurizio Molinari. “Iasos (Turchia), Relazioni preliminare sulle richerche archeologiche compiute nel castello dell’acropoli.” Archeologia medievale 37 (2010): 385-396. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede ve Diego Peirano. “Iasos di Caria e il rilancio del suo porto in etâ bizantina: il ruolo del marmo.” Hortus Artium Medievalium 22 (2016): 178-189. google scholar
  • Bintliff, John. “Two Transitions: Current Research on the Origins of the Traditional Village in Central Greece,” Europe between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Recent Archaeological and Historical Research in Western and Southern Europe. Ed. John L. Bintliff ve Helena Hamerow. Londra: Tempus Reparatum, 1995, 111-130. google scholar
  • Doorninck van, Jr. Frederick. “Byzantine Shipwrecks,” The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century. Ed. Angeliki Laiou. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002, 2: 899-905. google scholar
  • Brogiolo, Gian Pietro ve Alexandra Chavama Arnau. “Chiese, territorio e dinamiche del popolamento nelle champagne tra tardoantico e altomedioevo.” Hortus Artium Medievalium 14 (2008): 7-23. google scholar
  • Chavama, Alexandra ve Tamara Lewit. “A Bibliographic Essay,” Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Ed. William Bowden, Luke Lavan ve Carlos Machado. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004, 3-52. google scholar
  • Coppola, Valentina ve Maurizio Molinari. “La fortezza dell’acropoli di Iasos. Recenti dati di scavo e qualche ipotesi ricostruttiva.” lasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico 188 (2010-2011): 359-372. google scholar
  • Coulton, J.J. “Late Roman and Byzantine Balboura,” The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, 1. Balboura and the History of the Highland Settlement. Londra: British School at Ankara, 2012, 163-184. google scholar
  • Dalgıç, Örgü. “Early Christian and Byzantine Churches,” The Aphrodisias Regional Survey. Ed. Christopher Ratte ve Peter D. De Staebler. Darmstadt; Mainz: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 2012, 367-396. google scholar
  • Delrieux, Fabrice. “La circulation monetarire â Iasos durant la periode byzantine, d’Anastase Ier Diokos â la Quatrieme Croisade.” lasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico, 188 (2010-2011): 383-426. google scholar
  • Diest, Walther von. “Quer durch Karien.” Petermanns Mitteilungen 10 (1909): 264-269. google scholar
  • Fabiani, Roberta. “Strabone e la Caria,” Strabone e l’Asia Minore. Incontri perugini di storia della storiografia antica sul mondo antico X (Perugia 1997). Ed. Anna Maria Biraschi ve Giovanni Salmeri. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiana; Perugia: Universitâ degli studi di Perugia, 2000, 375-400. google scholar
  • Falla Castelfranchi, Marina. “Il complesso ecclesiale di Bargylia,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 419-464. google scholar
  • Gümüş, Şahin ve Ufuk Çörtük. “Pisye-Pladasa Koinonuna Bağlı Kırsal Yerleşim İzleri.” Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı 27 (2019): 31-55. google scholar
  • Haldon, John. Byzantium in the Seventh Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. google scholar
  • Hamarneh, Basema. Topografia cristiana ed insediamenti rurali nel territorio dell’odierna Giordania nelle epoche bizantina ed islamica. V-IX sec. Vatican City: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2003. google scholar
  • Hild, Friedrich. Meilensteine, Strafien und das Verkehrsnetz der Provinz Karia. Viyana: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2014. google scholar
  • Hirschfeld, Yizhar. The Palestinian Dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine Period. Kudüs: Franciscan Printing Press; Israel Exploration Society, 1995. google scholar
  • Hirschfeld, Yizhar. “Farms and Villages in Byzantine Palestine.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997): 33-71. google scholar
  • Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005. google scholar
  • Iasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico 188 (2010-2011). google scholar
  • Izdebski, Adam. “The Economic Expansion of the Anatolian Countryside in Late Antiquity: The Coast Versus Inland Regions,” Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity. Ed. Luke Lavan. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013, 343-376. google scholar
  • Kaplan, Michel. “Les villageois aux premiers siecles byzantins (VIe-Xe siecles): une societe homogene.” Byzantinoslavica 43 (1982): 202-217. google scholar
  • Kaplan, Michel. Les hommes et la terre a Byzance du Vle auXIe siecle. Propriete et exploitation du sol. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992. google scholar
  • La Rocca, Eugenio. “Introduzione.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Serie III, 23-3-4 (1993): 847-852. google scholar
  • La Rocca, Eugenio. “Survey archeologica nell’area del Golfo di Mandalya (Turchia),” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 392-418. google scholar
  • Laiou, Angeliki E. “The Byzantine Village (5th-14th century),” Les villages dans l’Empire byzantin IVe-IXe siecle. Ed. Jacques Lefort, Cecile Morrison ve Jean-Pierre Sodini. Paris: Lethielleux, 2005, 5-54. google scholar
  • Lang, Franziska. “A Method for the Activity Analysis of Medieval Sites: From the Stratike Surface Survey Project, Acarnania (Western Greece),” Medieval and Post Medieval Greece. The Corfu Papers. Ed. John Bintliff ve Hanna Stöger. Oxford: Archeopress, 2009, 157-165. google scholar
  • Laumonier, Alfred. Les cultes indigenes en Carie. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1958. google scholar
  • Lazzarini, Lorenzo, Stefano Cancelliere ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, “Il marmo di Iaso: cave, uso, caratterizzazione e indagini archeometriche,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 320-331. google scholar
  • Les villages dans l’Empire byzantin IVe-IXe siecle. Ed. Jacques Lefort, Cecile Morrison ve Jean-Pierre Sodini. Paris: Lethielleux, 2005. google scholar
  • Lohmann, Hans. “Milet und die Milesia. Eine antike Grossstadt und ihr Umland im Wandel der Zeiten,” Chora und Polis. Ed. Franck Kolb ve Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. Münih: Oldenbourg, 2004, 325-360. google scholar
  • Lohmann, Hans. “Risultati di una survey condotta nella penisola di Kazıklı,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 332-356. google scholar
  • Lohmann, Hans. Ein Survey bei Kazıklı (Muğla). Möhnesee: Bibliopolis, 2005. google scholar
  • Niewöhner, Philip. “Aizanoi and Anatolia. Town and Countryside in Late Late Antiquity,” Millenium 3/2006. Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jachrtausends n.Chr. Berlin; New York: W. De Gruyter, 2006, 239-253. google scholar
  • Niewöhner, Philip. “The End of the Byzantine City in Anatolia. The Case of Miletus,” Stadte im lateinischen Westen und im griechischen Osten zwischen Spatantike und Früher Neuzeit. Topographie-Recht-Religion. Ed. Elisabeth Gruber, Mihailo Popovic, Martin Scheutz ve Herwig Weigl. Viyana: Böhlau Verlag, 2016, 63-77. google scholar
  • Özüdoğru, Şükrü ve Düzgün Tarkan. “Kibyra Geç Antikçağ Hamamı.” Adalya 21 (2018): 175-210. google scholar
  • Patlagean, Evelyne. Pauvrete economique et pauvrete sociale a Byzance 4e-7e siecles. Paris: Mouton, 1977. google scholar
  • Peirano, Diego. “Iasos and Iasian Marble between the Late Antique and Early Byzantine Eras,” ASMOSIA XI. Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of ASMOSIA, Split, 18-22 May 2015. Ed. Daniela Matetic Poljak ve Katja Marasovic. Split: University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, 2018, 123-130. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “L’Asia Minore e l’approvvigionamento in grano di Roma,” Le ravitaillement en ble de Rome et des centres urbains des debuts de la republique jusqu’au Haut Empire. Actes du Colloque International de Naples 1991. Actes du colloque international organise par le Centre Jean Berard et l’URA 994 du CNRS, Naples, 14-16 fevrier 1991. Publications du Centre Jean Berard, 1994, 305-321. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Paralypros chora: il territorio di Iasos alla luce delle recenti ricognizioni,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 200-244. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Survey of the Mandalya Gulf. Report on the 2004 Campaign: The Iasos’ Chora and the System of Defence,” 23. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 30 Mayıs-3 Haziran 2005 Antalya. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2006, 2: 279-292. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Il territorio di Iasos: nuove ricerche (2006-2008),” Labraunda and Karia. Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda. Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, November 20-21, 2008. Ed. Lars Karlsson ve Susanne Carlsson. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2011, 389-425. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Il Golfo di Mandalya: risultati delle ricognizioni e nuove prospettive.” Türkiye ve İtalya. Arkeolojik Ufuklar. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 139 (2012), 119-127. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella, Lucia Cianciulli ve Paolo Orlando. “Una storia nascosta: il paesaggio di Iasos,” Delli Aspetti de Paesi. Vecchi e nuovi Media per l’Immagine del Paesaggio/Old and New Media for the Image of the Landscape, t. I, Costruzione, descrizione, identita storica/ Construction, Description, Historical Identity. Ed. Annunziata Berrino ve Alfredo Buccaro. Napoli: CIRICE, 2016, 139-148. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella, Lucia Cianciulli ve Paolo Orlando. “Le ricognizioni archeologiche a Iasos: un paesaggio in trasformazione. Strumenti e metodi,” Romarche 2019. Landscapes -Paesaggi culturali. Giornata di studio e confronto, Roma 30 maggio (basım aşamasında). google scholar
  • Ragone, Giuseppe. “Da Mileto a Iasos. Toponomastica antica, itinerari antiquari, ricognizioni moderni.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Serie III, 23-3-4 (1993): 871-902. google scholar
  • Ratte, Christopher. “Introduction,” The Aphrodisias Regional Survey. Ed. Christopher Ratte ve Peter D. De Staebler. Darmstadt; Mainz: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 2012, 1-38. google scholar
  • Ratte, Christopher ve Peter D. De Staebler, “Survey Evidence for Late Antique Settlement in the Region around Aphrodisias,” Archaeology and the Cities of Asia Minor in Late Antiquity. Ed. Ortwin Dally ve Christopher Ratte. Ann Arbor, MI: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, 2011, 123-136. google scholar
  • Rautman, Marcus. Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006. google scholar
  • Robert, Louis. “Une epigramme de Carie.” Revue de philologie, de literature et d’histoire anciennes, 31 (1957): 7-22. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. “A Historical Addendum to the Episcopal Lists of Caria.” Revue des Etudes Byzantines 54 (1996): 221-234. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. Il golfo di Keramos: dal tardo-antico al medioevo bizantino. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. La Caria bizantina: topografia, archeologia ed arte (Mylasa, Stratonikeia, Bargylia, Myndus, Halicarnassus). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2005. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. “Il cristianesimo in Caria V-VI secolo,” Acta Congressus Internationalis XIV. Archaeologiae Christianae. Ed. Reinhardt Harreither, Philippe Pergola, Renata Pillinger ve Andreas Pülz. Cittâ del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto d Archeologia Cristiana, 2006, 693-704. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. “The Carians in the Byzantine Period,” Die Karer und die Anderen. Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universitat Berlin, 13. bis 15. Oktober 2005. Ed. Frank Rumscheid. Bonn: Habelt, 2018, 207-218. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. Early Christian and Byzantine Churches at Iasos in Caria: An Architectural Survey. Cittâ del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2004. google scholar Serin, Ufuk. “Some Observations on the Middle Byzantine Church outside the East Gate at Iasos,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 156-178. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “Karya’daki Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi Yapı ve Yerleşimleri Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler.” METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture 30/1 (2013): 191-211. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “Late Antique and Byzantine Monuments, Sites, and Settlements in the Gulf of Mandalya in the light of Recent Archaeological Evidence,” Atti del XVI Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Cristiana Roma 22-28 settembre ‘Costantino e i Costantinidi: l’innovazione costantiniana, le sue radici e i suoi sviluppi’. Ed. Olof Brandt, Gabriele Castiglia ve Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai. Cittâ del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2016, 2: 1821-1841. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “Survey Archaeology as a Source of Data. Principles and Practice,” The Cambridge Handbook to Byzantine Archaeology. Ed. Michael J. Decker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (basım aşamasında). google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “The Byzantine City in Asia Minor,” The Routledge Companion to the Byzantine City: from Justinian to Mehmet II (ca. 500- ca.1500). Ed. Nikos Bakirtzis ve Luca Zavagno. Londra; New York: Routledge (basım aşamasında). google scholar
  • Spanu, Marcello. “Iasos 2011,” 34. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 28 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2012 Çorum. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2013, 2: 445-454. google scholar
  • Spanu, Marcello. “The 2012 and 2013 Excavation and Research Campaigns at Iasos,” 36. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 2-6 Haziran 2014 Gaziantep. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2015, 3: 575-596. google scholar
  • Sweetman, Rebecca. “Networks and Church Building in the Aegean: Crete, Cyprus, Lycia and the Peloponnese.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 2017: 1-60. google scholar
  • The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia. From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks. Ed. Philip Niewöhner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. google scholar
  • Transformations of City and Countryside in the Byzantine Period. Ed. Beate Böhlendorf-Arslan ve Robert Schick. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2020. google scholar
  • Tülek, Füsun. “Kilise Merkezli Bir Tarımsal Üretim Yerleşimi, Sazaklı,” Antik Dönemde Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent. Sempozyum Bildirileri 4-7 Nisan 2016, Mersin, Türkiye. Ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu ve Ahmet Mörel. Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi, 2017, 142-150. google scholar
  • Vanhaverbeke, Hannelore, Femke Martens, Marc Waelkens ve Jeroen Poblome, “Late Antiquity in the Territory of Sagalassos,” Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Ed. William Bowden, Luke Lavan ve Carlos Machado. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004, 247-279. google scholar
  • Vanhaverbeke, Hannelore, Athanasios K. Vionis, Jeroen Poblome ve Marc Waelkens. “What Happened after the Seventh Century? A Different Perspective on Post-Roman Rural Anatolia,” Archaeology of the Countryside in Medieval Anatolia. Ed. Tasha Vorderstrasse ve Jacob Roodenberg. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2009, 177-190. google scholar
  • Varinlioğlu, Günder. “Living in a Marginal Environment: Rural Habitat and Landscape in Southeastern Isauria.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007): 287-317. google scholar
  • Veikou, Myrto. ““Rural Towns” and “In-Between” or “Third Spaces”. Settlement Patterns in Byzantine Epirus (7th-9th Centuries) from an Interdisciplinary Approach.” Archeologia Medievale 36 (2009): 43-54. google scholar
  • Vionis, Athanasios K. “Abandonment and Revival between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions,” Before/After. Transformation, Change, and Abandonment in the Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean. Ed. Paolo Cimadoro, Rocco Palermo, Raffaella Pappalardo ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Oxford: Archeopress, 2020, p. 79-95. google scholar
  • Viscogliosi, Alessandro. “Il “castello di terraferma” a Iasos. Indagini 2009.” Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria 16 (2010): 19-26. google scholar
  • Voigtlander, Walter. Teichiussa. Naherung und Wirklichkeit. Rahden in Westfalen: VML, M. Leidorf, 2004. google scholar
  • Zavagno, Luca. Cities in Transition. Urbanism in Byzantium between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (AD 500-900). Oxford: BAR, 2009. google scholar

Bizans’ta ‘Kent’ ve ‘Kırsal’: Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Güllük (Mandalya) Körfezi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 20, 531 - 560, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.20.1292488

Öz

Mandalya Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması Projesi (1988-2011) verilerini temel alan bu çalışma, Antik Çağ’da Karia bölgesinin bir parçası olan ve Mandalya Körfezi olarak da bilinen Güllük Körfezi’nde Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi kırsal yerleşimlerinin değişim ve dönüşümünü, başta yerel Iasos mermerinin işletimi ve ihracatı olmak üzere bölgesel geçim kaynakları ve kent ve kırsal (territorium) ilişkisi üzerinden incelemeyi ve değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Mandalya Körfezi’ni çevreleyen ve Antik Dönem’de körfeze adını vermiş olan önemli kentsel yerleşimler arasında kuzeyde Iasos (Kıyıkışlacık) ve Kazıklı, güneyde ise Bargylia (Boğaziçi) bulunmaktadır. Bu bölgeyi merkez alan Mandalya Projesi’nden elde edilen arkeolojik veriler özellikle MÖ 6. yüzyıl ve MS 7. yüzyıl arasında yoğunlaşmakla birlikte, çok disiplinli araştırmalar burada kırsalın Geç Bronz Çağı’ndan 18. ve 19. yüzyıllara ve hatta günümüze kadar neredeyse kesintisiz olarak kullanıldığını doğrulamıştır. Bu çalışmada özellikle üstünde durulmak istenen konu, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun başka bölgelerinde olduğu gibi, Anadolu’da da Pers ve Arap akınları başta olmak üzere, farklı faktörlerle ilişkili olarak arkeolojik verilerin azaldığı 7. ve 9. yüzyıllar arasında Mandalya Körfezi’ni çevreleyen kentler ve kırsalda yerleşim ‘sürekliliği’ olup olmadığıdır. Mimari ve arkeolojik nitelikli bulgular, Karia’nın bu kıyı bölgesinde yerleşim birimlerinin ve yaşamın ‘kent’ ve ‘kırsal’ arasında bir çizgide, zaman zaman kesintiye uğrayarak da olsa değişen ekonomik koşullara ve savunma gereksinimlerine uyum sağlamaya çalışarak, şekil ve nitelik değiştirerek devam ettiğini doğrular niteliktedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alcock, Susan E., John F. Cherry ve Jack L. Davis. “Intensive Survey, Agricultural Practice and the Classical Landscape of Greece,” Classical Greece. Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies. Ed. Ian Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 137-170. google scholar
  • Akyürek, Engin. “Palamutdüzü: A Medieval Byzantine Village Settlement in the Bey Mountains.” Adalya 11 (2008): 295-316. google scholar
  • Andreoli, Alberto, Fede Berti, Lorenzo Lazzarini ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. “New Contributions on Marmor Iassense,” Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, ASMOSIA VI. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Venice, June 15-18, 2000. Ed. Lorenzo Lazzarini. Padova: A. Ausilio, 2002, 13-18. google scholar
  • Antik Dönemde Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent. Sempozyum Bildirileri 4-7 Nisan 2016, Mersin, Türkiye. Ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu ve Ahmet Mörel. Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi, 2017. google scholar
  • Aydın, Ayşe. “Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi Geç Antik Dönem Kırsal Yerleşimlerindeki Hıristiyan Dini Yapıları ve İşlevleri,” Antik Dönemde Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent. Sempozyum Bildirileri 4-7 Nisan 2016, Mersin, Türkiye. Ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu ve Ahmet Mörel. Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi, 2017, 78-94. google scholar
  • Aydın, Ayşe. “Dağlık Kilikia’daki Geç Antik Dönem Kırsal Yerleşimlerinde Kiliselerin Rolü: Seyranlık-Bağlıalan Örneği.” Sanat Tarihi Dergisi 28/2 (Ekim/October 2019): 521-547. google scholar
  • Baird, Douglas. “Settlement Expansion on the Konya Plain, Anatolia: 5th-7th Centuries AD,” Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Ed. William Bowden, Luke Lavan ve Carlos Machado. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004, 219-246. google scholar
  • Baldoni, Daniela. “Materiali dallo scavo della torre del porto occidentale di Iasos.” Iasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di Studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico 188 (2010-2011): 285-318. google scholar
  • Bean, George E. ve John M. Cook. “The Carian Coast III.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 52 (1957): 58-146. google scholar
  • Benedetti, Enrico. “Le cisterne turche della Caria: tipologia e contesto architettonico regionale.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Serie III 23/3-4 (1993): 971-986. google scholar
  • Benoit, Jean ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. “Il territorio a Nord di Iasos: ricognizioni 1988.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Serie III 23/3-4 (1993): 902-919. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Marmo Iasio I.” XLIII Corso di Cultura sull’Arte bizantina e ravennate. Seminario internazionale di studi sul tema: Ricerche di archeologia e topografia, in memoria del prof. Nereo Alfieri. Ravenna, 22-26 marzo 1997. Ed. Raffaella Farioli Campanati. Ravenna: Edizioni del Girasole, 1998, 61-74. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “2008: Works of the Italian Archaeological Expedition at Iasos,” 31. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 25-29 Mayıs 2009 Denizli. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2010, 2: 91-100. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Iasos, 2009 Campaign,” 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 24-28 Mayıs 2010 İstanbul. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2011, 1: 178-187. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Work at Iasos, the 2010 Campaign,” 33. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 23-28 Mayıs 2011 Malatya. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2012, 1: 221-231. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “Grave Goods from the Necropolis in the Agora of Iasos,” Byzantine Small Finds in Archeological Contexts. BYZAS 15. Ed. Beate Böhlendorf-Arslan ve Alessandra Ricci. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2012, 187-211. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede. “La “stoâ” occidentale dell’agorâ di lasos in etâ romana.” Studi Classici e Orientali 61/2 (2015): 5-22. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede, Davide Mengoli ve Maurizio Molinari. “Iasos (Turchia), Relazioni preliminare sulle richerche archeologiche compiute nel castello dell’acropoli.” Archeologia medievale 37 (2010): 385-396. google scholar
  • Berti, Fede ve Diego Peirano. “Iasos di Caria e il rilancio del suo porto in etâ bizantina: il ruolo del marmo.” Hortus Artium Medievalium 22 (2016): 178-189. google scholar
  • Bintliff, John. “Two Transitions: Current Research on the Origins of the Traditional Village in Central Greece,” Europe between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Recent Archaeological and Historical Research in Western and Southern Europe. Ed. John L. Bintliff ve Helena Hamerow. Londra: Tempus Reparatum, 1995, 111-130. google scholar
  • Doorninck van, Jr. Frederick. “Byzantine Shipwrecks,” The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century. Ed. Angeliki Laiou. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002, 2: 899-905. google scholar
  • Brogiolo, Gian Pietro ve Alexandra Chavama Arnau. “Chiese, territorio e dinamiche del popolamento nelle champagne tra tardoantico e altomedioevo.” Hortus Artium Medievalium 14 (2008): 7-23. google scholar
  • Chavama, Alexandra ve Tamara Lewit. “A Bibliographic Essay,” Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Ed. William Bowden, Luke Lavan ve Carlos Machado. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004, 3-52. google scholar
  • Coppola, Valentina ve Maurizio Molinari. “La fortezza dell’acropoli di Iasos. Recenti dati di scavo e qualche ipotesi ricostruttiva.” lasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico 188 (2010-2011): 359-372. google scholar
  • Coulton, J.J. “Late Roman and Byzantine Balboura,” The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, 1. Balboura and the History of the Highland Settlement. Londra: British School at Ankara, 2012, 163-184. google scholar
  • Dalgıç, Örgü. “Early Christian and Byzantine Churches,” The Aphrodisias Regional Survey. Ed. Christopher Ratte ve Peter D. De Staebler. Darmstadt; Mainz: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 2012, 367-396. google scholar
  • Delrieux, Fabrice. “La circulation monetarire â Iasos durant la periode byzantine, d’Anastase Ier Diokos â la Quatrieme Croisade.” lasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico, 188 (2010-2011): 383-426. google scholar
  • Diest, Walther von. “Quer durch Karien.” Petermanns Mitteilungen 10 (1909): 264-269. google scholar
  • Fabiani, Roberta. “Strabone e la Caria,” Strabone e l’Asia Minore. Incontri perugini di storia della storiografia antica sul mondo antico X (Perugia 1997). Ed. Anna Maria Biraschi ve Giovanni Salmeri. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiana; Perugia: Universitâ degli studi di Perugia, 2000, 375-400. google scholar
  • Falla Castelfranchi, Marina. “Il complesso ecclesiale di Bargylia,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 419-464. google scholar
  • Gümüş, Şahin ve Ufuk Çörtük. “Pisye-Pladasa Koinonuna Bağlı Kırsal Yerleşim İzleri.” Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı 27 (2019): 31-55. google scholar
  • Haldon, John. Byzantium in the Seventh Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. google scholar
  • Hamarneh, Basema. Topografia cristiana ed insediamenti rurali nel territorio dell’odierna Giordania nelle epoche bizantina ed islamica. V-IX sec. Vatican City: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2003. google scholar
  • Hild, Friedrich. Meilensteine, Strafien und das Verkehrsnetz der Provinz Karia. Viyana: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2014. google scholar
  • Hirschfeld, Yizhar. The Palestinian Dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine Period. Kudüs: Franciscan Printing Press; Israel Exploration Society, 1995. google scholar
  • Hirschfeld, Yizhar. “Farms and Villages in Byzantine Palestine.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997): 33-71. google scholar
  • Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005. google scholar
  • Iasos in eta bizantina. Miscellanea di studi. Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara Atti 88. Anno Accademico 188 (2010-2011). google scholar
  • Izdebski, Adam. “The Economic Expansion of the Anatolian Countryside in Late Antiquity: The Coast Versus Inland Regions,” Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity. Ed. Luke Lavan. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013, 343-376. google scholar
  • Kaplan, Michel. “Les villageois aux premiers siecles byzantins (VIe-Xe siecles): une societe homogene.” Byzantinoslavica 43 (1982): 202-217. google scholar
  • Kaplan, Michel. Les hommes et la terre a Byzance du Vle auXIe siecle. Propriete et exploitation du sol. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992. google scholar
  • La Rocca, Eugenio. “Introduzione.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Serie III, 23-3-4 (1993): 847-852. google scholar
  • La Rocca, Eugenio. “Survey archeologica nell’area del Golfo di Mandalya (Turchia),” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 392-418. google scholar
  • Laiou, Angeliki E. “The Byzantine Village (5th-14th century),” Les villages dans l’Empire byzantin IVe-IXe siecle. Ed. Jacques Lefort, Cecile Morrison ve Jean-Pierre Sodini. Paris: Lethielleux, 2005, 5-54. google scholar
  • Lang, Franziska. “A Method for the Activity Analysis of Medieval Sites: From the Stratike Surface Survey Project, Acarnania (Western Greece),” Medieval and Post Medieval Greece. The Corfu Papers. Ed. John Bintliff ve Hanna Stöger. Oxford: Archeopress, 2009, 157-165. google scholar
  • Laumonier, Alfred. Les cultes indigenes en Carie. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1958. google scholar
  • Lazzarini, Lorenzo, Stefano Cancelliere ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit, “Il marmo di Iaso: cave, uso, caratterizzazione e indagini archeometriche,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 320-331. google scholar
  • Les villages dans l’Empire byzantin IVe-IXe siecle. Ed. Jacques Lefort, Cecile Morrison ve Jean-Pierre Sodini. Paris: Lethielleux, 2005. google scholar
  • Lohmann, Hans. “Milet und die Milesia. Eine antike Grossstadt und ihr Umland im Wandel der Zeiten,” Chora und Polis. Ed. Franck Kolb ve Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. Münih: Oldenbourg, 2004, 325-360. google scholar
  • Lohmann, Hans. “Risultati di una survey condotta nella penisola di Kazıklı,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 332-356. google scholar
  • Lohmann, Hans. Ein Survey bei Kazıklı (Muğla). Möhnesee: Bibliopolis, 2005. google scholar
  • Niewöhner, Philip. “Aizanoi and Anatolia. Town and Countryside in Late Late Antiquity,” Millenium 3/2006. Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jachrtausends n.Chr. Berlin; New York: W. De Gruyter, 2006, 239-253. google scholar
  • Niewöhner, Philip. “The End of the Byzantine City in Anatolia. The Case of Miletus,” Stadte im lateinischen Westen und im griechischen Osten zwischen Spatantike und Früher Neuzeit. Topographie-Recht-Religion. Ed. Elisabeth Gruber, Mihailo Popovic, Martin Scheutz ve Herwig Weigl. Viyana: Böhlau Verlag, 2016, 63-77. google scholar
  • Özüdoğru, Şükrü ve Düzgün Tarkan. “Kibyra Geç Antikçağ Hamamı.” Adalya 21 (2018): 175-210. google scholar
  • Patlagean, Evelyne. Pauvrete economique et pauvrete sociale a Byzance 4e-7e siecles. Paris: Mouton, 1977. google scholar
  • Peirano, Diego. “Iasos and Iasian Marble between the Late Antique and Early Byzantine Eras,” ASMOSIA XI. Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of ASMOSIA, Split, 18-22 May 2015. Ed. Daniela Matetic Poljak ve Katja Marasovic. Split: University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, 2018, 123-130. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “L’Asia Minore e l’approvvigionamento in grano di Roma,” Le ravitaillement en ble de Rome et des centres urbains des debuts de la republique jusqu’au Haut Empire. Actes du Colloque International de Naples 1991. Actes du colloque international organise par le Centre Jean Berard et l’URA 994 du CNRS, Naples, 14-16 fevrier 1991. Publications du Centre Jean Berard, 1994, 305-321. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Paralypros chora: il territorio di Iasos alla luce delle recenti ricognizioni,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 200-244. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Survey of the Mandalya Gulf. Report on the 2004 Campaign: The Iasos’ Chora and the System of Defence,” 23. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 30 Mayıs-3 Haziran 2005 Antalya. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2006, 2: 279-292. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Il territorio di Iasos: nuove ricerche (2006-2008),” Labraunda and Karia. Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda. Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, November 20-21, 2008. Ed. Lars Karlsson ve Susanne Carlsson. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2011, 389-425. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella. “Il Golfo di Mandalya: risultati delle ricognizioni e nuove prospettive.” Türkiye ve İtalya. Arkeolojik Ufuklar. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 139 (2012), 119-127. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella, Lucia Cianciulli ve Paolo Orlando. “Una storia nascosta: il paesaggio di Iasos,” Delli Aspetti de Paesi. Vecchi e nuovi Media per l’Immagine del Paesaggio/Old and New Media for the Image of the Landscape, t. I, Costruzione, descrizione, identita storica/ Construction, Description, Historical Identity. Ed. Annunziata Berrino ve Alfredo Buccaro. Napoli: CIRICE, 2016, 139-148. google scholar
  • Pierobon Benoit, Raffaella, Lucia Cianciulli ve Paolo Orlando. “Le ricognizioni archeologiche a Iasos: un paesaggio in trasformazione. Strumenti e metodi,” Romarche 2019. Landscapes -Paesaggi culturali. Giornata di studio e confronto, Roma 30 maggio (basım aşamasında). google scholar
  • Ragone, Giuseppe. “Da Mileto a Iasos. Toponomastica antica, itinerari antiquari, ricognizioni moderni.” Sinus Iasius I. Il territorio di Iasos: ricognizioni archeologiche 1988-89. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Serie III, 23-3-4 (1993): 871-902. google scholar
  • Ratte, Christopher. “Introduction,” The Aphrodisias Regional Survey. Ed. Christopher Ratte ve Peter D. De Staebler. Darmstadt; Mainz: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 2012, 1-38. google scholar
  • Ratte, Christopher ve Peter D. De Staebler, “Survey Evidence for Late Antique Settlement in the Region around Aphrodisias,” Archaeology and the Cities of Asia Minor in Late Antiquity. Ed. Ortwin Dally ve Christopher Ratte. Ann Arbor, MI: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, 2011, 123-136. google scholar
  • Rautman, Marcus. Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006. google scholar
  • Robert, Louis. “Une epigramme de Carie.” Revue de philologie, de literature et d’histoire anciennes, 31 (1957): 7-22. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. “A Historical Addendum to the Episcopal Lists of Caria.” Revue des Etudes Byzantines 54 (1996): 221-234. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. Il golfo di Keramos: dal tardo-antico al medioevo bizantino. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. La Caria bizantina: topografia, archeologia ed arte (Mylasa, Stratonikeia, Bargylia, Myndus, Halicarnassus). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2005. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. “Il cristianesimo in Caria V-VI secolo,” Acta Congressus Internationalis XIV. Archaeologiae Christianae. Ed. Reinhardt Harreither, Philippe Pergola, Renata Pillinger ve Andreas Pülz. Cittâ del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto d Archeologia Cristiana, 2006, 693-704. google scholar
  • Ruggieri, Vincenzo. “The Carians in the Byzantine Period,” Die Karer und die Anderen. Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universitat Berlin, 13. bis 15. Oktober 2005. Ed. Frank Rumscheid. Bonn: Habelt, 2018, 207-218. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. Early Christian and Byzantine Churches at Iasos in Caria: An Architectural Survey. Cittâ del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2004. google scholar Serin, Ufuk. “Some Observations on the Middle Byzantine Church outside the East Gate at Iasos,” Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche (La Parola del Passato, 60/2-6). Ed. Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Napoli: Macchiaroli Editore, 2005, 156-178. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “Karya’daki Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi Yapı ve Yerleşimleri Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler.” METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture 30/1 (2013): 191-211. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “Late Antique and Byzantine Monuments, Sites, and Settlements in the Gulf of Mandalya in the light of Recent Archaeological Evidence,” Atti del XVI Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Cristiana Roma 22-28 settembre ‘Costantino e i Costantinidi: l’innovazione costantiniana, le sue radici e i suoi sviluppi’. Ed. Olof Brandt, Gabriele Castiglia ve Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai. Cittâ del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2016, 2: 1821-1841. google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “Survey Archaeology as a Source of Data. Principles and Practice,” The Cambridge Handbook to Byzantine Archaeology. Ed. Michael J. Decker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (basım aşamasında). google scholar
  • Serin, Ufuk. “The Byzantine City in Asia Minor,” The Routledge Companion to the Byzantine City: from Justinian to Mehmet II (ca. 500- ca.1500). Ed. Nikos Bakirtzis ve Luca Zavagno. Londra; New York: Routledge (basım aşamasında). google scholar
  • Spanu, Marcello. “Iasos 2011,” 34. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 28 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2012 Çorum. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2013, 2: 445-454. google scholar
  • Spanu, Marcello. “The 2012 and 2013 Excavation and Research Campaigns at Iasos,” 36. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. 2-6 Haziran 2014 Gaziantep. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2015, 3: 575-596. google scholar
  • Sweetman, Rebecca. “Networks and Church Building in the Aegean: Crete, Cyprus, Lycia and the Peloponnese.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 2017: 1-60. google scholar
  • The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia. From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks. Ed. Philip Niewöhner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. google scholar
  • Transformations of City and Countryside in the Byzantine Period. Ed. Beate Böhlendorf-Arslan ve Robert Schick. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2020. google scholar
  • Tülek, Füsun. “Kilise Merkezli Bir Tarımsal Üretim Yerleşimi, Sazaklı,” Antik Dönemde Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent. Sempozyum Bildirileri 4-7 Nisan 2016, Mersin, Türkiye. Ed. Ümit Aydınoğlu ve Ahmet Mörel. Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Kilikia Arkeolojisini Araştırma Merkezi, 2017, 142-150. google scholar
  • Vanhaverbeke, Hannelore, Femke Martens, Marc Waelkens ve Jeroen Poblome, “Late Antiquity in the Territory of Sagalassos,” Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside. Ed. William Bowden, Luke Lavan ve Carlos Machado. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004, 247-279. google scholar
  • Vanhaverbeke, Hannelore, Athanasios K. Vionis, Jeroen Poblome ve Marc Waelkens. “What Happened after the Seventh Century? A Different Perspective on Post-Roman Rural Anatolia,” Archaeology of the Countryside in Medieval Anatolia. Ed. Tasha Vorderstrasse ve Jacob Roodenberg. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2009, 177-190. google scholar
  • Varinlioğlu, Günder. “Living in a Marginal Environment: Rural Habitat and Landscape in Southeastern Isauria.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007): 287-317. google scholar
  • Veikou, Myrto. ““Rural Towns” and “In-Between” or “Third Spaces”. Settlement Patterns in Byzantine Epirus (7th-9th Centuries) from an Interdisciplinary Approach.” Archeologia Medievale 36 (2009): 43-54. google scholar
  • Vionis, Athanasios K. “Abandonment and Revival between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions,” Before/After. Transformation, Change, and Abandonment in the Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean. Ed. Paolo Cimadoro, Rocco Palermo, Raffaella Pappalardo ve Raffaella Pierobon Benoit. Oxford: Archeopress, 2020, p. 79-95. google scholar
  • Viscogliosi, Alessandro. “Il “castello di terraferma” a Iasos. Indagini 2009.” Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria 16 (2010): 19-26. google scholar
  • Voigtlander, Walter. Teichiussa. Naherung und Wirklichkeit. Rahden in Westfalen: VML, M. Leidorf, 2004. google scholar
  • Zavagno, Luca. Cities in Transition. Urbanism in Byzantium between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (AD 500-900). Oxford: BAR, 2009. google scholar
Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sanat Tarihi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Ufuk Serin 0000-0002-7087-9204

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Serin, Ufuk. “Bizans’ta ‘Kent’ Ve ‘Kırsal’: Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Güllük (Mandalya) Körfezi”. Art-Sanat Dergisi, sy. 20 (Temmuz 2023): 531-60. https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.20.1292488.