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Martyrdom And Mass Mobilization: Qassem Soleimani Assassination In Psycho-Social Context

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 91 - 108, 20.06.2020

Öz

In recent years, psychosocial studies have become an important area of interest in the social sciences and socio-political events are tried to be analyzed through social psychology. Socio-political events have been evaluated through social learning in relation to the social context. One of the rising concepts in terms of social psychology has been the concept of martyrdom. Martyrdom has become an important phenomenon in both conflict psychology and political behavior researches. The behavior of individuals or groups who sacrificed themselves for a cause of martyrdom has begun to be examined. Accordingly, different approaches have emerged that examine the psychology of martyrdom: Psycho-pathological approach, rational choice approach, grievance/threat approach and social identity approach. In this study, martyrdom psychology has been handled in the context of social identity approach and the importance of social learning has been emphasized. The psychopathology approach has been considered to be reductionist. It has been claimed that individuals or groups have practiced martyrdom behavior by learning from their social environment. Thus, the capacity of martyrdom psychology to support not only individual but mass mobilization has been emphasized. The role of authority figures has particularly been emphasized in the social learning process. In this study, martyrdom psychology has been tried to be interpreted through Qassem Soleimani assassination. Firstly, Iranian society has been examined through the Shiite tradition and it has been emphasized how the Shiite norms, values and rules have shaped the behavior of its members historically. The social impact of Shiism has been evaluated through two case studies: Karbala Incident and 12. Imam’s Disappearance. On the other hand, the effect of Shia on behavior has been discussed through three practices: Ravza Readings, Taziya and Processions. After discussing the effect of the Shia tradition on martyrdom behavior, the effect of martyrdom psychology on mass mobilization has been examined through the Qassem Soleimani assassination. After the death of Soleimani, mobilizations both in Iran and abroad have been discussed and the mobilizing role of martyrdom has been emphasized. It has been revealed how martyrdom behavior that can affect large segments in the country increases social capital.

Kaynakça

  • Ajili H. ve Rouhi M. (2020). “Iran’s Military Strategy”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, December 2019–January 2020.
  • Arjomand S.A. (2010). The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi’ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition, November 15.
  • Bélanger, J. J. ve Caouette, J. ve Sharvit, K. ve Dugas, M. (2014). The Psychology Of Martyrdom: Making The Ultimate Sacrifice İn The Name Of A Cause”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, ss.494-515, September 2014.
  • Bradford, D.T. (1990). “Early Christian Martyrdom and the Psychology of Depression, Suicide, and Bodily Mutilation.” Psychotherapy 27, ss. 30-41.
  • Brumberg, D. (2010). “Iran and Democracy”, The Iran Premier: Power, Politics, and US Power, ed. Robin Wright, US Institute of Peace Press.
  • Brumberg D. (2001). Reinventing Khomeini The Struggle for Reform in Iran, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Davis, J. (2004). Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Durkheim, E. (1979). Suicide; A Study in Sociology, ed. George Simpson, Çev. John Spaulding ve George Simpson, The Free Press.
  • Es-semâhici A. (2013) “İmâmiyye Şîasi›nin İki Ekolü Ahbârîler ve Usûlîler Arasindaki Temel Farklar”, çev. İbrahim Kutluay, Şirnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 4 / 7, ss. 137-153.
  • Gölz O. (2019). “Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War”, BEHEMOTH; A Journal on Civilisation, Volume 12 Issue No. 1.
  • Grotto, A. (2009). “Is Iran a Martyr State?”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 1 (FALL / WINTER 2009), ss. 45-58.
  • Güss, C.D. ve Tuason T. ve Teixeira V. (2007). “A Cultural-psychological Theory of Contemporary Islamic Martyrdom.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 37 (2007): 415-445.
  • Imam Khomeini (2000) The Ashura Uprising in the Words & Messages of Imam Khomeini. Tehran: The Institute for Compilation & Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini.
  • Juneau, T. (2015). Squandered Opportunity Neoclassical Realism and Iranian Foreign Policy, Stanford University Press, Standford.
  • Kausar R. ve Ahmad M. (2019). “Ideological Foundation Of Iranian Political System: An Analytical Study Of The Vilayet-Efaqih Theory”, The Government: Research Journal of Political Science Vol. VII.
  • Khashan H. ve Mousawi I., (2007). “Hizbullah’s Jihad Concept”, Journal of Religion & Society, Volume 9.
  • Khomeini, R. (1981) November 23, 1978 - Muharram: The Triumph of Blood Over the Sword. In: Algar, H. (ed.) Islam and Revolution. Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkeley: Mizan Press, ss. 242–245.
  • Kennedy H. (2001). Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, Routledge.
  • Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. (2012). Second Definition of “Martyr”.
  • Mesudiyan A. R. (2012). Velayet-i Fakih, Hz. Mehdi Kültür Vakfı Yayınları, Kum, (Farsça).
  • Olivola, C. ve Eldar, S. (2013). “The Martyrdom Effect: When Pain and Effort Increase Prosocial Contributions.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26, ss: 91-105.
  • Post, J. ve Barchas J.D. ve and Difede J. (2010). “When Hatred is Bred in the Bone: the Social Psychology of Terrorism.” Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War 1208, ss. 15-23.
  • Rasmussen, K.B. (2009). The Foreign Policy of Iran: Ideology and pragmatism in the Islamic Republic, DIIS Brief.
  • Robertson, Michael. (2006). “Books Reconsidered: Emile Durkheim”, Le Suicide. ss. 365-368, Australasian Psychiatry 14.
  • Rogers, M.B. ve Loewenthal K. ve Lewis C.A ve Amlot R. ve Cinnirella M. ve Ansari H. (2007).“The Role of Religious Fundamentalism in Terrorist Violence: A Social Psychological Analysis.” International Review of Psychiatry 19, ss. 253-262.
  • Seliktar O. ve Rezai F. (2007). Iran, Revolution and Proxy Wars, PalGrave Macmillan.
  • Takeyh, R. (2010) The Iran-Iraq War: A Reassessment. In: Middle East Journal 64 (3), ss. 365–383.
  • Thaiss G. (1972). “Religious Symbolism and Social Change: The Drama of Husayn”, ed. Nikki R. Keddie, Scholars, Saints, and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Victoroff, J. (2005). “The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, ss. 3-42.
  • Whitehead, N. ve Nasser A. (2008) “Suicide, Violence, and Cultural Conceptions of Martyrdom in Palestine.” Social Research 75, ss. 395-416.
  • “Ardeşir Zahedi’nin Süleymani Hakkındaki Düşünceleri”, Aftab News, 10 Ocak 2020, https://aftabnews. ir/fa/news/630327/, (Farsça).
  • “Bonyan Dizel Stadyumunun “General Şehit Haci Kasim Süleymani” Olarak Yeniden Adlandirilmasi”, ISNA, 6 Ocak 2020, https://www.isna.ir/news/98101511560/, (Farsça).
  • “Esaretteki 23 Kişi”, Tebyan, 20.02.2019, https://article.tebyan. net/140654/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-23-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA, (Farsça).
  • “General Qassem Soleimani: Iran’s Regional Pointman”, France24, 3 Ocak 2020, https://www.france24. com/en/20200103-general-qassem-soleimani-iran-s-regional-pointman.
  • Judaki M.A. (2017). “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Cuma İmamlarinin İşlevleri”, IRDC, 28 Temmuz, https://bit.ly/3c4OQUU (Farsça).
  • “İran’in Popüler Cenazeleri: Nasser al-Din Shah’den Qasim Soleimani’ye”, BBC Farsça, 9 Ocak 2020, https://www.bbc.com/persian/blog-viewpoints-51035102, (Farsça).
  • “İranli Kasim Süleymani, 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişiminin Engellenmesinde Büyük Rol Oynadi İddiasi”, Euro News, 8 Ocak 2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/08/iranl-kasim-suleymani-15-temmuzdarbe-girisiminin-engellenmesinde-buyuk-rol-oynadi-iddiasi.
  • “Kültür Merkezini “Şehit Haci Kasim Süleymani Kültür Merkezi» Olarak Yeniden Adlandirmak”, Maşreg News, 5 Ocak 2020, https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1026813, (Farsça).
  • Muamuri A. (2016). “Cuma Namazi, Siyasal Şiilik ve İslam Devrimi”, BBC Farsça, 30 Nisan, https:// www.bbc.com/persian/blogs/2016/04/160416_l44_nazeran_iran_islam_fridayprayer (Farsça).
  • “Resalet Otoyolunun Uç Bölümünü Şehit Haci Kasim Süleymani Olarak Yeniden Adlandirmak”, Tabnak, 5 Ocak 2020, https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/949193, (Farsça).
  • “Sanatçilarin Haci Kasim’in Öldürülmasi Tepkileri”, Mehr News, 12 Ocak 2020, https:// www.mehrnews.com/news/4814890/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8 %B4-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF, (Farsça).
  • Sayed N. (2020). “Esmail Ghaani: Who is Qasem Soleimani Successor?”, SEE News, 3 January, https:// see.news/esmail-ghaani-who-is-qasem-soleimani-successor/.
  • “Süleymani’nin Cenazesindeki Irak Halkinin Katiliminin Rus Medyasina Yansimasi”, IRNA, 6 Ocak 2020, https://www.irna.ir, (Farsça).
  • “Şehriyar’in Ehl-i Beyt’e (AS) İçten Bağliliği”, Defa Press, 2009, https://defapress.ir/fa/news/3623 99/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%B4-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8 %B1-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B9%E2%80%8F, (Farsça).
  • Vakhshouri S. (2020). “Iran’s “Living Martyr” Was Ready To Die, But Blindsided Oil Markets Must Face New Uncertainty”, Atlantic Council, 3 January, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/ irans-living-martyr-was-ready-to-die-but-blindsided-oil-markets-must-face-new-uncertainty/.
  • “We Are Closer To You Than You Think: Gen. Soleimani to Trump”, (2018). Mehr News, 26 Temmuz, https://en.mehrnews.com/news/136088/We-are-closer-to-you-than-you-think-Gen-Soleimani-toTrump.
  • “Yetmiş ABD Şehrinde Muhalefet Protestoları”, Asriran News, 15 Ocak 2020, https://www.asriran. com/fa/news/707138, (Farsça).
  • “4 Ocak: Dünya Direniş Günü Oldu”, IRNA, 17 Ocak 2020, https://www.irna.ir/news/83624280, (Farsça).

Şehitlik ve Kitle Mobilizasyonu: Psiko-Sosyal Bağlamda Kasım Süleymani Suikastı

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 91 - 108, 20.06.2020

Öz

Bu çalışma teorik olarak şehitlik psikolojisine ve şehitlik davranışının ortaya çıkardığı sosyal mobilizizasyonlara odaklanmaktadır. Şehitlik psikolojisinin kökenlerinin sosyal bağlamla ilgili olarak sosyal kimlikle bağlantılı olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Pratik olarak ise Kasım Süleymani’nin öldürülmesi sonrası İran’da ortaya çıkan sosyal psikoloji incelenecektir. Süleymani’nin öldürülmesi sonrası ortaya çıkan bağlam, şehitliğin sosyal psikolojik koşulları açısından tartışılacaktır. İran toplumunun sahip olduğu şehitlik duygusu ve davranış pratiğinin uzun tarihsel sosyolojik bir sürecin ürünü olduğu ve Şii inancının norm, değer ve kurallarıyla birlikte gelişen bir kolektif eylem olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda, öncelikle şehitlik kavramı ve şehitlik psikolojisi teorileri ele alınacaktır. Ardından şehitliğin Şii geleneğindeki yeri ve sosyal-psikolojik değeri incelenecektir. Son olarak Kasım Süleymani’nin öldürülmesiyle birlikte kitlelerin nasıl mobilize edildiği ve sosyal sermayenin arttığı değerlendirilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Ajili H. ve Rouhi M. (2020). “Iran’s Military Strategy”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, December 2019–January 2020.
  • Arjomand S.A. (2010). The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi’ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition, November 15.
  • Bélanger, J. J. ve Caouette, J. ve Sharvit, K. ve Dugas, M. (2014). The Psychology Of Martyrdom: Making The Ultimate Sacrifice İn The Name Of A Cause”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, ss.494-515, September 2014.
  • Bradford, D.T. (1990). “Early Christian Martyrdom and the Psychology of Depression, Suicide, and Bodily Mutilation.” Psychotherapy 27, ss. 30-41.
  • Brumberg, D. (2010). “Iran and Democracy”, The Iran Premier: Power, Politics, and US Power, ed. Robin Wright, US Institute of Peace Press.
  • Brumberg D. (2001). Reinventing Khomeini The Struggle for Reform in Iran, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Davis, J. (2004). Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Durkheim, E. (1979). Suicide; A Study in Sociology, ed. George Simpson, Çev. John Spaulding ve George Simpson, The Free Press.
  • Es-semâhici A. (2013) “İmâmiyye Şîasi›nin İki Ekolü Ahbârîler ve Usûlîler Arasindaki Temel Farklar”, çev. İbrahim Kutluay, Şirnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 4 / 7, ss. 137-153.
  • Gölz O. (2019). “Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War”, BEHEMOTH; A Journal on Civilisation, Volume 12 Issue No. 1.
  • Grotto, A. (2009). “Is Iran a Martyr State?”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 1 (FALL / WINTER 2009), ss. 45-58.
  • Güss, C.D. ve Tuason T. ve Teixeira V. (2007). “A Cultural-psychological Theory of Contemporary Islamic Martyrdom.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 37 (2007): 415-445.
  • Imam Khomeini (2000) The Ashura Uprising in the Words & Messages of Imam Khomeini. Tehran: The Institute for Compilation & Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini.
  • Juneau, T. (2015). Squandered Opportunity Neoclassical Realism and Iranian Foreign Policy, Stanford University Press, Standford.
  • Kausar R. ve Ahmad M. (2019). “Ideological Foundation Of Iranian Political System: An Analytical Study Of The Vilayet-Efaqih Theory”, The Government: Research Journal of Political Science Vol. VII.
  • Khashan H. ve Mousawi I., (2007). “Hizbullah’s Jihad Concept”, Journal of Religion & Society, Volume 9.
  • Khomeini, R. (1981) November 23, 1978 - Muharram: The Triumph of Blood Over the Sword. In: Algar, H. (ed.) Islam and Revolution. Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkeley: Mizan Press, ss. 242–245.
  • Kennedy H. (2001). Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, Routledge.
  • Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. (2012). Second Definition of “Martyr”.
  • Mesudiyan A. R. (2012). Velayet-i Fakih, Hz. Mehdi Kültür Vakfı Yayınları, Kum, (Farsça).
  • Olivola, C. ve Eldar, S. (2013). “The Martyrdom Effect: When Pain and Effort Increase Prosocial Contributions.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26, ss: 91-105.
  • Post, J. ve Barchas J.D. ve and Difede J. (2010). “When Hatred is Bred in the Bone: the Social Psychology of Terrorism.” Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War 1208, ss. 15-23.
  • Rasmussen, K.B. (2009). The Foreign Policy of Iran: Ideology and pragmatism in the Islamic Republic, DIIS Brief.
  • Robertson, Michael. (2006). “Books Reconsidered: Emile Durkheim”, Le Suicide. ss. 365-368, Australasian Psychiatry 14.
  • Rogers, M.B. ve Loewenthal K. ve Lewis C.A ve Amlot R. ve Cinnirella M. ve Ansari H. (2007).“The Role of Religious Fundamentalism in Terrorist Violence: A Social Psychological Analysis.” International Review of Psychiatry 19, ss. 253-262.
  • Seliktar O. ve Rezai F. (2007). Iran, Revolution and Proxy Wars, PalGrave Macmillan.
  • Takeyh, R. (2010) The Iran-Iraq War: A Reassessment. In: Middle East Journal 64 (3), ss. 365–383.
  • Thaiss G. (1972). “Religious Symbolism and Social Change: The Drama of Husayn”, ed. Nikki R. Keddie, Scholars, Saints, and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Victoroff, J. (2005). “The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, ss. 3-42.
  • Whitehead, N. ve Nasser A. (2008) “Suicide, Violence, and Cultural Conceptions of Martyrdom in Palestine.” Social Research 75, ss. 395-416.
  • “Ardeşir Zahedi’nin Süleymani Hakkındaki Düşünceleri”, Aftab News, 10 Ocak 2020, https://aftabnews. ir/fa/news/630327/, (Farsça).
  • “Bonyan Dizel Stadyumunun “General Şehit Haci Kasim Süleymani” Olarak Yeniden Adlandirilmasi”, ISNA, 6 Ocak 2020, https://www.isna.ir/news/98101511560/, (Farsça).
  • “Esaretteki 23 Kişi”, Tebyan, 20.02.2019, https://article.tebyan. net/140654/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-23-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA, (Farsça).
  • “General Qassem Soleimani: Iran’s Regional Pointman”, France24, 3 Ocak 2020, https://www.france24. com/en/20200103-general-qassem-soleimani-iran-s-regional-pointman.
  • Judaki M.A. (2017). “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Cuma İmamlarinin İşlevleri”, IRDC, 28 Temmuz, https://bit.ly/3c4OQUU (Farsça).
  • “İran’in Popüler Cenazeleri: Nasser al-Din Shah’den Qasim Soleimani’ye”, BBC Farsça, 9 Ocak 2020, https://www.bbc.com/persian/blog-viewpoints-51035102, (Farsça).
  • “İranli Kasim Süleymani, 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişiminin Engellenmesinde Büyük Rol Oynadi İddiasi”, Euro News, 8 Ocak 2020, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/08/iranl-kasim-suleymani-15-temmuzdarbe-girisiminin-engellenmesinde-buyuk-rol-oynadi-iddiasi.
  • “Kültür Merkezini “Şehit Haci Kasim Süleymani Kültür Merkezi» Olarak Yeniden Adlandirmak”, Maşreg News, 5 Ocak 2020, https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1026813, (Farsça).
  • Muamuri A. (2016). “Cuma Namazi, Siyasal Şiilik ve İslam Devrimi”, BBC Farsça, 30 Nisan, https:// www.bbc.com/persian/blogs/2016/04/160416_l44_nazeran_iran_islam_fridayprayer (Farsça).
  • “Resalet Otoyolunun Uç Bölümünü Şehit Haci Kasim Süleymani Olarak Yeniden Adlandirmak”, Tabnak, 5 Ocak 2020, https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/949193, (Farsça).
  • “Sanatçilarin Haci Kasim’in Öldürülmasi Tepkileri”, Mehr News, 12 Ocak 2020, https:// www.mehrnews.com/news/4814890/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8 %B4-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF, (Farsça).
  • Sayed N. (2020). “Esmail Ghaani: Who is Qasem Soleimani Successor?”, SEE News, 3 January, https:// see.news/esmail-ghaani-who-is-qasem-soleimani-successor/.
  • “Süleymani’nin Cenazesindeki Irak Halkinin Katiliminin Rus Medyasina Yansimasi”, IRNA, 6 Ocak 2020, https://www.irna.ir, (Farsça).
  • “Şehriyar’in Ehl-i Beyt’e (AS) İçten Bağliliği”, Defa Press, 2009, https://defapress.ir/fa/news/3623 99/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%B4-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8 %B1-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B9%E2%80%8F, (Farsça).
  • Vakhshouri S. (2020). “Iran’s “Living Martyr” Was Ready To Die, But Blindsided Oil Markets Must Face New Uncertainty”, Atlantic Council, 3 January, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/ irans-living-martyr-was-ready-to-die-but-blindsided-oil-markets-must-face-new-uncertainty/.
  • “We Are Closer To You Than You Think: Gen. Soleimani to Trump”, (2018). Mehr News, 26 Temmuz, https://en.mehrnews.com/news/136088/We-are-closer-to-you-than-you-think-Gen-Soleimani-toTrump.
  • “Yetmiş ABD Şehrinde Muhalefet Protestoları”, Asriran News, 15 Ocak 2020, https://www.asriran. com/fa/news/707138, (Farsça).
  • “4 Ocak: Dünya Direniş Günü Oldu”, IRNA, 17 Ocak 2020, https://www.irna.ir/news/83624280, (Farsça).
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hayati Ünlü 0000-0002-2645-5930

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünlü, H. (2020). Şehitlik ve Kitle Mobilizasyonu: Psiko-Sosyal Bağlamda Kasım Süleymani Suikastı. İktisadi Ve İdari Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 2(1), 91-108.