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Examining the Effects of Oxygen Exposure on the Developing Brain Through Murine Models

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 15 - 25, 29.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10894221

Öz

Hyperoxia is one of the key players contributing preterm brain injury. Researchers typically use rodent models to pinpoint the underlying pathologic alterations in hyperoxic brain damage. When evaluating the neurological effects of neonatal hyperoxic brain injury in an experimental model, choosing the appropriate assessment techniques is crucial. The goal of this article is to review the behavioral and learning tests that can be used to determine the impact of hyperoxia on the developing brain. Injuries to the nervous system can be recovered very quickly in newborn rodents. Thus, the timing of evaluation tests are very critical. A model that is appropriate for the brain's developmental processes and accurately simulates the damage in humans should be utilized in studies on neonatal hyperoxic brain injury, and the right test should be chosen at the appropriate time. In the first twenty days, physical and motor development tests, and subsequent evaluation of damaged brain structures are relevant. The open field and forced swim tests can be used to assess the animal's locomotor activity and depressive condition, while the watermaze, passive avoidance and new object recognition tests can be used to assess cognitive abilities. In laboratory mice and rats, physical development and motor reflex development tests can be started right after birth, while learning and memory tests can be done from 4 weeks at the earliest. Correlations between motor development, behavior, memory tests, and results of cellular/ molecular studies should be made and interpreted carefully.

Kaynakça

  • Andresen, J. H., & Saugstad, O. D. (2020). Oxygen metabolism and oxygenation of the newborn. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(2), 101078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2020.101078
  • Back, S. A., Luo, N. L., Borenstein, N. S., Levine, J. M., Volpe, J. J., & Kinney, H. C. (2001). Late Oligodendrocyte Progenitors Coincide with the Developmental Window of Vulnerability for Human Perinatal White Matter Injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(4), 1302–1312. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01302.2001
  • Back, S. A., Riddle, A., & McClure, M. M. (2007). Maturation-dependent vulnerability of perinatal white matter in premature birth. Stroke, 38(2 Suppl), 724–730. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000254729.27386.05
  • Balasubramaniam, J., Xue, M., & Del Bigio, M. (2005). Long-term motor deficit following periventricular hemorrhage in neonatal rats: A potential model for human cerebral palsy. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 25(1_suppl), S242–S242. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9591524.0242
  • Bandstra, E. S., Morrow, C. E., Mansoor, E., & Accornero, V. H. (2010). Prenatal drug exposure: Infant and toddler outcomes. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550881003684871
  • Brehmer, F., Bendix, I., Prager, S., van de Looij, Y., Reinboth, B. S., Zimmermanns, J., Schlager, G. W., Brait, D., Sifringer, M., Endesfelder, S., Sizonenko, S., Mallard, C., Bührer, C., Felderhoff-Mueser, U., & Gerstner, B. (2012). Interaction of Inflammation and Hyperoxia in a Rat Model of Neonatal White Matter Damage. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e49023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049023
  • Cameron, N. M., Shahrokh, D., Del Corpo, A., Dhir, S. K., Szyf, M., Champagne, F. A., & Meaney, M. J. (2008). Epigenetic programming of phenotypic variations in reproductive strategies in the rat through maternal care. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20(6), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01725.x
  • Champagne, F. A. (2009). Nurturing nature: Social experiences and the brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 21(10), 867–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01901.x
  • Chawanpaiboon, S., Vogel, J. P., Moller, A.-B., Lumbiganon, P., Petzold, M., Hogan, D., Landoulsi, S., Jampathong, N., Kongwattanakul, K., Laopaiboon, M., Lewis, C., Rattanakanokchai, S., Teng, D. N., Thinkhamrop, J., Watananirun, K., Zhang, J., Zhou, W., & Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2019). Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: A systematic review and modelling analysis. The Lancet. Global Health, 7(1), e37–e46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0
  • Clancy, B., Finlay, B. L., Darlington, R. B., & Anand, K. J. S. (2007). Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans. Neurotoxicology, 28(5), 931–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.01.014
  • Corti, S., Nizzardo, M., Nardini, M., Donadoni, C., Salani, S., Ronchi, D., Saladino, F., Bordoni, A., Fortunato, F., Del Bo, R., Papadimitriou, D., Locatelli, F., Menozzi, G., Strazzer, S., Bresolin, N., & Comi, G. P. (2008). Neural stem cell transplantation can ameliorate the phenotype of a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(10), 3316–3330. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI35432
  • Dean, J. M., Moravec, M. D., Grafe, M., Abend, N., Ren, J., Gong, X., Volpe, J. J., Jensen, F. E., Hohimer, A. R., & Back, S. A. (2011). Strain-specific differences in perinatal rodent oligodendrocyte lineage progression and its correlation with human. Developmental Neuroscience, 33(3–4), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327242
  • DeSesso, J. M., Scialli, A. R., & Holson, J. F. (1999). Apparent lability of neural tube closure in laboratory animals and humans. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 87(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991119)87:2<143::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-j
  • Di Florio, D. N., Sin, J., Coronado, M. J., Atwal, P. S., & Fairweather, D. (2020). Sex differences in inflammation, redox biology, mitochondria and autoimmunity. Redox Biology, 31, 101482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101482
  • Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1973). Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48(10), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.48.10.757
  • Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979). Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Human Development, 3(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(79)90022-7
  • El-Khodor, B. F., Edgar, N., Chen, A., Winberg, M. L., Joyce, C., Brunner, D., Suárez-Fariñas, M., & Heyes, M. P. (2008). Identification of a battery of tests for drug candidate evaluation in the SMNDelta7 neonate model of spinal muscular atrophy. Experimental Neurology, 212(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.025
  • Eltokhi, A., Kurpiers, B., & Pitzer, C. (2020). Behavioral tests assessing neuropsychiatric phenotypes in adolescent mice reveal strain- and sex-specific effects. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 11263. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67758-0
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Yenidoğan Rodent Modellerinde Hiperoksik Beyin Hasarının Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 15 - 25, 29.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10894221

Öz

Hiperoksi, preterm beyin hasarına katkıda bulunan önemli postnatal faktörlerden biridir. Hiperoksinin neden preterm beyin dokusunda yol açtığı olduğu patolojik süreçlerin aydınlatılabilmesi için deneysel kemirgen modelleri sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu derleme, yenidoğan hiperoksik beyin hasarının değerlendirmesinde, araştırmacıların davranış ve öğrenme testleri ile ilgili seçimlerine ışık tutmayı hedeflemektedir. Yenidoğan kemirgen modellerinde, hayvanların nörolojik hasarlarından hızla iyileşme konusunda yüksek yeteneğe sahip olduğu göz ardı edilmemeli ve değerlendirme testlerinin yapılma zamanı iyi belirlenmelidir. Beynin gelişimsel süreçlerine uygun, insanlardaki hasarı daha iyi yansıtacak hayvan modeli kullanılmalı, doğru değerlendirme testi seçilmeli ve seçilen testler doğru zamanda uygulanmalıdır. Yaşamın ilk yirmi gününde fiziksel ve motor gelişim testleri kullanılmalı, daha sonraki süreçte beyin olgunlaşmasına paralel olarak davranış ve bellek testleri ile değerlendirilme yapılmalıdır. Lokomotor aktivite ve depresyon varlığı açısından açık alan testi, bilişsel işlevlerin değerlendirilmesi için yeni obje tanıma, su labirenti ve pasif kaçınma testleri seçilebilir. Motor gelişim, davranış ve bellek testleri, hücresel ve moleküler değişiklikler ile korele edilerek yorumlanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Andresen, J. H., & Saugstad, O. D. (2020). Oxygen metabolism and oxygenation of the newborn. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(2), 101078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2020.101078
  • Back, S. A., Luo, N. L., Borenstein, N. S., Levine, J. M., Volpe, J. J., & Kinney, H. C. (2001). Late Oligodendrocyte Progenitors Coincide with the Developmental Window of Vulnerability for Human Perinatal White Matter Injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(4), 1302–1312. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01302.2001
  • Back, S. A., Riddle, A., & McClure, M. M. (2007). Maturation-dependent vulnerability of perinatal white matter in premature birth. Stroke, 38(2 Suppl), 724–730. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000254729.27386.05
  • Balasubramaniam, J., Xue, M., & Del Bigio, M. (2005). Long-term motor deficit following periventricular hemorrhage in neonatal rats: A potential model for human cerebral palsy. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 25(1_suppl), S242–S242. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9591524.0242
  • Bandstra, E. S., Morrow, C. E., Mansoor, E., & Accornero, V. H. (2010). Prenatal drug exposure: Infant and toddler outcomes. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550881003684871
  • Brehmer, F., Bendix, I., Prager, S., van de Looij, Y., Reinboth, B. S., Zimmermanns, J., Schlager, G. W., Brait, D., Sifringer, M., Endesfelder, S., Sizonenko, S., Mallard, C., Bührer, C., Felderhoff-Mueser, U., & Gerstner, B. (2012). Interaction of Inflammation and Hyperoxia in a Rat Model of Neonatal White Matter Damage. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e49023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049023
  • Cameron, N. M., Shahrokh, D., Del Corpo, A., Dhir, S. K., Szyf, M., Champagne, F. A., & Meaney, M. J. (2008). Epigenetic programming of phenotypic variations in reproductive strategies in the rat through maternal care. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20(6), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01725.x
  • Champagne, F. A. (2009). Nurturing nature: Social experiences and the brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 21(10), 867–868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01901.x
  • Chawanpaiboon, S., Vogel, J. P., Moller, A.-B., Lumbiganon, P., Petzold, M., Hogan, D., Landoulsi, S., Jampathong, N., Kongwattanakul, K., Laopaiboon, M., Lewis, C., Rattanakanokchai, S., Teng, D. N., Thinkhamrop, J., Watananirun, K., Zhang, J., Zhou, W., & Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2019). Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: A systematic review and modelling analysis. The Lancet. Global Health, 7(1), e37–e46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0
  • Clancy, B., Finlay, B. L., Darlington, R. B., & Anand, K. J. S. (2007). Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans. Neurotoxicology, 28(5), 931–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.01.014
  • Corti, S., Nizzardo, M., Nardini, M., Donadoni, C., Salani, S., Ronchi, D., Saladino, F., Bordoni, A., Fortunato, F., Del Bo, R., Papadimitriou, D., Locatelli, F., Menozzi, G., Strazzer, S., Bresolin, N., & Comi, G. P. (2008). Neural stem cell transplantation can ameliorate the phenotype of a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(10), 3316–3330. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI35432
  • Dean, J. M., Moravec, M. D., Grafe, M., Abend, N., Ren, J., Gong, X., Volpe, J. J., Jensen, F. E., Hohimer, A. R., & Back, S. A. (2011). Strain-specific differences in perinatal rodent oligodendrocyte lineage progression and its correlation with human. Developmental Neuroscience, 33(3–4), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327242
  • DeSesso, J. M., Scialli, A. R., & Holson, J. F. (1999). Apparent lability of neural tube closure in laboratory animals and humans. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 87(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991119)87:2<143::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-j
  • Di Florio, D. N., Sin, J., Coronado, M. J., Atwal, P. S., & Fairweather, D. (2020). Sex differences in inflammation, redox biology, mitochondria and autoimmunity. Redox Biology, 31, 101482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101482
  • Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1973). Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48(10), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.48.10.757
  • Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979). Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Human Development, 3(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(79)90022-7
  • El-Khodor, B. F., Edgar, N., Chen, A., Winberg, M. L., Joyce, C., Brunner, D., Suárez-Fariñas, M., & Heyes, M. P. (2008). Identification of a battery of tests for drug candidate evaluation in the SMNDelta7 neonate model of spinal muscular atrophy. Experimental Neurology, 212(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.025
  • Eltokhi, A., Kurpiers, B., & Pitzer, C. (2020). Behavioral tests assessing neuropsychiatric phenotypes in adolescent mice reveal strain- and sex-specific effects. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 11263. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67758-0
  • Falsaperla, R., Giacchi, V., Saporito, M. A. N., Pavone, P., Puglisi, F., & Ruggieri, M. (2022). Pulse Oximetry Saturation (Spoxygen) Monitoring in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): The Challenge for Providers: A Systematic Review. Advances in Neonatal Care: Official Journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses, 22(3), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANC.0000000000000914
  • Farber, J. M., Shapiro, B. K., Palmer, F. B., & Capute, A. J. (1985). The diagnostic value of the neurodevelopmental examination. Clinical Pediatrics, 24(7), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992288502400701
  • Farrow, K. N., Lee, K. J., Perez, M., Schriewer, J. M., Wedgwood, S., Lakshminrusimha, S., Smith, C. L., Steinhorn, R. H., & Schumacker, P. T. (2012). Brief Hyperoxia Increases Mitochondrial Oxidation and Increases Phosphodiesterase 5 Activity in Fetal Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 17(3), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2011.4184
  • Feather-Schussler, D. N., & Ferguson, T. S. (2016). A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, 117. https://doi.org/10.3791/53569
  • Felderhoff-Mueser, U., Bittigau, P., Sifringer, M., Jarosz, B., Korobowicz, E., Mahler, L., Piening, T., Moysich, A., Grune, T., Thor, F., Heumann, R., Bührer, C., & Ikonomidou, C. (2004). Oxygen causes cell death in the developing brain. Neurobiology of Disease, 17(2), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.019
  • Fox, W. M. (1965). Reflex-ontogeny and behavioural development of the mouse. Animal Behaviour, 13(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(65)90041-2
  • Gerstner, B., DeSilva, T. M., Genz, K., Armstrong, A., Brehmer, F., Neve, R. L., Felderhoff-Mueser, U., Volpe, J. J., & Rosenberg, P. A. (2008). Hyperoxia Causes Maturation-Dependent Cell Death in the Developing White Matter. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(5), 1236–1245. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3213-07.2008
  • Giusto, K., Wanczyk, H., Jensen, T., & Finck, C. (2021). Hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Better models for better therapies. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 14(2), dmm047753. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.047753
  • Grondard, C., Biondi, O., Armand, A.-S., Lécolle, S., Della Gaspera, B., Pariset, C., Li, H., Gallien, C.-L., Vidal, P.-P., Chanoine, C., & Charbonnier, F. (2005). Regular exercise prolongs survival in a type 2 spinal muscular atrophy model mouse. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25(33), 7615–7622. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1245-05.2005
  • Hager, A. M., & Dringenberg, H. C. (2010). Training-induced plasticity in the visual cortex of adult rats following visual discrimination learning. Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 17(8), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.1787110
  • Heyser, C. J. (2003). Assessment of Developmental Milestones in Rodents. Current Protocols in Neuroscience, 25(1), 8.18.1-8.18.15. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0818s25
  • Hill, J. M., Lim, M. A., & Stone, M. M. (2008). Developmental Milestones in the Newborn Mouse. In I. Gozes (Ed.), Neuropeptide Techniques (pp. 131–149). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-099-1_10
  • Kwak, D. J., Kwak, S. D., & Gauda, E. B. (2006). The effect of hyperoxia on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rat petrosal ganglion neurons during development using organotypic slices. Pediatric Research, 60(4), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000239817.39407.61
  • Lubics, A., Reglodi, D., Tamás, A., Kiss, P., Szalai, M., Szalontay, L., & Lengvári, I. (2005). Neurological reflexes and early motor behavior in rats subjected to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Behavioural Brain Research, 157(1), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.06.019
  • Lueptow, L. M. (2017). Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE, 126, 55718. https://doi.org/10.3791/55718
  • Micili, S. C., Engür, D., Genc, S., Ercan, I., Soy, S., Baysal, B., & Kumral, A. (2020). Oxygen exposure in early life activates NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse brain. Neuroscience Letters, 738, 135389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135389
  • Perrone, S., Bracciali, C., Di Virgilio, N., & Buonocore, G. (2017). Oxygen Use in Neonatal Care: A Two-edged Sword. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 4, 143. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2016.00143
  • Reich, B., Hoeber, D., Bendix, I., & Felderhoff-Mueser, U. (2016). Hyperoxia and the Immature Brain. Developmental Neuroscience, 38(5), 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454917
  • Rice, D., & Barone, S. (2000). Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 Suppl 3, 511–533. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s3511
  • Rogan, M. T., Stäubli, U. V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997). Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala. Nature, 390(6660), 604–607. https://doi.org/10.1038/37601
  • Saugstad, O. D., Kapadia, V., & Oei, J. L. (2021). Oxygen in the First Minutes of Life in Very Preterm Infants. Neonatology, 118(2), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516261
  • Seibenhener, M. L., & Wooten, M. C. (2015). Use of the Open Field Maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE, 96, e52434–e52434. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.3791/52434
  • Semple, B. D., Blomgren, K., Gimlin, K., Ferriero, D. M., & Noble-Haeusslein, L. J. (2013). Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species. Progress in Neurobiology, 106–107, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001
  • Serdar, M., Herz, J., Kempe, K., Lumpe, K., Reinboth, B. S., Sizonenko, S. V., Hou, X., Herrmann, R., Hadamitzky, M., Heumann, R., Hansen, W., Sifringer, M., van de Looij, Y., Felderhoff-Müser, U., & Bendix, I. (2016). Fingolimod protects against neonatal white matter damage and long-term cognitive deficits caused by hyperoxia. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 52, 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.004
  • Stiles, J., & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4
  • Tucker, A. M., Aquilina, K., Chakkarapani, E., Hobbs, C. E., & Thoresen, M. (2009). Development of Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography and Interburst Interval in the Rat. Pediatric Research, 65(1), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181891316
  • van Zanten, H. A., Tan, R. N. G. B., Thio, M., de Man-van Ginkel, J. M., van Zwet, E. W., Lopriore, E., & te Pas, A. B. (2014). The risk for hyperoxaemia after apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 99(4), F269-273. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305745
  • Venerosi, A., Ricceri, L., Scattoni, M. L., & Calamandrei, G. (2009). Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure alters motor behavior and ultrasonic vocalization in CD-1 mouse pups. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 8, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-12
  • Williams, E., & Scott, J. P. (1954). The development of Social Behavior Patterns in the Mouse, in Relation to Natural Periods 1. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853954X00031
  • Wiltgen, B. J., Sanders, M. J., Anagnostaras, S. G., Sage, J. R., & Fanselow, M. S. (2006). Context Fear Learning in the Absence of the Hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(20), 5484–5491. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2685-05.2006
  • Zafeiriou, D. I. (2004). Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatric Neurology, 31(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.01.012
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hayvan Biyoteknolojisi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Canberk Yılmaz 0000-0002-0049-7614

Defne Engür 0000-0003-0405-085X

Abdullah Kumral 0000-0003-0004-1761

Osman Yılmaz 0000-0001-7817-7576

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Yılmaz C, Engür D, Kumral A, Yılmaz O (01 Mart 2024) Examining the Effects of Oxygen Exposure on the Developing Brain Through Murine Models. Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bilimi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi 4 1 15–25.

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