Araştırma Makalesi
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Kovid-19 Pandemisi Sırasında Türkiye Ekonomisinin Dayanıklılığını 2050 Öngörüleriyle Değerlendirmek

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 38 - 49, 30.12.2022

Öz

Bu makale, Türkiye'nin 2050 reel GSYİH tahminlerini, pandemi öncesinde 2019'un sonuna kadar ve pandemi sırasında (2021'in sonuna kadar) tarihsel veriler ile spektral analiz kullanarak sunmaktadır. Makalenin amacı, 2020, 2021'de küresel ekonomiyi vuran ve 2022'ye yayılan Covid-19 pandemisinden kaynaklanan ekonomik şokun ardından Türkiye ekonomisinin direncini değerlendirmektir. Türkiye'nin 2050 tahminleri, Euro bölgesi (19 ülke)'nin 2050 GSYİH tahminleriyle kıyaslanmaktadır. Üç aylık Reel GSYİH büyüme oranları zaman serileri, tek boyutlu ayrık dalgacık analizi çerçevesinde, tahminler ve ayrıntılar olarak bilinen basit sinyallere ayrıştırılır. Sonuçlar, 2019'un ikinci çeyreği ile 2021'in dördüncü çeyreği arasında, Euro bölgesi ekonomisinin (19 ülke) üç aylık Reel GSYİH büyüme oranının (yıllıklandırılmış) çoğu zaman Türkiye'nin altında olduğunu ve Euro için ortalama %0,94 büyüme oranı olduğunu gösteriyor. Türkiye için bu oran %6.57'dir. Bu nedenle Türkiye, Covid-19 salgını sırasında Euro bölgesine göre daha dirençliydi. Sonuç olarak, yazarlar Türk ekonomik ve siyasi liderlerini son ekonomik gelişmeler ışığında Avrupa Birliği'ne katılmayı yeniden düşünmeye davet etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Baillie, R., & Bollerslev, T. (1992). Prediction in Dynamic Models with Time-Dependent Conditional Variances. Journal of Econometrics, 52(9), 1-113.
  • Berger, T. (2016). A wavelet analysis: Forecasting based on decomposed financial return series. Journal of Forecasting, 35(5), 419-433. doi:10.1002/for.2384
  • Box, G.E.P., & Jenkins, G.M. (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Revised Edition. San Francisco, CA: Holden Day.
  • Box, G.E.P., Jenkins, G.M., & Reinsel, G.C. (1994). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  • Burg, J.P. (1975). Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis. Retrieved from https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/153574514?q&versionId=167368805
  • Çakmaklı, C., Demiralp, S., Yeşiltaş, S., & Yıldırım, M.A. (2021). An Evaluation of the Turkish Economy during COVID-19. Centre for Applied Turkey Studies (Cats), Working Paper No. 1. Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/arbeitspapiere/CATS__Working_Paper_Nr_1_2021_Cakmakli_Demiralp_Yesiltas_Yildirim.pdf
  • Conejo, A.J., Plazas, M.A., Espinola, R., & Molina, A.B. (2005). Day-ahead electricity price forecasting using the wavelet transform and ARIMA models. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 20(2), 1035-1042. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2005.846054
  • Corinthios, M. (2009). Signals, Systems, Transforms, and Digital Signal Processing with MATLAB. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press.
  • Daubechies, I. (1994). Ten lectures on wavelets. CBMS, SIAM, 61, 198-202 and 254-256.
  • Diebold, F., & Li, C. (2006). Forecasting the term structure of government bond yields. Journal of Econometrics, 130, 337–364.
  • Durbin, J. (1960). The fitting of time series models. Revue de l'Institut International de Statistique, 28, 233-44.
  • ECB Economic Bulletin (2020). The COVID-19 crisis and its implications for fiscal policies. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2020/html/ecb.ebbox202004_07~145cc90654.en.html
  • European Commission (2021). Press Release, EU continues supporting education of refugees and addressing migration in Turkey with additional €560 million. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_6931
  • European Commission (2022). European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, Turkey. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/turkey-0_en
  • Eurostat (2022). Inflation in the euro area. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Inflation_in_the_euro_area
  • FHI (2019). Overview of Economic Forecasting Methods. Retrieved from http://www.fhi.sk/files/katedry/kove/predmety/Prognosticke_modely/Methods_basics.pdf
  • Graps, A. (1995). An Introduction to Wavelets. IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 2(2). Retrieved from https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~amer/CISC651/IEEEwavelet.pdf
  • He, K., Wang, L., Zou, Y., & Lai, K. (2014) Exchange rate forecasting using entropy optimized multivariate wavelet denoising model. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2014/389598
  • IEEE (2019). IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=78
  • Kao, L., Chiu, C., Lu, C., & Chang, C. (2013). A hybrid approach by integrating wavelet-based feature extraction with MARS and SVR for stock index forecasting. Decision Support Systems, 54(3), 1228-1244. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.11.012
  • Kriechbaumer, T., Angus, A., Parsons, D., & Casado, M. (2014). An improved wavelet-ARIMA approach for forecasting metal prices. Resources Policy, 39, 32-41. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.10.005
  • Lee, D.T.L., & Yamamoto, A. (1994). Wavelet Analysis, theory and applications. Hewlett-Packard Journal, 44-52.
  • Levinson, N. (1946). The Wiener RMS (root mean square) error criterion in filter design and prediction. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 25, 261-78.
  • Mandavilli, A. (2021). Vaccine Effectiveness Against Infection May Wane, C.D.C. Studies Find. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/18/health/covid-cdc-boosters-elderly.html
  • Mallat S. (2009) A wavelet tour of signal processing, Second edition. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Misiti, M., Misiti, Y., Oppenheim, G., & Poggi, J.M. (2015). Wavelet Toolbox for Use with MATLAB, User's guide. Natick, MA: The MathWorks.
  • OECD (2019). Real GDP long-term forecast, Million US dollars, 2020 – 2060. OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections: Long-term baseline projections, 103. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm#indicator-chart
  • Ortega, L., & Khashanah, K. (2014). A Neuro wavelet model for the Short Term forecasting of High Frequency time series of stock returns. Journal of Forecasting, 33(2), 134-146. doi:10.1002/for.2270
  • Renaud, O., Starck, J.L., & Murtagh, F. (2002). Wavelet-based Forecasting Short and Long Memory Time Series. Cahiers du departement d’econometrie, Universite de Geneve, 4.
  • Rostan, P., Belhachemi, R., & Rostan, A. (2015). Appraising the financial sustainability of a pension system with signal processing. Studies of Applied Economics, 33(3), 801-816, doi: https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v33i3.3134, Retrieved from https://ojs.ual.es/ojs/index.php/eea/article/view/3134
  • Rostan, P., Belhachemi, R., & Racicot, F.E. (2017). Forecasting the yield curve with the Burg model. Journal of Forecasting, 36(1), 91-99, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/for.2416, Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/for.2416
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2017). Population Projections and Pension System Sustainability. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN978-620-2-06479-8
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018a). The versatility of spectrum analysis for forecasting financial time series. Journal of Forecasting, 37(3), 327-339.
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018b). Will Saudi Arabia Get Older? Will its pension system be sustainable? Spectral Answers. PSU Research Review, 2(3), doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-12-2017-0045, Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/PRR-12-2017-0045
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018c) Forecasting Spanish nominal and real GDPs with Spectral Analysis. Estudios De Economía Aplicada, 36(1), 217-234, Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6283924
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018d). Where is Greek’s Economy Heading? International Journal of Management and Applied Science (IJMAS), 4(3), 28-31, Retrieved from http://ijmas.iraj.in/paper_detail.php?paper_id=11490&name=Where_is_Greece%E2%80%99s_Economy_Heading?_A_Spectral_Perspective
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2019). When will European Muslim Population be majority and in which country. PSU Research Review, 3(2), doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-0034, Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-0034/full/html
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2020). Where is Austria’s Economy Heading? Economic and Business Review, 22(1), 105-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.15458/ebr97, Retrieved from https://www.ebrjournal.net/uploads/ebr/public/document/13-ebr_221_d_rostan_barvni_en.pdf
  • Rostan, P. & Rostan A. (2021a). Where are fossil fuels prices heading? International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 15(2), 309-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-07-2019-0009, Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJESM-07-2019-0009/full/html
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2021b). Where is Saudi Arabia’s Economy Heading? International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(8), 2009-2033. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2018-0447), Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2018-0447/full/html
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2022). 2050 Projections of the Persian Gulf Economies. Iranian Economic Review, 26(2), 269-288. doi: 10.22059/ier.2022.88164, Retrieved from https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_88164.html
  • Schlüter, S., & Deuschle, C. (2010). Using wavelets for time series forecasting: Does it pay off? (No. 04/2010). IWQW Discussion Papers.
  • Statista (2022). Annual gross domestic product growth rate forecast in selected European countries in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/686147/gdp-growth-europe/
  • Stoica, P., & Moses, R. (2005). Spectral Analysis of Signals. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
  • Tan, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, J., & Xu, J. (2010). Day-ahead electricity price forecasting using wavelet transform combined with ARIMA and GARCH models. Applied Energy, 87(11), 3606-3610. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.05.012
  • Trading Economics (2022a). Turkey Inflation Rate. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/inflation-cpi
  • Trading Economics (2022b). Turkish Lira. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/currency
  • Turkstat Corporate (2022). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2021. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Quarterly-Gross-Domestic-Product-Quarter-IV:-October-December,-2021-45548&dil=2
  • Valens, C. (1999). A Really Friendly Guide to Wavelets. Retrieved from http://agl.cs.unm.edu/~williams/cs530/arfgtw.pdf
  • Wavelet.org (2019). Wavelet Basics. Retrieved from http://www.wavelet.org/tutorial/wbasic.htm
  • World Bank (2021). Turkey Economic Monitor, April 2021: Navigating the Waves, Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35497
  • Worldometers (2022). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

Assessing the Resilience of Turkey’s Economy during the Covid-19 Pandemic with its 2050 Projections

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 38 - 49, 30.12.2022

Öz

This paper presents Turkey’s 2050 real GDP forecasts using historical data before the pandemic up to the end of 2019 and during the pandemic (up to the end of 2021) using spectral analysis. The objective of the paper is to assess the resilience of Turkey’s economy following the economic shock from the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the global economy in 2020, 2021 and extending in 2022. The Turkey
2050 forecasts are benchmarked to the 2050 GDP forecasts of the Euro Area (19 countries). The quarterly Real GDPs growth rates time series are decomposed into simple signals known as approximations and details within the framework of the one-dimensional discrete wavelet analysis. The simplified signals are then recomposed with Burg extension. The results show that between Q2 2019 and Q4 2021, the quarterly Real GDP growth rate (annualized) of the Euro area economy (19 countries) was most of the time below the one of Turkey with an average growth rate of 0.94% for the Euro area versus 6.57% for Turkey. Therefore, Turkey was more resilient during the Covid-19 pandemic than the Euro area. Using the 2022-2050 forecasts of both economies, by subtracting the 2022-2050 average Euro area quarterly growth rate forecast (annualized) obtained with the 1998-2021 data, +2%, by the one obtained with the 1998-2019 data, +1.03%, the difference is +0.97%, when with Turkey the difference is +2.30% [0.12% - (-2.17%)]. Thus, Turkey shows a higher resilience to the Covid-19 pandemic (+2.30%) than the Euro area (+0.97%) based on 2022-2050 forecasts. However, the authors pointed out that the average of the 2022-2050 quarterly (annualized) growth rate forecast of the Euro area is expected to be +2.00% with the 1998-2021 data whereas it is expected to be only +0.12% for Turkey. In conclusion, the authors invite Turkish economic and political leaders to reconsider joining the European Union in the light of recent economic developments.

Kaynakça

  • Baillie, R., & Bollerslev, T. (1992). Prediction in Dynamic Models with Time-Dependent Conditional Variances. Journal of Econometrics, 52(9), 1-113.
  • Berger, T. (2016). A wavelet analysis: Forecasting based on decomposed financial return series. Journal of Forecasting, 35(5), 419-433. doi:10.1002/for.2384
  • Box, G.E.P., & Jenkins, G.M. (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Revised Edition. San Francisco, CA: Holden Day.
  • Box, G.E.P., Jenkins, G.M., & Reinsel, G.C. (1994). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  • Burg, J.P. (1975). Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis. Retrieved from https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/153574514?q&versionId=167368805
  • Çakmaklı, C., Demiralp, S., Yeşiltaş, S., & Yıldırım, M.A. (2021). An Evaluation of the Turkish Economy during COVID-19. Centre for Applied Turkey Studies (Cats), Working Paper No. 1. Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/arbeitspapiere/CATS__Working_Paper_Nr_1_2021_Cakmakli_Demiralp_Yesiltas_Yildirim.pdf
  • Conejo, A.J., Plazas, M.A., Espinola, R., & Molina, A.B. (2005). Day-ahead electricity price forecasting using the wavelet transform and ARIMA models. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 20(2), 1035-1042. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2005.846054
  • Corinthios, M. (2009). Signals, Systems, Transforms, and Digital Signal Processing with MATLAB. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press.
  • Daubechies, I. (1994). Ten lectures on wavelets. CBMS, SIAM, 61, 198-202 and 254-256.
  • Diebold, F., & Li, C. (2006). Forecasting the term structure of government bond yields. Journal of Econometrics, 130, 337–364.
  • Durbin, J. (1960). The fitting of time series models. Revue de l'Institut International de Statistique, 28, 233-44.
  • ECB Economic Bulletin (2020). The COVID-19 crisis and its implications for fiscal policies. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2020/html/ecb.ebbox202004_07~145cc90654.en.html
  • European Commission (2021). Press Release, EU continues supporting education of refugees and addressing migration in Turkey with additional €560 million. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_6931
  • European Commission (2022). European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, Turkey. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/turkey-0_en
  • Eurostat (2022). Inflation in the euro area. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Inflation_in_the_euro_area
  • FHI (2019). Overview of Economic Forecasting Methods. Retrieved from http://www.fhi.sk/files/katedry/kove/predmety/Prognosticke_modely/Methods_basics.pdf
  • Graps, A. (1995). An Introduction to Wavelets. IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 2(2). Retrieved from https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~amer/CISC651/IEEEwavelet.pdf
  • He, K., Wang, L., Zou, Y., & Lai, K. (2014) Exchange rate forecasting using entropy optimized multivariate wavelet denoising model. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2014/389598
  • IEEE (2019). IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=78
  • Kao, L., Chiu, C., Lu, C., & Chang, C. (2013). A hybrid approach by integrating wavelet-based feature extraction with MARS and SVR for stock index forecasting. Decision Support Systems, 54(3), 1228-1244. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.11.012
  • Kriechbaumer, T., Angus, A., Parsons, D., & Casado, M. (2014). An improved wavelet-ARIMA approach for forecasting metal prices. Resources Policy, 39, 32-41. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.10.005
  • Lee, D.T.L., & Yamamoto, A. (1994). Wavelet Analysis, theory and applications. Hewlett-Packard Journal, 44-52.
  • Levinson, N. (1946). The Wiener RMS (root mean square) error criterion in filter design and prediction. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 25, 261-78.
  • Mandavilli, A. (2021). Vaccine Effectiveness Against Infection May Wane, C.D.C. Studies Find. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/18/health/covid-cdc-boosters-elderly.html
  • Mallat S. (2009) A wavelet tour of signal processing, Second edition. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Misiti, M., Misiti, Y., Oppenheim, G., & Poggi, J.M. (2015). Wavelet Toolbox for Use with MATLAB, User's guide. Natick, MA: The MathWorks.
  • OECD (2019). Real GDP long-term forecast, Million US dollars, 2020 – 2060. OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections: Long-term baseline projections, 103. Retrieved from https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm#indicator-chart
  • Ortega, L., & Khashanah, K. (2014). A Neuro wavelet model for the Short Term forecasting of High Frequency time series of stock returns. Journal of Forecasting, 33(2), 134-146. doi:10.1002/for.2270
  • Renaud, O., Starck, J.L., & Murtagh, F. (2002). Wavelet-based Forecasting Short and Long Memory Time Series. Cahiers du departement d’econometrie, Universite de Geneve, 4.
  • Rostan, P., Belhachemi, R., & Rostan, A. (2015). Appraising the financial sustainability of a pension system with signal processing. Studies of Applied Economics, 33(3), 801-816, doi: https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v33i3.3134, Retrieved from https://ojs.ual.es/ojs/index.php/eea/article/view/3134
  • Rostan, P., Belhachemi, R., & Racicot, F.E. (2017). Forecasting the yield curve with the Burg model. Journal of Forecasting, 36(1), 91-99, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/for.2416, Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/for.2416
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2017). Population Projections and Pension System Sustainability. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN978-620-2-06479-8
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018a). The versatility of spectrum analysis for forecasting financial time series. Journal of Forecasting, 37(3), 327-339.
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018b). Will Saudi Arabia Get Older? Will its pension system be sustainable? Spectral Answers. PSU Research Review, 2(3), doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-12-2017-0045, Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/PRR-12-2017-0045
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018c) Forecasting Spanish nominal and real GDPs with Spectral Analysis. Estudios De Economía Aplicada, 36(1), 217-234, Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6283924
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2018d). Where is Greek’s Economy Heading? International Journal of Management and Applied Science (IJMAS), 4(3), 28-31, Retrieved from http://ijmas.iraj.in/paper_detail.php?paper_id=11490&name=Where_is_Greece%E2%80%99s_Economy_Heading?_A_Spectral_Perspective
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2019). When will European Muslim Population be majority and in which country. PSU Research Review, 3(2), doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-0034, Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-0034/full/html
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2020). Where is Austria’s Economy Heading? Economic and Business Review, 22(1), 105-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.15458/ebr97, Retrieved from https://www.ebrjournal.net/uploads/ebr/public/document/13-ebr_221_d_rostan_barvni_en.pdf
  • Rostan, P. & Rostan A. (2021a). Where are fossil fuels prices heading? International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 15(2), 309-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-07-2019-0009, Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJESM-07-2019-0009/full/html
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2021b). Where is Saudi Arabia’s Economy Heading? International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(8), 2009-2033. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2018-0447), Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2018-0447/full/html
  • Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2022). 2050 Projections of the Persian Gulf Economies. Iranian Economic Review, 26(2), 269-288. doi: 10.22059/ier.2022.88164, Retrieved from https://ier.ut.ac.ir/article_88164.html
  • Schlüter, S., & Deuschle, C. (2010). Using wavelets for time series forecasting: Does it pay off? (No. 04/2010). IWQW Discussion Papers.
  • Statista (2022). Annual gross domestic product growth rate forecast in selected European countries in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/686147/gdp-growth-europe/
  • Stoica, P., & Moses, R. (2005). Spectral Analysis of Signals. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
  • Tan, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, J., & Xu, J. (2010). Day-ahead electricity price forecasting using wavelet transform combined with ARIMA and GARCH models. Applied Energy, 87(11), 3606-3610. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.05.012
  • Trading Economics (2022a). Turkey Inflation Rate. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/inflation-cpi
  • Trading Economics (2022b). Turkish Lira. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/currency
  • Turkstat Corporate (2022). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2021. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Quarterly-Gross-Domestic-Product-Quarter-IV:-October-December,-2021-45548&dil=2
  • Valens, C. (1999). A Really Friendly Guide to Wavelets. Retrieved from http://agl.cs.unm.edu/~williams/cs530/arfgtw.pdf
  • Wavelet.org (2019). Wavelet Basics. Retrieved from http://www.wavelet.org/tutorial/wbasic.htm
  • World Bank (2021). Turkey Economic Monitor, April 2021: Navigating the Waves, Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35497
  • Worldometers (2022). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Pierre Rostan 0000-0003-1046-0214

Alexandra Rostan Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8204-1361

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Rostan, P., & Rostan, A. (2022). Assessing the Resilience of Turkey’s Economy during the Covid-19 Pandemic with its 2050 Projections. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(2), 38-49.

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