BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 30.03.2017

Öz

İnsan
Pegivirüsü (HPgV; eskiden GB virus C/hepatitis G virus olarak adlandırılmıştır)
Flaviviridae ailesi  içerisinde sınıflandırılan bir RNA virüsüdür.
HPgV, Hepatit C virüsüne (HCV) benzer şekilde tek sarmal pozitif iplikçikli RNA
genomuna sahiptir. Dünya genelinde 750 milyon kişinim aktif olarak enfekte
olduğu, 750 milyon-1.5 milyar arasında kişinin ise enfeksiyondan etkilenmiş
olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
Karaciğer
biyopsilerinde HPgV RNA’sı saptanmış olmakla birlikte hepatitle ilişkisi
bulunmamıştır.
Dalak, kemik iliği,
serebraspinal sıvısı (CSF), PBMC, T ve B lenfositlerde de virüs saptanmıştır.
Persistan enfeksiyonların %25’i kalıcı hale gelmekte,  %75’inde ise enfeksiyonun 2 yılı içinde
viremi sonlanmaktadır. Ayrıca HPgV viremisinin oranı, kanla ya da cinsel yolla
bulaşan enfeksiyonlara sahip insanlar arasında daha yüksektir. HPgV bulaşı,
enfekte kana maruziyet, cinsel maruziyet veya anneden bebeğe geçiş ile
olmaktadır. HPgV’nin herhangi bir insan hastalığı nedeni olduğu kanıtlanmamış
olmasına rağmen; bazı çalışmalarda HPgV viremisi ile non-Hodgkin lenfoma
riskinin artışı arasında bir ilişki olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu derlemede HPgV
ile ilgili mevcut verilerin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Gower E, Estes C, Blach S, Razavi-Shearer K, Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2014; 61(1): 45-57.
  • 2. Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16(11): 757-68.
  • 3. Berg MG, Lee D, Coller K, Frankel M, Aronsohn A, Cheng K, et al. Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11(12): e1005325. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005325.
  • 4. Adams MJ, King AMQ, Carstens EB. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013). Archives of virology 2013; 158: 2023-2030.

  • 5. Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P. The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 2011; 92(2): 233-46.
  • 6. Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 96(7): 1521-32.
  • 7. Zeisel MB, Felmlee DJ, Baumert TF. Hepatitis C virus entry. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 369: 87-112.
  • 8. Agnello V, Abel G, Elfahal M, Knight GB, Zhang QX. Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999; 96: 12766-12771.
  • 9. Wunschmann S, Medh JD, Klinzmann D, Schmidt WN, Stapleton JT. Characterization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV E2 interactions with CD81 and the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Journal of virology 2000; 74: 10055-10062.
  • 10. Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang JH, Landay AL, Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. GB Virus C Particles Inhibit T Cell Activation via Envelope E2 Protein-Mediated Inhibition of TCR Signaling. Journal of immunology 2013; 190: 6351-6359.
  • 11. Wunschmann S, Muller HM, Stipp CS, Hemler ME, Stapleton JT. In vitro interaction between hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 and serum lipoproteins (LPs) results in enhanced cellular binding of both HCV E2 and LPs. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006; 194: 1058-1067.
  • 12. Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, Rydze RT, Winters MA, Holodniy M, Stapleton JT. Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. J Gen Virol 2014; 95(6): 1307-19.
  • 13. Fan X, Xu Y, Solomon H, Ramrakhiani S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Di Bisceglie AM. Is hepatitis G/GB virus-C virus hepatotropic? Detection of hepatitis G/GB virus-C viral RNA in liver and serum. Journal of medical virology 1999; 58: 160-164.
  • 14. Berg T, Muller AR, Platz KP, Hohne M, Bechstein WO, Hopf U, et al. Dynamics of GB virus C viremia early after orthotopic liver transplantation indicates extrahepatic tissues as the predominant site of GB virus C replication. Hepatology 1999; 29: 245-249.
  • 15. Laskus, T., Radkowski, M., Wang, L. F., Vargas, H. & Rakela, J. (1997). Lack of evidence for hepatitis G virus replication in the livers of patients coinfected with hepatitis C and G viruses. J Virol 1997; 71: 7804– 7806.
  • 16. Kisiel E, Cortez KC, Pawełczyk A, Os ́ ko IB, Kubisa N, et al. Hepatitis G virus/GBV-C in serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow in patients with hematological malignancies. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 19: 195–199.
  • 17. Rydze RT, Bhattarai N. & Stapleton JT. GB virus C infection is associated with a reduced rate of reactivation of latent HIV and protection against activation-induced T-cell death. Antivir Ther 2012; 17: 1271–1279.
  • 18. Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Landay AL, Chivero ET & Stapleton JT. GB virus C particles inhibit T cell activation via envelope E2 protein-mediated inhibition of TCR signaling. J Immunol 2013; 190: 6351–6359.
  • 19. Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. Journal of viral hepatitis 2009; 16: 757-768.
  • 20. Okamoto H. History of Discoveries and Pathogenicity of TT Viruses. Tt Viruses - the Still Elusive Human Pathogens 2009; 331: 1-20.
  • 21. Supapol WB, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, et al. Mother-to-Child Transmission of GB Virus C in a Cohort of Women Coinfected with GB Virus C and HIV in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009; 200: 227-235.
  • 22. Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT. GB virus C: the good boy virus? Trends Microbiol 
2012; 20: 124-130.
  • 23. Giannoulis E, Economopoulos T, Mandraveli K, Giannoulis K, Nikolaides C, Zervou E, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis G virus infection in patients with B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas in Greece: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Acta haematologica 2004; 112:189-193.
  • 24. Krajden M, Yu A, Braybrook H, Lai AS, Mak A, Chow R, et al. GBV-C/hepatitis G virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case control study. International journal of cancer 2010; 126: 2885-2892.
  • 25. Chang C, Stapleton JT, Klinzman D, McLinden J, Purdue MP, Katki HA, et al. GBV-C infection and risk of NHL among U.S. adults. Cancer research 2014.
  • 26. Nunnari G, Nigro L, Palermo F, Attanasio M, Berger A, Doerr HW, et al. Slower progression of HIV-1 infection in persons with GB virus C co-infection correlates with an intact T-Helper 1 cytokine profile. Annals of internal medicine 2003; 139: 26-30.
  • 27. Williams CF, Klinzman D, Yamashita TE, Xiang J, Polgreen PM, Rinaldo C, Liu C, Phair J, Margolick JB, Zdunek D, Hess G, Stapleton JT. Persistent GB virus C infection and survival in HIV-infected men. The New England journal of medicine 2004; 350: 981-990.
  • 28. Vahidnia F, Petersen M, Stapleton JT, Rutherford GW, Busch M, Custer B. Acquisition of GB virus type C and lower mortality in patients with advanced HIV disease. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2012; 55:1012-1019.
  • 29. Kallinowski B, Ahmedi R, Seipp S, Bommcr J, Stremmel W. Clinical impact of GB-C virus in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 93-98.
  • 30. Sheng L, Widyastati K, Kosala H et al. High prevalence of a hepatitis virus infection compared with hepatitis C virus in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 218-223.
  • 31. Yavuz M, Ersoy A, Güllülü M ve ark. Sürekli Ayaktan Periton Diyalizi (SAPD) Hastalarında Hepatit B ve Hepatit C Prevalansı ve Risk Faktörleri: Bir SAPD Ünitesinin 6 Yıllık Verileri. Bursa Devlet Hastanesi Bülteni 2000; 16(1): 43-46.
  • 32. Tacke M, Kiyosawa K, Strak K, et al. Detection of antibodies to a putative hepatitis G virus envelope protein. Lancet 1997; 349: 318-20.
  • 33. Stark K, Bienzie U, Hess G, Engel AM, Hegenscheid B, Schlüter V. Detection of hepatitis G virus genome among injecting drug users, homosexual and bisexual men, and blood donors. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1320-3.
  • 34. Tribl B, Oesterreicher C, Pohanka E et al. GBV-C/HGV in hemodialysis patients: Anti-E2 antibodies and GBV-C/RNA in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 212-216.
  • 35. Keck ZY, Angus AG, Wang W, Lau P, Wang Y, Gatherer D, et al. Non-random escape pathways from a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody map to a highly conserved region on the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein encompassing amino acids. Plos Pathog 2014; 412-423.
  • 36. Burke KP, Cox AL. Hepatitis C virus evasion of adaptive immune responses: a model for viral persistence. Immunologic research 2010; 47: 216-227.
  • 37. Stapleton JT, Chaloner K, Martenson JA, Zhang JY, Klinzman D, Xiang JH, et al. GB Virus C Infection Is Associated with Altered Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Reduced T Cell Activation and Proliferation in HIV-Infected Individuals. Plos One 7. 
2012.
  • 38. Gomara MJ, Fernandez L, Perez T, Ercilla G, Haro I. Assessment of synthetic chimeric multiple antigenic peptides for diagnosis of GB virus C infection. Anal Biochem 2010; 396: 51–58.
  • 39. Schwarze-Zander C, Blackard JT, Zheng H, Addo MM, Lin W, Robbins GK, et al. GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in hepatitis C virus (HCV)/ HIV-coinfected patients receiving HCV treatment: importance of the GBV-C genotype. J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 410–419.
  • 40. McLinden JH, Kaufman TM, Xiang J, Chang Q, Klinzman D, Engel AM, et al. Characterization of an immunodominant antigenic site on GB virus C glycoprotein E2 that is involved in cell binding. J Virol 2006; 80: 12131–12140.
  • 41. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S, Wong D, Engle R, Lesniewski RR, et al. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 1992; 258: 135–140.
  • 42. Adams NJ, Prescott LE, Jarvis LM, Lewis JCM, McClure MO, Smith DB et al. Detection in chimpanzees of a novel flavivirus related to GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus. J Gen Virol 1998; 79: 1871–1877.
  • 43. Bukh J, Kim JP, Govindarajan S, Apgar CL, Foung SK, Wages J, et al. Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis G virus and genetic analysis of the virus. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 855–862.
  • 44. Bukh J, Apgar CL, Govindarajan S, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Failure to infect rhesus monkeys with hepatitis C virus strains of genotypes 1a, 2a or 3a. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8: 228–231.
  • 45. Bukh J, Engle RE, Govindarajan S, Purcell RH. Immunity against the GBV-B hepatitis virus in tamarins can prevent productive infection following rechallenge and is long-lived. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 87–94.
  • 46. Bukh, J, Apgar CL. Five new or recently discovered (GBV- A) virus species are indigenous to New World monkeys and may constitute a separate genus of the Flaviviridae. Virology 1997; 229: 429–436.
  • 47. Bukh J, Apgar CL, Govindarajan S, Purcell RH. Host range studies of GB virus-B hepatitis agent, the closest relative of hepatitis C virus, in New World monkeys and chimpanzees. J Med Virol 2001a; 65: 694–697.
  • 48. Epstein JH, Quan PL, Briese T, Street C, Jabado O, Conlan S, et al. Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from old world frugivorous bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh. 2010; PLoS Pathog 6, e1000972.
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 30.03.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Gower E, Estes C, Blach S, Razavi-Shearer K, Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2014; 61(1): 45-57.
  • 2. Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16(11): 757-68.
  • 3. Berg MG, Lee D, Coller K, Frankel M, Aronsohn A, Cheng K, et al. Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11(12): e1005325. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005325.
  • 4. Adams MJ, King AMQ, Carstens EB. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013). Archives of virology 2013; 158: 2023-2030.

  • 5. Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P. The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 2011; 92(2): 233-46.
  • 6. Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 96(7): 1521-32.
  • 7. Zeisel MB, Felmlee DJ, Baumert TF. Hepatitis C virus entry. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 369: 87-112.
  • 8. Agnello V, Abel G, Elfahal M, Knight GB, Zhang QX. Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999; 96: 12766-12771.
  • 9. Wunschmann S, Medh JD, Klinzmann D, Schmidt WN, Stapleton JT. Characterization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV E2 interactions with CD81 and the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Journal of virology 2000; 74: 10055-10062.
  • 10. Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang JH, Landay AL, Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. GB Virus C Particles Inhibit T Cell Activation via Envelope E2 Protein-Mediated Inhibition of TCR Signaling. Journal of immunology 2013; 190: 6351-6359.
  • 11. Wunschmann S, Muller HM, Stipp CS, Hemler ME, Stapleton JT. In vitro interaction between hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 and serum lipoproteins (LPs) results in enhanced cellular binding of both HCV E2 and LPs. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006; 194: 1058-1067.
  • 12. Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, Rydze RT, Winters MA, Holodniy M, Stapleton JT. Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. J Gen Virol 2014; 95(6): 1307-19.
  • 13. Fan X, Xu Y, Solomon H, Ramrakhiani S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Di Bisceglie AM. Is hepatitis G/GB virus-C virus hepatotropic? Detection of hepatitis G/GB virus-C viral RNA in liver and serum. Journal of medical virology 1999; 58: 160-164.
  • 14. Berg T, Muller AR, Platz KP, Hohne M, Bechstein WO, Hopf U, et al. Dynamics of GB virus C viremia early after orthotopic liver transplantation indicates extrahepatic tissues as the predominant site of GB virus C replication. Hepatology 1999; 29: 245-249.
  • 15. Laskus, T., Radkowski, M., Wang, L. F., Vargas, H. & Rakela, J. (1997). Lack of evidence for hepatitis G virus replication in the livers of patients coinfected with hepatitis C and G viruses. J Virol 1997; 71: 7804– 7806.
  • 16. Kisiel E, Cortez KC, Pawełczyk A, Os ́ ko IB, Kubisa N, et al. Hepatitis G virus/GBV-C in serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow in patients with hematological malignancies. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 19: 195–199.
  • 17. Rydze RT, Bhattarai N. & Stapleton JT. GB virus C infection is associated with a reduced rate of reactivation of latent HIV and protection against activation-induced T-cell death. Antivir Ther 2012; 17: 1271–1279.
  • 18. Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Landay AL, Chivero ET & Stapleton JT. GB virus C particles inhibit T cell activation via envelope E2 protein-mediated inhibition of TCR signaling. J Immunol 2013; 190: 6351–6359.
  • 19. Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. Journal of viral hepatitis 2009; 16: 757-768.
  • 20. Okamoto H. History of Discoveries and Pathogenicity of TT Viruses. Tt Viruses - the Still Elusive Human Pathogens 2009; 331: 1-20.
  • 21. Supapol WB, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, et al. Mother-to-Child Transmission of GB Virus C in a Cohort of Women Coinfected with GB Virus C and HIV in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009; 200: 227-235.
  • 22. Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT. GB virus C: the good boy virus? Trends Microbiol 
2012; 20: 124-130.
  • 23. Giannoulis E, Economopoulos T, Mandraveli K, Giannoulis K, Nikolaides C, Zervou E, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis G virus infection in patients with B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas in Greece: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Acta haematologica 2004; 112:189-193.
  • 24. Krajden M, Yu A, Braybrook H, Lai AS, Mak A, Chow R, et al. GBV-C/hepatitis G virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case control study. International journal of cancer 2010; 126: 2885-2892.
  • 25. Chang C, Stapleton JT, Klinzman D, McLinden J, Purdue MP, Katki HA, et al. GBV-C infection and risk of NHL among U.S. adults. Cancer research 2014.
  • 26. Nunnari G, Nigro L, Palermo F, Attanasio M, Berger A, Doerr HW, et al. Slower progression of HIV-1 infection in persons with GB virus C co-infection correlates with an intact T-Helper 1 cytokine profile. Annals of internal medicine 2003; 139: 26-30.
  • 27. Williams CF, Klinzman D, Yamashita TE, Xiang J, Polgreen PM, Rinaldo C, Liu C, Phair J, Margolick JB, Zdunek D, Hess G, Stapleton JT. Persistent GB virus C infection and survival in HIV-infected men. The New England journal of medicine 2004; 350: 981-990.
  • 28. Vahidnia F, Petersen M, Stapleton JT, Rutherford GW, Busch M, Custer B. Acquisition of GB virus type C and lower mortality in patients with advanced HIV disease. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2012; 55:1012-1019.
  • 29. Kallinowski B, Ahmedi R, Seipp S, Bommcr J, Stremmel W. Clinical impact of GB-C virus in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 93-98.
  • 30. Sheng L, Widyastati K, Kosala H et al. High prevalence of a hepatitis virus infection compared with hepatitis C virus in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 218-223.
  • 31. Yavuz M, Ersoy A, Güllülü M ve ark. Sürekli Ayaktan Periton Diyalizi (SAPD) Hastalarında Hepatit B ve Hepatit C Prevalansı ve Risk Faktörleri: Bir SAPD Ünitesinin 6 Yıllık Verileri. Bursa Devlet Hastanesi Bülteni 2000; 16(1): 43-46.
  • 32. Tacke M, Kiyosawa K, Strak K, et al. Detection of antibodies to a putative hepatitis G virus envelope protein. Lancet 1997; 349: 318-20.
  • 33. Stark K, Bienzie U, Hess G, Engel AM, Hegenscheid B, Schlüter V. Detection of hepatitis G virus genome among injecting drug users, homosexual and bisexual men, and blood donors. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1320-3.
  • 34. Tribl B, Oesterreicher C, Pohanka E et al. GBV-C/HGV in hemodialysis patients: Anti-E2 antibodies and GBV-C/RNA in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 212-216.
  • 35. Keck ZY, Angus AG, Wang W, Lau P, Wang Y, Gatherer D, et al. Non-random escape pathways from a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody map to a highly conserved region on the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein encompassing amino acids. Plos Pathog 2014; 412-423.
  • 36. Burke KP, Cox AL. Hepatitis C virus evasion of adaptive immune responses: a model for viral persistence. Immunologic research 2010; 47: 216-227.
  • 37. Stapleton JT, Chaloner K, Martenson JA, Zhang JY, Klinzman D, Xiang JH, et al. GB Virus C Infection Is Associated with Altered Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Reduced T Cell Activation and Proliferation in HIV-Infected Individuals. Plos One 7. 
2012.
  • 38. Gomara MJ, Fernandez L, Perez T, Ercilla G, Haro I. Assessment of synthetic chimeric multiple antigenic peptides for diagnosis of GB virus C infection. Anal Biochem 2010; 396: 51–58.
  • 39. Schwarze-Zander C, Blackard JT, Zheng H, Addo MM, Lin W, Robbins GK, et al. GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in hepatitis C virus (HCV)/ HIV-coinfected patients receiving HCV treatment: importance of the GBV-C genotype. J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 410–419.
  • 40. McLinden JH, Kaufman TM, Xiang J, Chang Q, Klinzman D, Engel AM, et al. Characterization of an immunodominant antigenic site on GB virus C glycoprotein E2 that is involved in cell binding. J Virol 2006; 80: 12131–12140.
  • 41. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S, Wong D, Engle R, Lesniewski RR, et al. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 1992; 258: 135–140.
  • 42. Adams NJ, Prescott LE, Jarvis LM, Lewis JCM, McClure MO, Smith DB et al. Detection in chimpanzees of a novel flavivirus related to GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus. J Gen Virol 1998; 79: 1871–1877.
  • 43. Bukh J, Kim JP, Govindarajan S, Apgar CL, Foung SK, Wages J, et al. Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis G virus and genetic analysis of the virus. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 855–862.
  • 44. Bukh J, Apgar CL, Govindarajan S, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Failure to infect rhesus monkeys with hepatitis C virus strains of genotypes 1a, 2a or 3a. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8: 228–231.
  • 45. Bukh J, Engle RE, Govindarajan S, Purcell RH. Immunity against the GBV-B hepatitis virus in tamarins can prevent productive infection following rechallenge and is long-lived. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 87–94.
  • 46. Bukh, J, Apgar CL. Five new or recently discovered (GBV- A) virus species are indigenous to New World monkeys and may constitute a separate genus of the Flaviviridae. Virology 1997; 229: 429–436.
  • 47. Bukh J, Apgar CL, Govindarajan S, Purcell RH. Host range studies of GB virus-B hepatitis agent, the closest relative of hepatitis C virus, in New World monkeys and chimpanzees. J Med Virol 2001a; 65: 694–697.
  • 48. Epstein JH, Quan PL, Briese T, Street C, Jabado O, Conlan S, et al. Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from old world frugivorous bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh. 2010; PLoS Pathog 6, e1000972.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ferhat Gürkan Arslan

Havva Ünal Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Altındiş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Nisan 2017
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, F. G., Ünal, H., & Altındiş, M. (2017). Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus. Journal of Human Rhythm, 3(1), 1-7.
AMA Arslan FG, Ünal H, Altındiş M. Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus. Journal of Human Rhythm. Mart 2017;3(1):1-7.
Chicago Arslan, Ferhat Gürkan, Havva Ünal, ve Mustafa Altındiş. “Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus”. Journal of Human Rhythm 3, sy. 1 (Mart 2017): 1-7.
EndNote Arslan FG, Ünal H, Altındiş M (01 Mart 2017) Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus. Journal of Human Rhythm 3 1 1–7.
IEEE F. G. Arslan, H. Ünal, ve M. Altındiş, “Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus”, Journal of Human Rhythm, c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 1–7, 2017.
ISNAD Arslan, Ferhat Gürkan vd. “Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus”. Journal of Human Rhythm 3/1 (Mart 2017), 1-7.
JAMA Arslan FG, Ünal H, Altındiş M. Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2017;3:1–7.
MLA Arslan, Ferhat Gürkan vd. “Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus”. Journal of Human Rhythm, c. 3, sy. 1, 2017, ss. 1-7.
Vancouver Arslan FG, Ünal H, Altındiş M. Kan Yoluyla Bulaşan Farklı Bir Viral Etken; Pegivirus. Journal of Human Rhythm. 2017;3(1):1-7.