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Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 79 - 98, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1200795

Öz

General practitioners are regarded as athletic support personnel as they are involved in delivering supportive services such as treating athletes participating in or preparing for sports competitions. General practitioners play a vital role in influencing athletes to fulfill their mandate to adhere to clean sports and therefore, their additional knowledge in sports is required to comprehensively address their health needs without affecting the integrity of rules that govern fair play. General practitioners require sufficient doping knowledge to provide athletes with health needs consistent with anti-doping regulations. In Kenya, no studies have investigated or reported the doping knowledge, attitude or experience of General Practitioners, thus leaving a knowledge gap on their ability to treat competitive athletes harmonious with WADA requirements. Therefore, the study sought to unearth General Practitioners' doping knowledge, attitude, and experience in Kenya. The study's findings have implications on doping knowledge, attitude, and experience of Kenya General Practitioners’ essential to inform the current status of the concept. A cross-sectional analytical study design was selected because of its robustness in describing general practitioners' current doping knowledge, attitude, and experiences. Data was collected using a self-reported and validated questionnaire where 250 General practitioners completed the survey. Findings revealed that Kenyan general practitioners are well aware of doping regulatory agencies of WADA and ADAK. The findings demonstrated that General Practitioners had an average doping knowledge (47.77 ± 14.03) punctuated with limited knowledge of prohibited substances, methods, and substances in certain sports. Work experience significantly influenced General Practitioners knowledge, F (4,245) = 10.852, p< .001. General Practitioners had a negative doping attitude of 45.23 ± 13.64. As many as 22% (55) General Practitioners received doping requests for the last 12 months, where 35.7% (89) of requests are about drugs to aid recovery. Anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, and peptide hormones were among the most sought-after PEDs. General Practitioners in Kenya have inadequate doping knowledge, which could limit their efficacy in treating professional athletes in line with WADA guidelines. Additional anti-doping training could benefit them address this limitation. Although General Practitioners demonstrated a negative attitude, expanding their involvement through active participation in doping seminars, and programs can enhance their understanding of the doping concept necessary to develop and maintain a strong negative attitude.

Kaynakça

  • ADAK. (2021). Strategic plan 2020/21-2023/24. https://www.adak.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/DRAFT-ADAK-2020-2021-2023-2024-STRATEGIC-PLAN-2
  • ADAK. (2018). Intelligence and investigations – anti-doping agency of Kenya [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://www.adak.or.ke/intelligence-and-investigations/
  • Athletics Kenya. (2022, September 14). Athletics Kenya. Athletics Kenya. https://www.athleticskenya.or.ke/adak/
  • Antić, D. (2017). Evaluation of knowledge on doping in sports among Serbian general practitioners. Medicinskipregled, 70(1-2), 25-31.
  • Auersperger, I., Topič, M. D., Maver, P., Pušnik, V. K., Osredkar, J., &Lainščak, M. (2012). Doping awareness, views, and experience: a comparison between general practitioners and pharmacists. Wiener KlinischeWochenschrift, 124(1-2), 32-38.
  • Backhouse, S. H., & McKenna, J. (2011). Doping in sport: A review of medical practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(3), 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002
  • Backhouse, S. H., Whitaker, L., Patterson, L., Erickson, K., & McKenna, J. (2016). Social psychology of doping in sport: A mixed studies narrative synthesis. World Anti-Doping Agency, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure.
  • Chebet, S. (2014). Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices of doping among elite middle and long distance runners in Kenya. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Chinen, T., Sasabuchi, Y., Kotani, K., & Yamaguchi, H. (2021). Gap between desired and self-determined roles of general practitioners: A multicentre questionnaire study in Japan. BMC Family Practice, 22(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-021-01512-x
  • Dikic, N., Ionescu, A., Dimitrova, D., Kostas, N., Ergen, E., & Suzic Lazic, J. (2008). Medical doctors and sport: Attitudes and experience in Balkan region. Journal of the Romanian Sports Medicine Society, 14, (Special Issue, The 15-th Sports Medicine Balkan Congress), p.1.
  • Dikic, N., McNamee, M., Günter, H., Markovic, S. S., &Vajgic, B. (2013). Sports physicians, ethics and antidoping governance: Between assistance and negligence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(11), 701-704. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091838
  • Domagała-Rodacka, R., Rodacki, T., Owczarek, D., Cibor, D., & Zagrodzki, P. (2018). Doping in sport: Attitude and professional experience among physicians in Poland. Folia Medica Cracoviensia, 58(3), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.24425/fmc.2018.125071
  • Donovan, R. J., Jalleh, G., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2014). Using the Sport Drug Control Model to review the social science research on doping and identify areas for future research. Report submitted to WADA Education Committee and Social Science Research Ad Hoc Sub-Committee.
  • Dorota, S. E., & Derman, W. (2016). Anti-doping knowledge and opinions of South African pharmacists and general practitioners. Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies, 6(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000181
  • El-Hammadi, M., & Hunien, B. (2013). Exploring knowledge, attitudes and abuse concerning doping in sport among Syrian pharmacy students. Pharmacy, 1(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy1020094
  • Erickson, K., McKenna, J., & Backhouse, S. H. (2015). A qualitative analysis of the factors that protect athletes against doping in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.007
  • Folkerts, D., Loh, R., Petróczi, A., & Brueckner, S. (2021). The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 1-16, Article 101999. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/k6gye
  • Gucciardi, D. F., Jalleh, G., & Donovan, R. J. (2011). An examination of the Sport Drug Control Model with elite Australian athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(6), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.009
  • Huang, G., & Basaria, S. (2018). Do anabolic-androgenic steroids have performance-enhancing effects in female athletes?. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 464, 56-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2017.07.010
  • Jaber, D., Bulatova, N., Suyagh, M., Yousef, A. M., & Wazaify, M. (2015). Knowledge, attitude and opinion of drug misuse and abuse by pharmacy students: A cross-sectional study in Jordan. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(8), 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v14i8.25
  • Laure, P., Binsinger, C., & Lecerf, T. (2003). General practitioners and doping in sport: Attitudes and experience. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(4), 335-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.4.335
  • Lemettilä, M., Leppä, E., Pohjanoksa-Mäntylä, M., Simula, A., & Koskelo, J. (2021). Anti-doping knowledge and educational needs of Finnish pharmacists. Performance Enhancement & Health, 9(2), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2021.100195
  • Mazanov, J., Backhouse, S., Connor, J., Hemphill, D., & Quirk, F. (2014). Athlete support personnel and anti‐doping: Knowledge, attitudes, and ethical stance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(5), 846-856. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12084
  • Nakajima, R., Onuma, N., Watanabe, F., & Kamei, M. (2020). Conditions and hardships related to pharmacists' provisions of anti-doping activities in Japan. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 18, 172-179. https://doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.202023
  • Nenad, D., Anca, I., Diana, D., Kostas, N., Emin, E., & Jelena, S. (2007). Medical Doctors and doping in Sport: Attitudes and experience in Balkan Region. Balkan Sports Medicine Association, 12, 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/final_report_dikic.pdf
  • Petróczi, A., & Aidman, E. (2009). Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the performance enhancement attitude scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(3), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.11.001
  • Salih, M. R. M., & Abd, A. Y. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and behaviour regarding doping in sports among physicians and pharmacists: A questionnaire-based study. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 11(2), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.51847/TIT76VnUlP.
  • Sports Resolutions. (2019). Decision of the disciplinary tribunal. https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-process/en/200717-World-Athletics-v-Kenneth-Kiprop-Kipkemoi-Decision.pdf
  • Starzak, D. E., Derman, W., McKune, A. J., &Semple, S. J. (2016). Anti-doping knowledge and opinions of South African pharmacists and general practitioners. Journal of Sports Medicine Doping Studies, 6(181), 2161-0673. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000181
  • Swiss Sport Integrity. (2022). The role of support personnel. The Role of Support Personnel. https://www.sportintegrity.ch/en/anti-doping/prevention/role-support-personnel
  • Thorsby, P. M., & Gjelstad, A. (2021). When the patient is an athlete. Tidsskrift for Den norskelegeforening, 141(7), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.21.0074
  • WADA. (2021, January 6). WADA launches new and improved anti-doping education and learning platform (ADEL). World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/news/wada-launches-new-and-improved-anti-doping-education-and-learning-platform-adel
  • WADA. (2018). World anti-doping agency resource guide. Retrieved from httPharmacist://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-2016-prohibited-list-en.pdf
  • Woods, C. B., & Moynihan, A. (2009). General practitioners knowledge, practice and training requirements in relation to doping in sport. Irish Medical Journal, 102(1), 8-10.
  • Yee, K. C., De Marco, M., Salahudeen, M. S., Peterson, G. M., Thomas, J., Naunton, M., & Kosari, S. (2020). Pharmacists as a source of advice on medication use for athletes. Pharmacy, 8(1), 1-6. Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010010

Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 79 - 98, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1200795

Öz

General practitioners are regarded as athletic support personnel as they are involved in delivering supportive services such as treating athletes participating in or preparing for sports competitions. General practitioners play a vital role in influencing athletes to fulfill their mandate to adhere to clean sports and therefore, their additional knowledge in sports is required to comprehensively address their health needs without affecting the integrity of rules that govern fair play. General practitioners require sufficient doping knowledge to provide athletes with health needs consistent with anti-doping regulations. In Kenya, no studies have investigated or reported the doping knowledge, attitude or experience of General Practitioners, thus leaving a knowledge gap on their ability to treat competitive athletes harmonious with WADA requirements. Therefore, the study sought to unearth General Practitioners' doping knowledge, attitude, and experience in Kenya. The study's findings have implications on doping knowledge, attitude, and experience of Kenya General Practitioners’ essential to inform the current status of the concept. A cross-sectional analytical study design was selected because of its robustness in describing general practitioners' current doping knowledge, attitude, and experiences. Data was collected using a self-reported and validated questionnaire where 250 General practitioners completed the survey. Findings revealed that Kenyan general practitioners are well aware of doping regulatory agencies of WADA and ADAK. The findings demonstrated that General Practitioners had an average doping knowledge (47.77 ± 14.03) punctuated with limited knowledge of prohibited substances, methods, and substances in certain sports. Work experience significantly influenced General Practitioners knowledge, F (4,245) = 10.852, p< .001. General Practitioners had a negative doping attitude of 45.23 ± 13.64. As many as 22% (55) General Practitioners received doping requests for the last 12 months, where 35.7% (89) of requests are about drugs to aid recovery. Anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, and peptide hormones were among the most sought-after PEDs. General Practitioners in Kenya have inadequate doping knowledge, which could limit their efficacy in treating professional athletes in line with WADA guidelines. Additional anti-doping training could benefit them address this limitation. Although General Practitioners demonstrated a negative attitude, expanding their involvement through active participation in doping seminars, and programs can enhance their understanding of the doping concept necessary to develop and maintain a strong negative attitude.

Kaynakça

  • ADAK. (2021). Strategic plan 2020/21-2023/24. https://www.adak.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/DRAFT-ADAK-2020-2021-2023-2024-STRATEGIC-PLAN-2
  • ADAK. (2018). Intelligence and investigations – anti-doping agency of Kenya [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://www.adak.or.ke/intelligence-and-investigations/
  • Athletics Kenya. (2022, September 14). Athletics Kenya. Athletics Kenya. https://www.athleticskenya.or.ke/adak/
  • Antić, D. (2017). Evaluation of knowledge on doping in sports among Serbian general practitioners. Medicinskipregled, 70(1-2), 25-31.
  • Auersperger, I., Topič, M. D., Maver, P., Pušnik, V. K., Osredkar, J., &Lainščak, M. (2012). Doping awareness, views, and experience: a comparison between general practitioners and pharmacists. Wiener KlinischeWochenschrift, 124(1-2), 32-38.
  • Backhouse, S. H., & McKenna, J. (2011). Doping in sport: A review of medical practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(3), 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002
  • Backhouse, S. H., Whitaker, L., Patterson, L., Erickson, K., & McKenna, J. (2016). Social psychology of doping in sport: A mixed studies narrative synthesis. World Anti-Doping Agency, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure.
  • Chebet, S. (2014). Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices of doping among elite middle and long distance runners in Kenya. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Chinen, T., Sasabuchi, Y., Kotani, K., & Yamaguchi, H. (2021). Gap between desired and self-determined roles of general practitioners: A multicentre questionnaire study in Japan. BMC Family Practice, 22(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-021-01512-x
  • Dikic, N., Ionescu, A., Dimitrova, D., Kostas, N., Ergen, E., & Suzic Lazic, J. (2008). Medical doctors and sport: Attitudes and experience in Balkan region. Journal of the Romanian Sports Medicine Society, 14, (Special Issue, The 15-th Sports Medicine Balkan Congress), p.1.
  • Dikic, N., McNamee, M., Günter, H., Markovic, S. S., &Vajgic, B. (2013). Sports physicians, ethics and antidoping governance: Between assistance and negligence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(11), 701-704. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091838
  • Domagała-Rodacka, R., Rodacki, T., Owczarek, D., Cibor, D., & Zagrodzki, P. (2018). Doping in sport: Attitude and professional experience among physicians in Poland. Folia Medica Cracoviensia, 58(3), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.24425/fmc.2018.125071
  • Donovan, R. J., Jalleh, G., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2014). Using the Sport Drug Control Model to review the social science research on doping and identify areas for future research. Report submitted to WADA Education Committee and Social Science Research Ad Hoc Sub-Committee.
  • Dorota, S. E., & Derman, W. (2016). Anti-doping knowledge and opinions of South African pharmacists and general practitioners. Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies, 6(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000181
  • El-Hammadi, M., & Hunien, B. (2013). Exploring knowledge, attitudes and abuse concerning doping in sport among Syrian pharmacy students. Pharmacy, 1(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy1020094
  • Erickson, K., McKenna, J., & Backhouse, S. H. (2015). A qualitative analysis of the factors that protect athletes against doping in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.007
  • Folkerts, D., Loh, R., Petróczi, A., & Brueckner, S. (2021). The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 1-16, Article 101999. https://doi.org/10.31236/osf.io/k6gye
  • Gucciardi, D. F., Jalleh, G., & Donovan, R. J. (2011). An examination of the Sport Drug Control Model with elite Australian athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(6), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.009
  • Huang, G., & Basaria, S. (2018). Do anabolic-androgenic steroids have performance-enhancing effects in female athletes?. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 464, 56-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2017.07.010
  • Jaber, D., Bulatova, N., Suyagh, M., Yousef, A. M., & Wazaify, M. (2015). Knowledge, attitude and opinion of drug misuse and abuse by pharmacy students: A cross-sectional study in Jordan. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(8), 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v14i8.25
  • Laure, P., Binsinger, C., & Lecerf, T. (2003). General practitioners and doping in sport: Attitudes and experience. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(4), 335-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.4.335
  • Lemettilä, M., Leppä, E., Pohjanoksa-Mäntylä, M., Simula, A., & Koskelo, J. (2021). Anti-doping knowledge and educational needs of Finnish pharmacists. Performance Enhancement & Health, 9(2), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2021.100195
  • Mazanov, J., Backhouse, S., Connor, J., Hemphill, D., & Quirk, F. (2014). Athlete support personnel and anti‐doping: Knowledge, attitudes, and ethical stance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(5), 846-856. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12084
  • Nakajima, R., Onuma, N., Watanabe, F., & Kamei, M. (2020). Conditions and hardships related to pharmacists' provisions of anti-doping activities in Japan. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 18, 172-179. https://doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.202023
  • Nenad, D., Anca, I., Diana, D., Kostas, N., Emin, E., & Jelena, S. (2007). Medical Doctors and doping in Sport: Attitudes and experience in Balkan Region. Balkan Sports Medicine Association, 12, 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/final_report_dikic.pdf
  • Petróczi, A., & Aidman, E. (2009). Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the performance enhancement attitude scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(3), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.11.001
  • Salih, M. R. M., & Abd, A. Y. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and behaviour regarding doping in sports among physicians and pharmacists: A questionnaire-based study. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 11(2), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.51847/TIT76VnUlP.
  • Sports Resolutions. (2019). Decision of the disciplinary tribunal. https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-process/en/200717-World-Athletics-v-Kenneth-Kiprop-Kipkemoi-Decision.pdf
  • Starzak, D. E., Derman, W., McKune, A. J., &Semple, S. J. (2016). Anti-doping knowledge and opinions of South African pharmacists and general practitioners. Journal of Sports Medicine Doping Studies, 6(181), 2161-0673. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000181
  • Swiss Sport Integrity. (2022). The role of support personnel. The Role of Support Personnel. https://www.sportintegrity.ch/en/anti-doping/prevention/role-support-personnel
  • Thorsby, P. M., & Gjelstad, A. (2021). When the patient is an athlete. Tidsskrift for Den norskelegeforening, 141(7), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.21.0074
  • WADA. (2021, January 6). WADA launches new and improved anti-doping education and learning platform (ADEL). World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/news/wada-launches-new-and-improved-anti-doping-education-and-learning-platform-adel
  • WADA. (2018). World anti-doping agency resource guide. Retrieved from httPharmacist://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-2016-prohibited-list-en.pdf
  • Woods, C. B., & Moynihan, A. (2009). General practitioners knowledge, practice and training requirements in relation to doping in sport. Irish Medical Journal, 102(1), 8-10.
  • Yee, K. C., De Marco, M., Salahudeen, M. S., Peterson, G. M., Thomas, J., Naunton, M., & Kosari, S. (2020). Pharmacists as a source of advice on medication use for athletes. Pharmacy, 8(1), 1-6. Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010010
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği, Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Orijinal Makale
Yazarlar

Jonathan Rotich 0000-0001-8373-0698

Elıjah Rıntaugu 0000-0003-1241-5046

Edna Thangu 0000-0001-8900-0354

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Rotich, J., Rıntaugu, E., & Thangu, E. (2023). Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1200795
AMA Rotich J, Rıntaugu E, Thangu E. Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya. JSSR. Şubat 2023;8(1):79-98. doi:10.25307/jssr.1200795
Chicago Rotich, Jonathan, Elıjah Rıntaugu, ve Edna Thangu. “Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Şubat 2023): 79-98. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1200795.
EndNote Rotich J, Rıntaugu E, Thangu E (01 Şubat 2023) Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 79–98.
IEEE J. Rotich, E. Rıntaugu, ve E. Thangu, “Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya”, JSSR, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 79–98, 2023, doi: 10.25307/jssr.1200795.
ISNAD Rotich, Jonathan vd. “Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (Şubat 2023), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1200795.
JAMA Rotich J, Rıntaugu E, Thangu E. Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya. JSSR. 2023;8:79–98.
MLA Rotich, Jonathan vd. “Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 79-98, doi:10.25307/jssr.1200795.
Vancouver Rotich J, Rıntaugu E, Thangu E. Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of General Practitioners in Kenya. JSSR. 2023;8(1):79-98.

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